Ointment Dosage Form Research Articles

Quantitative analysis of mixed lipid nanostructures in rat skin by HPLC-MS

Abstract Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a very sensitive technique for determining small concentrations of drugs in fixed dose combinations or even those deposited in skin layers. Therefore, an LC-MS method was applied for determining the drugs under investigation, namely, clioquinol (CLIO), tolnaftate (TOL), and betamethasone (BETA) in Quadriderm® cream and mixed lipid nanostructures (MLNs) prepared in laboratory in the presence of potential interferents, and was applied as a dermato-kinetic study in rat’s skin. The separation was achieved within 4.5 min by using C18 column as a stationary phase and the mobile phase used were 20% phase A composed of 0.1% formic acid (v/v) and 80% phase B composed of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (v/v), coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. MLNs were prepared and characterized to be compared with the conventional commercially available Quadriderm® cream. The proposed method was accurate and precise with a linearity range of 0.2–20.0 µg·mL−1 for BETA, and 0.5–400.0 µg·mL−1 for CLIO and TOL and a better bioavailability of the new formulation was obtained ensuring the capability of the nanoparticles to accumulate the drugs within the skin layers. In conclusion, the LC-MS method was accurate and precise for the determination of the three drugs under investigation in cream dosage form and skin tissues.

Stability indicating high performance thin layer chromatography method development and validation for quantitative determination of tetracycline hydrochloride in tetracycline hydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and its dosage forms

Simple, quick, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly analytical methods for quality assurance and control roles for different medicines, including Tetrcyclines, are most significantly needed. Also, different thin layer chromatography (TLC)-based methods for tetracycline identification exist, but high performance thin layer chromatography methods based on modern state- of- the art equipment are still nonexistent. Thus, in this study, analytical method development and verification were done by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) (using an automated equipment model) using glass plates coated with silica gel 60 F254 after treating with 10% Na2EDTA. Validation was carried out according to International Council for Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. A mobile phase formed from ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, methanol, and 1% aqueous ammonia in the composition of 4.4:19.6:10:6 volume to volume ratio (V/V) was used. Rf value, percentage recoveries, linearity ranges, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for the developed HPTLC method were 0.28, 100.83–106.25%, 160–560 ng/band (r2 values of 0.9999), 31.9 ng/band, and 96.7 ng/band, respectively. The results of the sample assays conducted using the new method and the United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method were 91.59% to 108.3% and 90.83% to 102.85%, respectively. The F test for the aforementioned methods was 2.01, which is smaller than the tabulated F value of 5.05 with 5 degrees of freedom at a 95% confidence range, proving that the newly developed HPTLC and HPLC pharmacopoeial methods can be used interchangeably.The newly developed HPTLC method is easy, economical, specific, accurate, and roboust, thus it can be employed in a range of settings that require quality control and assurance activities of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) in bulk and ointment dosage forms.

STABILITY-INDICATING RP-HPLC METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE ANALYSIS OF DOXEPIN HYDROCHLORIDE IN BULK AND PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORM

Objective: A simple, reliable, and rapid RP-HPLC method showing stability has been established to detect Doxepin Hydrochloride (DOX) with its degraded products. The proposed method has been validated for specificity, linearity, system suitability, accuracy, precision, robustness, LOD, and LOQ as per ICH guidelines. All parameters were found to be within the accepted limits, affirming the method's reliability. Methods: Analysis was conducted using RP-HPLC on a Phenomenex C18 Luna column (250 mm × 4.6 mm id, 5 µm) with a mobile phase comprising methanol, acetonitrile, and buffer (40:30:30, v/v/v) and a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The detection was performed with a UV detector set at 254 nm. Diverse methods have been employed to investigate forced degradation studies, including acid-base hydrolysis, photolysis, thermal degradation, and oxidation. These studies were conducted both in bulk and in capsule formulations of DOX. Results: The retention time (tR) of DOX was 2.92 minutes, and all parameters met acceptable limit values. The response exhibited linearity over a concentration range of 10 to 50 µg/ml (R2 = 0.9974). The percentage of DOX recovered from the pharmaceutical cream dosage form ranged from 97.67% to 101%. Sensitivity levels for the developed method were indicated by limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values of 0.40–0.50 µg/ml. The proposed method was validated according to ICH guidelines. Conclusion: Hence, a simple, reliable, accurate, and precise HPLC method was developed, proving suitable for the analysis of DOX in both bulk and commercial formulations.

Factor Determining Consumers’ Decisions to Purchase Topical Analgesic for Musculoskeletal Disorders in Indonesia

Background: Various choices of topical analgesic to treat musculoskeletal disorders are available on the marketObjectives: This study aims to determine the influence of psychological, cultural, social, and personal factors on purchasing decisions for topical analgesic drugs among consumers who need medication for musculoskeletal disordersMethods: This is cross-sectional quantitative research with an inferential statistics analysis approach. A convenience sampling technique was used to collect data during January 2023 using a questionnaire that was distributed online with a Likert scale via Google Form. A total of 318 respondents from 30 provinces in Indonesia who purchased topical analgesic drugs with complaints of musculoskeletal disorders and aged 18-60 years participated in this study. The data was analyzed using multiple linear regression to determine the relationship of psychological, cultural, social, and personal factors associated with purchasing decisionsResults: The study showed that the majority of respondents were male (50.6%), domiciled in Central Java (20.1%), aged 21-25 years (29.9%), worked as private employees (37.1%) with a working duration of 6-8 hours (59.4%), and had an income of IDR 2,500,000-3,499,000/month (40.6%). The product most frequently purchased was the cream dosage form (60.1%), with locations in pharmacies (74.5%). The results of partial and simultaneous hypothesis testing show that psychological, cultural, social, and personal factors have a significant positive influence (p < 0.05) on the decision to purchase topical analgesic drugs among consumers who need medication for musculoskeletal disordersConclusion: Given that psychological, cultural, social and personal factors influence decisions, it is recommended that marketers understand these factors.

EVALUASI FISIK KRIM ANTIINFLAMASI EKSTRAK KULIT BAWANG MERAH DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI TRIETANOLAMIN DAN ASAM STEARAT

Inflammation is the body's defense function against the entry of organisms and other disturbances. The drugs used often have an effect on gastrointestinal disorders, so other alternative treatments are being developed that can minimize side effects. The quarcetin content of shallot skin extract, which has anti-inflammatory activity, is formulated in a cream dosage form. The emulsifiers in the m/a cream formula are stearic acid and triethanolamine (TEA). This study aims to determine the physical evaluation of an anti-inflammatory cream containing shallot skin extract with variations in concentrations of TEA and stearic acid. The method used in this study is the experimental method. Formulations I, II, and III with varying concentrations of TEA and stearic acid (2:8%, 3:10%, and 4:12%) were used. Tests carried out included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and adhesion. The cream formula passed the organoleptic test with a distinctive shallot smell, semi-solid form, brownish red color, all formulas were homogeneous, pH 5.264-6.417, spreadability 3.849-6.251 cm, and adhesion 83-132 seconds. Higher concentrations of TEA and stearic acid had an effect on adhesion and spreadability but had no effect on organoleptic properties, homogeneity, or pH. Onion skin extract cream with a concentration of TEA:2%:8% stearic acid gave the best physical quality.

Effectiveness Of Cream Formulation Of Carrot Seed Oil As Anti-Aging

Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is a vegetable plant that has many uses for public health services in the world. Fresh carrots contain water, protein, carbohydrates, fat, fiber, ash, anti-cancer nutrients, natural sugars (fructose, sucrose, dextrose, lactose, and maltose), pectin, glutathione, minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium, sodium, magnesium, chromium), vitamins (beta carotene, B1, and C) and asparagine. The purpose of this study was to characterize simplicia and carrot seed oil extract, and to determine the antioxidant activity of carrot seed oil extract with formulations of concentrations of 3%, 6% and 9% seeds on the effectiveness of anti-aging Moisture, Evenness, Pore, Spot and Wrinkle. Carrot seed oil can be formulated in a homogeneous cream dosage form with an oil-in-water emulsion type, pH 6.7-7.7; does not cause skin irritation and is stable on storage for 90 days at room temperature. Carrot seed oil cream with a concentration of 9% showed the best anti-aging effectiveness by increasing water content, reducing skin hardness, shrinking pores, reducing blemishes and reducing wrinkles compared to other cream formulas.

FORMULASI KRIM EKSTRAK BIJI KUPA (Syzygium polycephalum) DAN PENENTUAN NILAI SPF (Sun Protection Factor) SECARA IN VITRO

The high intensity of ultraviolet rays and exposure to the sun too often can have harmful effects on the skin, so sunscreen can be used to prevent interference from UV rays. The purpose of this study was to determine the activity of sunscreen and determine the SPF value of the extract and cream preparation of Kupa (Syzygium polycephalum) seeds. In this study, the seeds of Kupa fruit were extracted by the graded maceration method using 96% ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane as solvents. The ethyl acetate extract was formulated in the form of a cream dosage form with the added concentration of Kupa seed extract, namely 0.1% (F1), 0.2% (F2), and 0.5% (F3). Furthermore, the determination of the value of sunscreen on the extract and cream preparation using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and evaluation of the physical properties of the cream preparation include organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH tests, spreadability, adhesion, and viscosity. The results showed that the SPF values ??of ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts at a concentration of 200 ppm were 14.29; 19.32, and 14.02. While the SPF value of ethyl acetate extract cream preparations of Kupa fruit seeds F1, F2, and F3 respectively was 1.97; 2.96, and 4.96. Kupa seed extract has activity as a sunscreen with maximum and ultra protection levels. While the preparation of 0.5% ethyl acetate extract of Kupa seed had sunscreen activity with moderate protection. The physical properties of the cream preparations gave good results during the test.

Formulasi dan Uji Antioksidan Sediaan Krim Ekstrak Etanol Buah Asam Cikala (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Sm) sebagai Pelembab Kulit

Cikala acid fruit is fruit of kecombrang plant (Etlingera elatior) which phenolic compounds including flavonoids and has strong antioxidants activity. Antioxidants are nutrients in the form of vitamins and minerals that function to prevent and repair damaged body tissues. Antioxidant compounds are generally used in cosmetic products. The purpose of this study to determine the antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extract of the cikala fruit was formulated into a moisturizing cream. This research is experimental, covering extract manufacture, phytochemical screening, manufacture and testing of cream preparations as well as testing of antioxidant activity in moisturizing cream. The cream formulation formula was made with a concentration ratio of 1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and blank. Chemical compounds from the ethanolic extract of cikala fruit are alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and triterpenoids; has a homogeneous cream dosage form with a pH range of 5.7-6.1 after short storage and 12 weeks of storage; and has antioxidant activity with inhibitor concentration value of 19.92 g/mL at concentration 2.5%.

An innovative spectrofluorimetric approach for determination of azelaic acid in bulk and pharmaceutical formulation through derivatization with 9-chloromethylanthracene

A novel simple, selective and accurate spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for quantitation of azelaic acid (AZA) in bulk and cream dosage form. The proposed method depended on the reaction between dicarboxylic moiety of AZA and 9-chloromethylanthracence to produce fluorescent derivative that exhibited maximum fluorescence intensity at 413 nm after being excited at 365 nm. The numerous experimental parameters which affect the reaction product and stability have been carefully studied and optimized. The linearity of the calibration curve constructed has been 0.5–15 µg/ml (y = 26.864x + 31.793, r2 = 0.9999) with 0.143 and 0.434 µg/ml as LOD and LOQ values respectively. The method was used for quantitation of AZA in cream dosage form and the results showed that there was no interference from the cream excipients, the mean % recovery was 100.547% ± 0.775.

Formulation and Evaluation of Cream Turmeric Extract Preparations from Turmeric Rhizomes (Curcuma domestica Val.)

The use of plants as a method of herbal treatment is a step that is currently being developed by many researchers to produce effective and minimal side effects. Turmeric is one of the most widely used cooking spices by the people of Indonesia. The main ingredients possessed by turmeric include curcumin (77%), demethoxy (17%) and bisdemethoxy (3%). One of the pharmaceutical preparations with a topical delivery system is a cream preparation which is a semi-solid dosage form, containing one or more drug ingredients dissolved or dispersed in an appropriate base material. Turmeric can be formulated in various preparations, one of which is a cream dosage form. The advantage of using cream preparations is that they are practical, easy to wash and clean. The purpose of this study was to formulate turmeric extract in a cream preparation. The results of the evaluation test showed that the formula produced a cream with a yellow-orange color, a characteristic odor of turmeric, and a preparation with a semisolid cream texture, had good homogeneity, good dispersing ability, the pH of the preparation was 5.84; 6.32; 6.24; 5,94;5,94 and the type of emulsion is O/W (Oil in Water).

Eco-friendly ultraviolet spectrophotometric methods for the determination of clotrimazole and tinidazole in bulk and ointment dosage form

Analyzing a drug over its overlapped spectra utilizes sophisticated instruments and more toxic solvents, which has a deleterious effect on environmental safety. There is an alarming need to develop a simple, novel, and cost-effective method for determining combined substances that are non-toxic to the environment. So, the study aimed to develop four simple, fast and eco-friendly spectrophotometric techniques for quantifying clotrimazole and tinidazole in bulk and ointment dosage form. Stock solutions produced at concentrations of 7 to 13 and 17.5 to 32.5 µg/mL of clotrimazole and tinidazole in 10% v/v ethanol and scanned in the UV-visible range 200-450 nm, and used for all methods. The methods were validated according to the International Council for Harmonization guidelines and found to be within limits. Additionally, the outliers were tested by using the Grubbers test and found within limits. Finally, green evaluation studies show that the method is more environmentally friendly, as confirmed by four assessment tools.

Formulation of Black Mulberry Fruit (Morus nigra l.) Ethanol Extract as Anti-Acne Cream Against Propionibacterium acne

Various parts of mulberry have been identified consisting of a large number of phenols and flavonoids, which are effective for immunosuppression, antioxidants, and are antibacterial, and anticancer agents. A polysaccharide and an alkaloid related to increased macrophage activity from mulberry fruit extracts. This study aims to formulate black mulberry fruit into cream dosage form and determine the antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. This is an experimental research which varying extract into 4 different concentrations: 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50%. There is two control group which is positive using vitacid cream and the negative control is cream base without extract. The cream was made and examined for its physical characteristic and the cream was tested for antibacterial activity using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The result showed that the cream met the requirements of homogeneity, pH as its requirement, stable during storage, not irritating, and the antibacterial activity of 6,25% concentration has an average inhibition zone diameter of 10.15mm, a concentration of 12,5% is 12.36mm, a concentration of 25% is 13.16mm, and a concentration of 50% is 15.5 mm. From this study can be concluded that the cream preparation from an ethanol extract of black mulberry has good antibacterial activity against P.acne bacteria with a very strong inhibition zone.

Study of wound-healing activity of sodium 2-(adamantane-1-yl)-2-hydrazino-5-phenyl-4-oxobutanoate

Objective. To study a wound-healing activity of the earlier synthesized compound-leader sodium 2- (adamantan-1-yl)-2-hydrazino-5-phenyl-4-oxobutenoate (1), as well as to establish the possibility of its practical application in the ointment dosage form.
 Materials and methods. The substance-leader 1 was synthesized by the chemical methods described earlier. The experimental 5 % ointment composition based on an aqueous solution of sodium alginate was developed in compliance with the rules for preparing homogeneous ointments. Its effect on the healing of linear aseptic skin wounds in white rats was studied by the method of wound-tensiometry.
 Results. The experimental 5 % ointment composition with compound 1 was found to significantly increase the scar tensile strength compared to control without treatment. The developed model ointment showed wound-healing activity comparable to that of the reference drug (Levomekol ointment).
 Conclusions. The selected substance-leader 1 in the composition of a model 5 % hydrophilic ointment based on sodium alginate exhibits pronounced biological activity and is a candidate for further research as a potential pharmaceutical substance with complex wound-healing and anti-inflammatory property.

A Cream Formulation Of Extract Of Maja Leaves (Crescentia cujete) As An Antimicrobial Against Staphylococcus aureus

Maja (Crescentia cujete L) is a plant that has medicinal properties for various diseases. Leaves of Maja contain some compounds such which are thought to have the potential to be antibacterial. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of maja leaf extract in cream dosage form and to prove the presence of Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The cream of Maja leaf extract was made into several formulations; (5, 10, 15 %) The results was the cream of Maja leaf extract was able to inhibit the growth of S. aureus with the largest inhibition zone at a concentration of 15% with an average of 11.52 ± 0.95mm. Cream formulations were evaluated physically; organoleptic was resulting F1 in brownish-green, F2 in brown, and F3 in dark brown. Homogeneity tests show that all formulations were homogeneous. The pH value of all formulations following the cosmetic standard was about 4.5 – 6.5. The standard viscosity value was between 2000 – 4000 cps. The stability test of cream preparations shows no changes in the form of low-temperature storage (4ºC), room temperature, and high temperature (40ºC), so that maja leaf extracts can be formulated in cream preparations and cream formulations

Validation Method for Simultaneous Analysis of Betamethasone Dipropionate and Retinoic Acid in Cream Formulation by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

A simple, precise and rapid reverse phase UHPLC-PDA method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of betamethasone dipropionate (BTM) and retinoic acid (REA) in whitening cream dosage form. The mixture of betamethasone dipropionate (BTM) and retinoic acid (REA) was separated on Phenomenex Bonclone 10 C18 (150 mm x 3.9 mm) column. All separations were performed with a Dionex 3000 Photodiode Array (PDA) detector on 240 nm and 340 nm wavelength, column temperature at 40oC, and flow rate at 1.0 ml/min. The mobile phase was methanol-acetic acid 0.1% (85:15) with pH 5. The retention times of BTM and REA were found to be 1.90 and 3.70 minutes, respectively. The method showed good linearity with correlation coefficients of 0.9998 and 1.0000 over the ranges of 5-25 ppm for BTM and 25-200 ppm for REA, respectively. The method has mean recoveries in the range of 99.37% to 100.94% for all analytes. The developed method can be used in the routine analysis of BTM and REA in cream formulation, as well as for qualitative analysis in whitening cosmetic preparations or for quantitative analysis in drug preparations.

Formulasi Krim Tabir Surya Dan Penentuan Nilai SPF Ekstrak Etanol Daun Binahong (Anredera cardifolia (Tenore) Steenis)

Binahong leaf was a natural ingredient that can be used as medicine. Binahong leaves contain phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, steroids and alkaloids. The flavonoid compounds in binahong leaves have the potential as a sunscreen. This study aims to determine the SPF value and the cream formulation of binahong leaf ethanol extract as sunscreen. This study aims to determine the SPF value and the cream formulation of binahong leaf ethanol extract as sunscreen. This research was a type of experimental research by using the SPF value test of the binahong leaf extract as a sunscreen. This research was conducted by extracting the binahong leaves with the remaceration method using 96% ethanol. The extract was tested for the SPF value by the UV-Vis spectrophotometric method at a concentration of 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm, and 900 ppm and was formulated in the form of a cream dosage and an evaluation test was carried out. The results of the evaluation test preparation were statistically analyzed by the ANOVA test. The results of the determination of the SPF value at a concentration of 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm, and 900 ppm were 9.70 ± 0.23, respectively; 15.32 ± 0.23; 20.32 ± 0.53; 29.97 ± 0.32; 51.99 ± 1.06. Binahong leaf ethanol extract at a concentration of 900 ppm has an SPF value of 51.99 ± 1.06 based on the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). potential as a sunscreen. Binahong leaf ethanol extract has SPF value and can be formulated in sunscreen cream dosage form.

Optimization and Validation Methods for Assay of Acyclovir Cream Determination by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

The aim this study is to obtain an effective and efficient of method for assay of acyclovir cream determination. Chromatographic separation on a reverse phase a YMC - Triart C18 column (4.6 x 150 mm, 5 μm), the mobile phase consisted of water and acetonitrile (95: 5 v/v) at a flow rate 1.2 mL/min with UV-Vis detection at 252 nm, volume injected was 20 μL, with UV detection at 252.0 nm. The retention time of acyclovir was ± 3.5 min. Validation studies were achieved by using the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, selectivity parameter. The LOD and LOQ values were 0.27 µg/mL and 0.83 µg/mL. The average standard deviation (RSD) value of precision is 0.35% and accuracy is 0.34%. Robustness shows that the method is resistant to variation in the mobile phase, the Acyclovir cream analysis method meets the ICH 1994 requirements, so it can be applied to the assay of Acyclovir determination in Cream dosage forms.

IRRITATION TEST OF BAWANG DAYAK (Eleutherine bulbosa(Mill.) Urb.) EXTRACT CREAM WITH HUMAN PATCH TEST METHOD

Topical agents indicated for the treatment of acne have the potential to cause irritation or allergic contact dermatitis. This study investigates the irritancy potential of anti-acne cream of bawang dayak (Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb.) previously tested for microbiological effectiveness with the lowest concentration of 5% and the highest concentration of 20%. The method used in this study is the human patch test. A total of 20 volunteers were recruited for the patch test study, testing the cream. The result showed that all volunteers did not experience irritation both in the 5% or 20% bawang dayak extract cream formulations. However, the interview results were found that some volunteers experienced a slight itching without any significant skin adverse reactions on the cream application. Therefore, based on these initial findings it can be safely concluded that the cream of bawang dayak does not cause significant skin adverse reaction and good enough for further development for anti-acne cream dosage form.

Design of Topical Ocular Ciprofloxacin Nanoemulsion for the Management of Bacterial Keratitis.

Bacterial keratitis (BK) is a critical ocular infection that can lead to serious visual disability. Ciprofloxacin (CIP), moxifloxacin (MOX), and levofloxacin (LFX) have been accepted as monotherapies by the US Food and Drug Administration for BK treatment. CIP is available commercially at 0.3% w/v concentration as an ophthalmic solution and as an ointment for ocular delivery. Because of solubility issues at physiological pH, CIP precipitation can occur at the corneal surface post instillation of the solution dosage form. Consequently, the ocular bioavailability of CIP is reduced. The ointment dosage form is associated with side effects such as blurred vision, itching, redness, eye discomfort, and eye dryness. This study aimed to design a CIP loaded nanoemulsion (NE; CIP-NE) to facilitate drug penetration into the corneal layers for improved therapeutic outcomes as well as to overcome the drawbacks of the current commercial ophthalmic formulations. CIP-NE formulations were prepared by hot homogenization and ultrasonication, using oleic acid (CIP-O-NE) and Labrafac® Lipophile WL 1349 (CIP-L-NE) as the oily phase, and Tween® 80 and Poloxamer 188 as surfactants. Optimized CIP-NE was further evaluated with respect to in vitro release, ex vivo transcorneal permeation, and moist heat sterilization process, using commercial CIP ophthalmic solution as a control. Optimized CIP-O-NE formulation showed a globule size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of 121.6 ± 1.5 nm, 0.13 ± 0.01, and −35.1 ± 2.1 mV, respectively, with 100.1 ± 2.0% drug content and was spherical in shape. In vitro release and ex vivo transcorneal permeation studies exhibited sustained release and a 2.1-fold permeation enhancement, respectively, compared with commercial CIP ophthalmic solution. Autoclaved CIP-O-NE formulation was found to be stable for one month (last time-point tested) at refrigerated and room temperature. Therefore, CIP-NE formulation could serve as an effective delivery system for CIP and could improve treatment outcomes in BK.

Exploring the Role of Regadenoson As an Ointment Dosage Form in Inducing Wound Healing in Mice

Background: Wound healing is a multi-phase and well-organized dynamic process to repair damaged tissue. Adenosine (A2A) receptor agonists were found to have a role in wound healing process by increasing collagen deposition and stimulating angiogenesis and re-epithelization. Aim: To investigate the healing effect of regadenoson ointment in experimentally induced wounds in mice. Methodology: Preparation of regadenoson ointment: Regadenoson ointment (0.25% and 0.5% w/w) was prepared by dispersing regadenoson in castor oil followed by the addition of petrolatum base (Vaseline®) to obtain the final ointment preparation. In vivo study: Sixty female albino mice were enrolled in this study where they divided into five groups (N=12/group). Group I: normal control. Group II: induced control which has received a petrolatum base only. Group III were treated topically with β-sitosterol ointment (0.25% w/w) as a positive control. Group IV and V were treated topically with regadenoson ointment (0.25% and 0.5% w/w) respectively. These products were applied once daily for 10 consecutive days. Results: Regadenoson ointment produced a highly significant reduction in wound size in comparison with petrolatum base (P≤0.001). In histological study, re-epithelization and angiogenesis scores of all treatment groups showed a significant increase in comparison with petrolatum base group (P≤0.05) but in collagen scores, the significant increase just occurred with β-sitosterol and the highest concentration of regadenoson 0.5% w/w in comparison with petrolatum base group (P≤0.05). In immunological study, regadenoson groups produced a significant increase in VEGF-A. Conclusion: According to the present findings, we can conclude that regadenoson ointment is more efficient than petrolatum base and comparable in efficacy to β-sitosterol ointment in accelerating wound healing.