Crawl Style Research Articles

Strategies for improving student swimming skills using training methods and media

Many students find that swimming is a necessary skill, yet many struggle to learn the appropriate form due to inadequate teaching. Learning can happen faster with the right training media, and knowledge of swimming techniques can be improved. Innovative teaching methods and training media are needed to optimise students' mastery of swimming skills. This study is to assess how well proper workout regimens and media can enhance fundamental swimming skills. This study uses an action research design, where three action research cycles are (1) preparation, (2) action, (3) observation, and (4) reflection. If at least 75% of children can perform basic swim movements in a crawling style successfully, then this learning has been successful. This study used a percentage analysis methodology as its analytical method. While at least 75% of students who received a completeness score in swimming during the first cycle showed success in basic crawl style movements, the learning results of students' movements were not in accordance with the success indicators; only 55.55% of students achieved the overall target. The number of students who achieved the goal in the second cycle increased to 32 or 71.11%. At the end of the cycle, 40 students, or 88.89% of students, achieved the overall target. According to the study's findings, the basic swimming ability of adolescent students can be improved by using land exercises and training tools.

PENGARUH METODE PEMBELAJARAN MENGGUNAKAN PAPAN LUNCUR DAN PULLBUOY TERHADAP KECEPATAN RENANG GAYA CRAWL 25 METER SISWA CLUB ABDUL AQUATIC COURSE (AAC) SEMARANG

This learning method using a skateboard and pullbuoy is very effective in students' initial learning to swim, and is practiced by students from the Abdul Aquatic Course Semarang club by swimming using a crawl style and a distance of 25m. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the learning method using skateboards and pullbuoys on the 25m crawl style swimming speed of Abdul Aquatic Course Semarang students. As well as the difference and which is better between a skateboard and a pullbuoy.
 This study refers to a quantitative approach and the method used by this researcher is an experimental method, which is a step to compare the tools between a skateboard and a pullbuoy in the initial movement of the crawl style. The target of this research is the student club Abdul Aquatic Course (AAC) Semarang. The data analysis technique in this study used inferential statistical analysis, hypothesis testing.
 The results showed that the R-square value of the learning method using the pull buoy was greater than the exercise using a skateboard. This means, "training using a pull buoy is better to use in increasing the speed of the 25-meter crawl style swimming for the students of Club Abdul Aquatic Course (AAC) Semarang."
 The conclusion is that the exercise using a pullbuoy is better than a skateboard in increasing the speed of swimming in the 25-meter crawl style of students at the Abdul Aquatic Course Semarang club. The advice obtained by the researcher is that the trainer is expected to be able to use exercises using pullbuoys as a form of training program at a crawl speed swimming style of 25 meters.

Construct of 50-Meter Crawl Style Swimming Performance and The Determinant Physical Factors

This study aimed to achieve the following objectives, namely (1) develop a measurement construct model to evaluate performance of the 50-meter crawl style swimming, (2) establish a structural equation model to examine the relationship between physical factors and swimming technique performance, and (3) identify the determinant physical factors of performance. A total of 150 subjects were selected using the purposive random sampling technique, and the data were analyzed using SPSS 10.0 program and LISREL 8.71 for Windows. Analysis 1: The fit of the indicators used in explaining the latent variables in the study models was tested: (1) body proportion latent variable assessed through the manifests of the hip width, thigh rim, upper arm rim, forearm rim, shoulder width, elbow width, and arm length showed favorable results, with λ tcount > ttable of 1.979 (df =129.5), and construct reliability of 0.877 > 0.7, which indicated unidimensionality, (2) biomotor latent variable, represented by the manifests of strength, explosive capacity, speed, flexibility, dexterity, reaction time, balance, and coordination, also yielded positive outcomes with λ tcount > ttable of 1.979 (df =129.5), and construct reliability of 0.987 > 0.7, which indicated unidimensionality, (3) the latent variable nutrition status, assessed through the manifests of body height and weight showed satisfactory results with λ tcount > ttable of 1.979 (df =129.5), and construct reliability of 0.797 > 0.7, which demonstrated unidimensionality. Analysis 2: the testing of the model: χ2 = 201.89 at df = 176, p = 0.08810 (criterion > 0.005), RMSEA = 0.078 (criterion > 0.005), and GFI = 0.9174. These results confirmed the model fits the data. Analysis 3: The effects of the determinant physical factors on the 50-meter crawl style swimming performance were examined based on the obtained model: (1) biomotor was significantly influenced by body proportion (γ =0.2727, tcount = 3.876, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) =1.979), (2) swimming technique was affected by body proportion (tcount = 5.1830, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) =1.979, γ = 0.1262), biomotor (γ = 0.0426, tcount = 2.4403, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) =1.979), nutrition status (γ = 0.1449, tcount = 4.3174, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) =1.979), and VO2Max (γ = 0.7715, tcount = 13.1600, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) =1.979). Meanwhile, the contribution of lung volume was not significant (γ = -0.0219, tcount = 5.1830, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) =1.979), (3) performance was significantly influenced by body proportion (γ = 0.3153, tcount = 3.0275, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) =1.979) and swimming technique (γ = -0.7075, tcount = 2.0577, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) =1.979), while the contribution of endurance was insignificant (γ = 0.2474, tcount = 0.7548, ttable (df=129, α=0.05) =1.979).

Influences of Psychomotor Behaviors on Learning Swimming Styles in 6-9-Year-Old Children.

The aim of this study was to identify the existence of some relationships between certain psychomotor behaviors, which we consider specific to swimming, and learning to execute the technique of some swimming styles (front crawl and backstroke). The study was carried out for 10 months and included 76 children (40 boys and 36 girls) aged between 6 and 9 years who practice recreational swimming in a city in Romania. Several tools were used: the Tapping test for manual dexterity, the Goodenough test for body schema, the Flamingo test for static balance, and the horizontal buoyancy test for body balance on the water. The results indicated better ratings on all psychomotor behaviors analyzed according to gender (in favor of girls compared to boys). The levels of all analyzed psychomotor behaviors have a direct relationship to the subjects' age. Also, we identified moderate positive correlations for manual dexterity (rs = 0.63 in the front crawl style; rs = 0.57 in the backstroke style) and strong correlations for body schema, static balance and buoyancy, coordination with the learning of the two swimming styles (r or rs between 0.77 and 0.85). In conclusion, psychomotor behaviors can be predictors for learning swimming styles.

Hubungan Berat Badan dan Tinggi Badan Dengan Kecepatan Renang Gaya Bebas 50 Meter Pada Atlet Renang Noren Tirta Buana (NTB)


 This study aims to determine the relationship between body weight and height with the speed of 50-meter freestyle swimming in Noren Tirta Buana (NTB) swimming athletes. The research method used in this study is the correlation method with data collection techniques using tests and measurements. The population and sample in this study were athletes Noren Tirta Buana (NTB) with a total sampling technique so that the sample was 15 people. The results of this study show that there is a significant relationship between body weight and swimming speed in the 50-meter crawl style for athletes Noren Tirta Buana”; there is an important relationship between body height and swimming speed in the 50-meter crawl style for athletes Noren Tirta Buana”; there is a significant relationship between body weight and size on the swimming speed of the 50-meter crawl style in female athletes 50 meters in athlete Noren Tirta Buana. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between body weight and height in freestyle swimming speed in Noren Tirta Buana (NTB) swimming athletes.
 Keywords: Height, Swimming, Weight,

Model Latihan Hayuswim Terhadap Kecepatan Renang 50 Meter Gaya Crawl Pada Atlet Kelompok Umur IV DI Klub Piranha Kota Tegal

Swimming is a sport that has been known for a long time, which provides many benefits both physically and emotionally. This study aims to determine the effect of HayuSwim training on swimming speed of 50 meters crawl style in athletes age group IV at the Piranha club, Tegal City. This type of research is quantitative research with theresearch method Quasi Experiment Design. While the design of this study used a Pretest-Posttest Design. The samples used were 16 swimming athletes in Tegal City. The results of this study indicate that there is an increase in thetraining model HayuSwim to the swimming speed of 50 metersstyle crawl based on the results of the normality test calculated from the Asymp.Sig table. (2 tailed) shows that the results of the pretest and posttest data are more than the value of ? = 0.05, so it can be concluded that all data are normally distributed. Results from the homogeneity test table on Asymp.Sig. (2 tailed) shows 0.134 with a value of ? = sig 0.05, with this the sig value is greater than p> 0.05, it can be concluded that it is homogeneous. Hypothesis testing the average value in the pretest experimental group was 41.33 and the posttest was 40.86, an increase of 1.15%, while the average result of the control group was 40.47 pretest to posttest 40.44, an increase of 0.008% . The conclusion of this study is the effect oftraining HayuSwim on the swimming speed of 50 metersstyle crawl in athletes age group IV at the Piranha club Tegal City.

EXTRAVERTED CHILDREN SWIM FASTER COMPARED TO INTROVERTED COUNTERPARTS REGARDLESS OF LIGHT AND SOUND NOISE LEVELS

Individual differences of personality are thought to influence motor performance. In terms of cortical arousal levels, because extraverts are infra-activated and introverts are hyper-activated, environment stimuli might enhance the impact of the extraversion trait on task performance. This study investigated the effect of light and sound noise on the swimming performance of extraverted and introverted children. 19 extraverts (12 boys, 7 girls) and 22 introverts (12 boys, 10 girls), ages 8.2 ± 0.9 years, adapted to water and swimming at intermediate levels. Participants performed two trials of the task (swimming 15 meters as fast as possible in crawl style) under two environment conditions: bright light/loud noise (A) and dim light/slight noise (B). Movements were filmed to allow calculation of time to complete the task and the stroke cycle. There was a significant effect for the group factor, with extraverts swimming faster than introverts. No effect was detected for the environment factor or the interaction group/environment. Regarding stroke cycle, no differences were found for group, environment or interaction. Although extraversion has not affected mechanical aspects of crawl style, compared to introverts, extraverts swan faster, showing a more effective process of reacting and executing movements in time-constraints tasks.

THE EFFECT OF HYDROTHERAPY EXERCISE PROGRAM TO REHABILITATE THE MILD-MODERATE LUMBAR DISC HERNIATION ON FEMALES

Several lines of evidence indicate that the hydrotherapy could rehabilitate the disc herniation. Relatively limited number of studies describe the effects of hydrotherapy exercises on rehabilitate the lumbar disc herniation in females. The purpose of these studies was to determine the interrelation between the hydrotherapy exercise programs and rehabilitate the mild-moderate lumbar disc herniation on female patients. We examined the hydrotherapy exercise program and crawl style swimming training on some study variables of the volunteers, they were divided equally into two groups: experimental group (n=7 females; aged 54.857 ± 3.848) control group (n=7 females; aged 54.143 ± 3.848). To evaluate the effect of both programs on our subjects we measured each of Abdominal Fat by fat caliper, Forward Range of Motion and Backward Range of Motion by the protractor, the Back Muscles Strength by the Dynamometer, Pain Intensity with visual analogue scale (VAS) and Daily Activity by SF-12. The results were by comparing the pre and posttests of each group, and comparing differences between the posttests for the control and experimental groups. Participants of this study were a mild-moderate lumbar disc herniation female patients. The results of the Crawl Style Swimming Training was there is a statistically significant differences at the level of (p<0.05) between the pre and posttests of the control group in favor of posttests. And results the Hydrotherapy Exercise Program was there is a statistically significant differences at the level of (p<0.05) between the pre and posttests of the experimental group in favor of posttests. And there is a differences between the posttests averages for the control and experimental groups in favor of the experimental group. We demonstrated that the hydrotherapy exercise program rehabilitate the mild-moderate lumbar disc herniation in female patients.

Basic Swimming Style Crawl Engineering Skills Survey in Athletes Ages 10-12

This study aims to: 1.To know the basic technique skills of crawl style swimming in the Kebumen swimming club association students. 2. Knowing the factors of difficulty experienced by students in learning the basic motion skills of crawl style swimming 3. Students are able to apply the basic movements of swimming with the right steps. This research was conducted on the students of the Kebumen swimming club association in Gossi Kebumen. The research plan is carried out in November 2021. The sample referred to in this study is 20 students in the 10-12 year age group who take part in basic swimming skills training. Descriptive data analysis was entered to get an overview of the data including the average, standard deviation, maximum data, minimum data, range, frequency table and graphs. Based on the results of the research that has been carried out, it can be concluded: 1. Freestyle swimming skills measured using a stopwatch on students aged 10-12 years at the swimming club association in Kebumen showed that 50% of students had very poor swimming skills, 25% students have poor swimming skills and 25% of students have sufficient skills. 2. The category of skills that dominates the most in students is very low ability. Contributing to further research is to conduct research on more intense exercises on crawl swimming style techniques need to be done by athletes and also strategies to improve the ability of athletes in crawl style swimming.Keywords: Swimming, Crawl Style, Basic Swimming Technique

Swim performance with and without snorkel and the underlying energetic differences

Swimming requires frequent lifting and rotating of the head to inhale. A snorkeler saves energy by avoiding this maneuver, but the snorkel adds breathing work due to air flow resistance. The needed power of these head movements has never been examined, although the extra power of breathing through a snorkel was studied recently. This study aimed: 1) to model the work of vertically lifting and rotating in comparison with the breathing work added by a snorkel; 2) to compare heart rate (HR) and velocity (v) while swimming under both conditions; 3) to evaluate the results for surface-swimming divers. Presumably the power when using a snorkel is less, and the difference in power predicts the difference in swimming velocity. Kinematics of head lifting and rotation, and the difference between the hydrodynamics were modeled. A swim test lasting 12 minutes at maximum speed (Cooper swim test) was performed in a pool by nine recreational divers in the front crawl style, with face mask but without fins. All subjects performed the test both with and without snorkel. The average velocity with a snorkel, 0.72±0.09 m∙s-1, was 4.4±3.9% higher than without (p=0.008), but HR (144±16 bpm) showed no difference (0.8±3.4%). The model based on our subjects’ performance showed that 7.5% of the total power is spent in the inhaling maneuver while crawling and 2.7% while snorkeling. Theoretically this would allow the snorkeler to swim 5.2% faster. It is concluded that snorkeling is energetically advantageous as well as for divers swimming on the surface.

The relationship between arm muscle strength, leg muscle strength, arm power and leg power on the 25 meter crawl style swimming achievement

This study aims to determine the relationship between arm muscle strength, leg muscle strength, arm power and leg power on the 25 meter crawl style swimming achievement. This research is a correlational research. The subjects of this study were all members of the swimming club Tirta Serayu Banjarnegara totaling 11 respondents. Data collection techniques using surveys. Data collection techniques using tests and measurements. The instruments used in this study were Hand grip dynamometer, Leg and Back dynamometer, modified spring scales, vertical jump, and 25 meter crawl style swimming. The data analysis technique used regression and correlation analysis, through the prerequisite test for normality and linearity. From the results of the study it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between arm muscle strength and 25 meter crawl style swimming achievement, there is no significant relationship between leg muscle strength and 25 meter crawl style swimming achievement, there is a significant relationship between arm power and crawl style swimming achievement. 25 meters, there is no significant relationship between leg power and 25 meter crawl style swimming achievement. Overall, there is no significant relationship between arm muscle strength, leg muscle strength, arm power and leg power on the 25 meter crawl swimming achievement. HUBUNGAN KEKUATAN OTOT LENGAN, OTOT TUNGKAI, POWER LENGAN DAN POWER TUNGKAI TERHADAP PRESTASI RENANG GAYACRAWL 25 METER AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antar kekuatan otot lengan, kekuatan otot tungkai, power lengan dan power tungkai terhadap prestasi renang gaya crawl 25 meter. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian korelasional. Subyek dari penelitian ini adalah seluruh anggota klub renang Tirta Serayu Banjarnegara yang berjumlah 11 responden. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan survey. Teknik pengambilan data menggunakan tes dan pengukuran. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa hand grip dynamometer, leg and back dynamometer, timbangan pegas modifikasi, vertical jump, dan renang gaya crawl 25 meter. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis regresi dan korelasi, melalui uji prasyarat normalitas dan linearitas. Dari hasil penelitian bisa disimpulkan bahwa ada hubungan yang signifikan antara kekuatan otot lengan dengan prestasi renang gaya crawl 25 meter, tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara kekuatan otot tungkai dengan prestasi renang gaya crawl 25 meter, ada hubungan yang signifikan power lengan dengan prestasi renang gaya crawl 25 meter, tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara power tungkai dengan prestasi renang gaya crawl 25 meter. Secara keseluruhan tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara kekuatan otot lengan, kekuatan otot tungkai, power lengan dan power tungkai terhadap prestasi renang gaya crawl 25 meter.

Development of Augmented Reality Based Crawl Swimming Learning Module For Students of The UNU Blitar Sport Education Study Program

Swimming is a compulsory subject in the UNU Blitar Sports Education Study Program curriculum. Has a fairly high Semester Credit Unit (SKS) weight of 4 credits. The crawl style swimming is the basis of all styles so that it needs to be studied more deeply according to the era of the industrial revolution 4.0, namely with a touch of Augmented Reality (AR) technology. This study aims to develop a learning module for swimming crawl style which is integrated with Augmented Reality (AR). The method used by researchers is the Research and Development developed by Dick and Carey which consists of 10 steps. However, due to existing limitations, the researcher only carried out 9 steps. The module was validated by 3 experts, namely: media expert, learning expert, and swimming expert. The input from experts is used to complement the product. Subsequently carried out small group trials totaling 6 students while 30 students as large group trial subjects. The results obtained are: the criteria for product clarity obtained by a percentage of 91.17647% are very valid, the strategic criteria obtained by a percentage of 83.33% are quite valid, the evaluation criteria obtained by a presentation of 75% are quite valid. All criteria have met product eligibility. Product development of the module is declared valid enough and fit for use as a medium to maximize the learning process.

SWIMMING CRAWL STYLE: THE EFFECT OF PURE OR PROGRESSIVE METHOD AND LEVEL OF BODY FAT

The crawl style is a freestyle which is frequently used in national and international competitions. However, this swimming style requires much attention because of its complexity. On the other hand, it is very beneficial despite the facts that athletes do not like it. The objectives of this research were to examine the significant difference between two teaching methods: the pure and the progressive teaching methods. The sample of this study were 32 male students from a junior high school in Yogyakarta. The sample were divided into two groups with 16 students in the control group and 16 students in the experimental group. The data in this study were collected through a measurement on the students crawl style basic movements and the body fat level. The data were subsequently analyzed with independent sample t-test and correlation by the means of SPSS version 23. The result showed that there was a significant difference of basic movement score between the pure method and progressive method learning with p value of 0.03 &lt; 0.05. The level of fat was not a constraint on both methods of teaching. High and low fat were positively correlated on both methods with the strength of the correlation was very high. In conclusion progressive method was better method to teach crawl style compared to the pure method of teaching because it gave many benefits for learners compared to the pure method teaching, regardless the level of the body fat.

Evaluation of physical and physiological parameters of the elite underwater rugby players

Underwater rugby (UWR) is a developing sport which is organised under umbrella of Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques. Although this sports has over than 50 years history, very few studies have so far been published in the sports literature. This research reveals physical and physiological profiles of UWR players in Turkey. Eleven male athletes participated to this study. Their body weight, height, body fat proportion, skinfold thicknesses, length and girth measurements, strength, flexibility, respiratory functions, anaerobic capacities, aerobic capacities were measured. In pool tests, 50 m crawl style, 50 m apnea, 8x25m apnea and 400 m crawl style with UWR equipments were done. Body mass index, body fat proportion, skinfold thickness of the underwater rugby players were higher compared to swimming and water polo literature. A positive correlation was found both between the 50 m apnea times and body fat proportions of the players and also among the 400 m crawl style with ABC equipments and body fat proportions and body weights of the players. A significant positive correlation was detected among skinfold thickness and the 50 m crawl style times with UWR equipments, 50 m apnea times, 8x25 m apnea times and 400 m crawl style times. Pulmonary volumes and capacities of the athletes were found higher than those of the water polo players and swimmers. This increase in the work of breathing muscles might be caused by hyperventilation of the underwater players before and after breathholding and blowing out the water in the snorkel after diving. In conclusion, more comparative data from UWR players is strongly warranted to define the physical and physiological features of UWR players.

Sensorimotor Skills Impact on Temporal Expectation: Evidence from Swimmers.

Aim of this study was to assess whether the ability to predict the temporal outcome of a sport action was influenced by the sensorimotor skills previously acquired during a specific sport training. Four groups, each of 30 subjects, were enrolled in this study; subjects of three groups practiced different sports disciplines (i.e., swimming, rhythmic gymnastics, and water polo) at competitive level whilst the fourth group consisted of control subjects. Subjects were asked to observe a video showing a swimmer doing two laps in crawl style. This video was shown 36 times, and was occluded after variable intervals, randomized across trials, by a dark window that started 3, 6, and 12 s before the swimmer touched the poolside. During the occluded interval, subjects were asked to indicate when the swimmer touched the edge of the pool by clicking on any button of the laptop keyboard. We found that swimmers were more accurate than subjects performing other sports in temporally predicting the final outcome of the swimming task. Particularly, we observed a significant difference in absolute timing error that was lower in swimmers compared to other groups when they were asked to make a temporal prediction with the occluded interval of short duration (i.e., 3 s). Our findings demonstrate that the ability to extract temporal patterns of a motor action depends largely on the subjective expertise, suggesting that sport-acquired sensorimotor skills impact on the temporal representation of the previously observed action, allowing subjects to predict the time course of the action in absence of visual information.

Effect of Age, Anthropometry, and Distance in Stroke Parameters of Young Swimmers

This study aimed to determine the influence of age, anthropometry, and distance on stroke parameters of 10- to 17-y-old swimmers. Forty-six male swimmers were divided into 4 chronological age groups. Anthropometry and sexual maturity were assessed, and maximal efforts of 100, 200, and 400 m using front-crawl style were performed to determine stroke rate (SR), length (SL), and index (SI). Multiple linear regression, 1-way, and mixed ANOVA for repeated measures were used for statistical analyses. There was significant effect of distance for all stroke parameters (P < .001) and an age effect only for SL and SI (P < .001). Post hoc showed that the 10- to 17-year-old group significantly reduced SR with increasing distance (effect size -0.8 to -1.5 comparing 100, 200, and 400 m) but were not effective in offsetting this adaptation with increased SL, especially from 200- to 400-m distance, at which no group made both adjustments, highlighting the decreased efficiency with significant SI reduction (effect size -0.2 to -0.4 comparing 100, 200, and 400 m). Considering all stroke parameters, the performances were almost 100% explained, but SI itself could explain around 90% of the performance; furthermore, limb length contributed to explain all stroke parameter, and SI was the variable best predicted (around 75%) by anthropometrical (upper limbs and height) and descriptive variables (age and y of systematic training).Thus, distinct effects of distance and advancing age were found during childhood and adolescence on stroke parameters, and SI was highlighted as the best predictor of 100-, 200-, and 400-m maximal performances.

SAT0588-HPR Swimming is as Effective as Walking for Treating Fibromyalgia: a Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundBackground: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic widespread pain syndrome that causes deterioration of physical capacity. Exercises are fundamental in the treatment of FM, however, it is not known the effects...

Kinematic analysis of three water polo front crawl styles

During water polo matches, players use different front crawl styles. The purpose of this study was to conduct a kinematic analysis of three water polo front crawl styles: front crawl with head under water, front crawl with head above water, and front crawl when leading the ball. Ten proficient water polo players performed 3 × 15 m sprints in each front crawl style, which were recorded three-dimensionally by two surface and four underwater cameras. The results showed no differences in performance and several kinematic characteristics among the water polo front crawl styles. However, front crawl when leading the ball showed shorter stroke length and greater stroke frequency. Front crawl with head underwater presented greater maximal finger depth and elbow angle at mid-stroke position. Front crawl with head above water and when leading the ball showed greater trunk obliquity and maximal depth of right and left foot, and shorter kick stroke frequency. The findings suggest that proficient players learn to master front crawl with head above water to achieve top velocity. Despite the common use of the front crawl with head underwater as the basis for water polo fast displacement, coaches should emphasize the use of the specific water polo styles to attain high performance.

Effects of two months training on blood lactate levels in adolescent swimmers

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of two months swimming training on aerobic and anaerobic capacities with blood lactate. A total of 17 adolescent male swimmers (15.17±0.81 years) were included in the study. The first measurement was conducted 1.5 months after the beginning of the season and this was followed by a second measurement conducted two months after the first measurement. A test protocol of 8x100 m crawl style was applied in the measurements and the subjects swam from slow to fast at five different swimming workloads. Between each training run, blood samples were provided from the earlobes of the subjects in order to measure the amount of blood lactate. Heart rate was measured after five swims. Furthermore, swimming styles and duration were recorded in order to calculate the swimming speed of each subject at each swimming workload. The comparison of blood lactate and speed values of all subjects before and after the training season revealed that lactate acid values had not changed significantly (p>0.05) at the lowest swimming workload (75%) and that the speed had significantly increased (p<0.01). As for the rest of the swimming workloads, both lactate acid and speed increased significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.01). Our two month training programme dwelt heavily upon anaerobic training and accordingly aerobic capacity decreased and anaerobic capacity increased at higher speeds. On the other hand, in our study, we found out that anaerobic capacity had not increased only at the 75% workload and that it had decreased at the rest of the workloads.

Série de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade como índice de determinação da tolerância à acidose na predição da performance anaeróbia de natação

O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a tolerância à acidose através de uma série de nados intervalados de alta intensidade e relacionar com a velocidade de limiar anaeróbio (VLan), concentração de lactato sanguíneo de pico ([Lac]pico), capacidade de trabalho anaeróbio (CTA), freqüência de braçada (fB), comprimento de braçada (CB) e índice de braçada (IB) na predição da performance de 100m de natação. Dez nadadores realizaram seis nados máximos de 100m no estilo crawl com intervalo de seis minutos. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas cinco minutos após cada nado para posterior análise de lactacidemia ([Lac]). Através da razão entre [Lac] e os respectivos tempos de execução dos seis nados, determinou-se a tolerância à acidose (TA). O número de braçadas realizadas durante os seis esforços foi anotado para determinação da fB, CB, IB. Um nado máximo de 100m foi utilizado como parâmetro de performance (P100) e amostras de sangue foram coletadas para determinação da concentração de lactato sanguíneo de pico ([Lac]pico). Três esforços progressivos de 400m foram realizados para determinação da VLan correspondente à concentração fixa de 3,5mM de lactato. Esforços máximos de 200 e 400m foram realizados para determinação da CTA por regressão linear (coeficiente linear). Os resultados apresentaram significativas correlações (p &lt; 0,05) da TA com VLan (r = 0,77), [Lac]pico (r = 0,81), CB (r = 0,85) e IB (r = 0,84). Além disso, a P100 foi correlacionada com VLan (r = 0,88), TA (r = 0,95), [Lac]pico (r = 0,77), CB (r = 0,97) e IB (r = 0,96). Conclui-se que a TA determinada a partir de série de treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade parece ser útil para determinar a aptidão anaeróbia e predizer a performance de 100m de natação, além de ser influenciada pelo CB e IB.