Crataegus Azarolus Research Articles

Valorization of Crataegus azarolus stones for the removal of textile anionic dye by central composite rotatable design using cubic model: optimization, isotherm, and kinetic studies.

In this study, the central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used in the optimization of the operating parameters for the removal of the direct blue 86 (DB86), an anionic dye, because of its hazardous impact on human health and aquatic environment. In addition, DB86 is a recalcitrant and non-biodegradable dye whose presence considerably inhibits photosynthesis. Its removal in aqueous medium was achieved by biosorption onto the novel biosorbent Crataegus azarolus stones (CAS). The parameters like the solution pH, biosorbent dose, initial DB86 concentration, and temperature were studied in the ranges 2-6, 0.8-4gL-1, 20-100mgL-1, and 10-50°C, respectively. The significance of the experimental parameters and their interactions was investigated by the Student's t test and p values with 5% error limits using JMP 11.0.0 software. The regression analysis of the experimental data obtained from 31 batch runs provides a cubic model. The optimum conditions obtained for the maximum DB86 elimination from the synthetic solution were found to be pH2, biosorbent dose of 4gL-1, initial DB86 concentration of 20mgL-1, and temperature of 10°C, leading to a theoretical maximum removal of 123%. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin equilibrium models. The Langmuir isotherm gave the best fit with a maximum biosorption capacity of 24.02mgg-1. The results of the kinetic study revealed that the biosorption kinetic of DB86 follows a pseudo-second-order model. All results confirmed that CAS are an efficient, economic, and ecological alternative for the treatment of industrial wastewaters loaded with anionic dyes.

Therapeutic potentials of Crataegus azarolus var. eu- azarolus Maire leaves and its isolated compounds

BackgroundHyperglycemia is a complicated condition accompanied with high incidence of infection and dyslipidemia. This study aimed to explore the phyto-constituents of Crataegus azarolus var. eu- azarolus Maire leaves, and to evaluate the therapeutic potentials particularly antimicrobial, antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic of the extract and the isolated compound (3β-O-acetyl ursolic acid).MethodsTotal phenolics and flavonoidal contents were measured by RP-HPLC analysis. Free radicals scavenging activity of different extraction solvents was tested in-vitro on DPPH free radicals. The antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract and its fractions as well as the isolated compounds were evaluated in-vitro on variable microorganisms. Animal models were used to evaluate the antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities of the ethanolic extract along with the isolated compound (3β-O acetyl ursolic acid).ResultsRP- HPLC analysis of the phenolics revealed high content of rutin, salicylic and ellagic acids. Six compounds belonging to triterpenes and phenolics were isolated from chloroform and n-butanol fractions namely: ursolic acid, 3β-O-acetyl ursolic acid, ellagic acid, quercetin 3-O-β methyl ether, rutin and apigenin7-O-rutinoside. Ethanolic extract showed the highest DPPH radical scavenger activity compared to other solvents. Ethanolic extract, hexane fraction, ursolic acid, 3β-O acetyl ursolic acid and quercetin 3-O-methyl ether showed variable antimicrobial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and C. albicans. Administration of the ethanolic extract or 3β-O acetyl ursolic acid orally to the mice reduced blood glucose significantly in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Ethanolic extract significantly reduced LDL-C, VLDL-C, TC and TG and increased HDL-C in rats. Ethanolic extract and 3β-O acetyl ursolic acid reduced in-vitro activity of pancreatic lipase.ConclusionThis study reveals that Crataegus azarolus var. eu- azarolus Maire has the efficiency to control hyperglycemia with its associated complications. This study is the first to evaluate antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic potentials of 3β-O acetyl ursolic acid.

In vitro evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Asparagus aphyllus L., Crataegus azarolus L., and Ephedra alata Decne.in monocultures and co-cultures of HepG2 and THP-1-derived macrophages

In vitro evaluation of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Asparagus aphyllus L., Crataegus azarolus L., and Ephedra alata Decne.in monocultures and co-cultures of HepG2 and THP-1-derived macrophages

A New Ursane-type Triterpenoid and Other Constituents from the Leaves of Crataegus azarolus var. aronia

A new ursane-type triterpene acid, named azarolic acid (1), along with four known phenolic compounds and four known triterpene acids, was isolated from the crude EtOAc extract of the leaves of Crataegus azarolus var. aronia L. The structure of 1 was determined from 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic data. Euscaphic acid showed high anti-vasoconstriction effects on aortic rings, supporting the use of this medicinal plant in cardiovascular disease.

Protective and therapeutic effects of Crataegus aronia in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Aim: We evaluated the potential preventive and therapeutic effects of Crataegus aronia (C. aronia) in NAFLD induced by high-fat diet (HFD) in rat models. Methods: Protective effect of Crataegus aronia or simvastatin was investigated in Wistar rats fed either low-fat diet (LFD) or HFD. Results: Liver histopathological examinations confirmed the development of NAFLD in rats fed HFD. In both protective and therapeutic treatments, C. aronia significantly reduced liver index (3.85 ± 0.21% in HFD plus aronia group versus 6.22 ± 0.58% in HFD model group), increased the HDL-cholesterol and reduced the LDL-cholesterol in blood. The hawthorn plant also significantly ameliorated oxidative stress biomarker (p < 0.002) and liver enzymes (p < 0.0001) that indicate liver damage. Conclusion: C. aronia exhibits therapeutic and protective effects on NAFLD in an animal model possibly by its lipid lowering and antioxidant effects; thus, may offer therapeutic potential in humans.

English

Listing and describing plant diversity in terms of the status of flowering vascular plants in Al-Balqa Governorate (North West Amman/Jordan) has been evaluated. Collections of plant specimens have been made during the field trips that have been conducted, in order to study and evaluate the composition and the diversity of the flowering wild plants in Al-Balqa Governorate. A total number of 527 species belonging to 296 genera and 61 families have been recorded. A number of 91 medicinal plants are recorded; some examples are known as medicinal plants like: Arum palaestinum, Achillea santolina, Carduus australis, and others. Poisonous plants such as Retama raetam, Solanum luteum, Ferula communis etc. were also recorded. A number of 30 recorded species are considered as endemic such as Daucus carota and Apium nodiflorum, and some others are known as edible plant species like: Salvia hierosolymitana, Gundelia tournefortii, Eruca sativa etc. a number of 25&nbsp;&nbsp; species are endangered such as:&nbsp; Gundelia tournefortii, Sinapis alba, Sternbergia clusiana and Cistus creticus. Some reported species are rare like: Lactuca serriola, Varthemia iphionoides, Echium judaeum, Lupinus varius, Iris atrophosca and others. Deciduous Oak (Quercus ithaburensis) forest is occurring in the study area mixed with remnants of wild olive (Olea europaea), and with shrubs such as Crataegus azarolus, and a wild almond tree&nbsp; (Amygdalus communis), also with herbaceous bushes such as Dactylis glomeratus, Urginea maritima, Colchicum hierosolymitanum, Sarcopoterium spinosum, Euphorbia hierosolymitana, Salvia indica, Alcea setosa, and Tulipa stylosa. However the study area is considered as one of the richest geographical area in Jordan in terms of its plant diversity, but unfortunately the area is negatively affected by different factors that are contributing in the habitat loss and degradation. &nbsp; Key words: Plant diversity, Flora, Al-Balqa, Jordan.

Protective effects of azarole polyphenolic extracts against oxidative damage using in vitro biomolecular and cellular models

The antioxidant activity of the different polyphenolic extracts prepared from Tunisian azarole, Crataegus azarolus and Crataegus monogyna (Rosaceae family) leaves, fruit peel, pulp and syrup was evaluated using cholesterol, liposome and rat liver-homogenate oxidation assays and cytotoxic activity in differentiated Caco-2, undifferentiated Caco-2, and B16F10 melanoma cells. Protective effects were observed against thermal-cholesterol degradation at 140°C for 1h, which depended on the concentration and the type of the extract. Moreover, the pre-treatment with the phenolic extracts preserved liposomes and rat liver-homogenate from oxidative induced damage by Cu2+ and Fe2+ at 37°C for 24h and 2h, respectively. Azarole phenolics inhibited the oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and limited the production of oxidized compounds. Furthermore, within tested concentrations (0.24-4.8mg/mL), all extracts did not show any toxic effect on differentiated Caco-2 cells; while, they were found cytotoxic to cancer Caco-2 cells, except, extracts of pulp and syrup of C. monogyna. Using B16F10 melanoma cell model, only azarole pulp and syrup extracts were found toxic and induced the production of melanin in a dose-dependent manner.

Immunomodulatory potencies of isolated compounds from Crataegus azarolus through their antioxidant activities.

The search of natural immunomodulatory agents has become an area of great interest in order to reduce damage to the human body. In this study, the immunomodulatory potential of Crataegus azarolus and its isolated hyperoside on mouse lymphocytes and macrophages in vitro was assessed. The effect of C. azarolus natural compounds on splenocytes proliferation, natural killer (NK) and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) activities, and on macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity were assessed by MTT test. Phagocytic activity and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) release by macrophages were also evaluated. The antioxidant capacity of these products was evaluated by determining their cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) in splenocytes and macrophages. Depending on the concentrations, both ethyl acetate (EA) extract and hyperoside (Hyp) from C. azarolus affect macrophage functions by modulating their lysosomal enzyme activity and nitric oxide release. Whereas, the above-mentioned products significantly promote LPS and lectin-stimulated splenocyte proliferation, implying a potential activation of lymphocytes B and T enhancing humoral and cellular immune responses. Moreover, EA extract and Hyp could enhance the activity of NK and T lymphocytes cells, as well as the macrophages-mediated cytotoxicity against B16F10 cells. The anti-inflammatory activity was concomitant with the cellular antioxidant effect of the tested compounds against macrophages and splenocytes. Collectively, C. azarolus and its isolated hyperoside exhibited an immunomodulatory effect through their antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that C. azarolus should be explored as a novel potential immunomodulatory agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.

Crataegus azarolus Leaves Induce Antiproliferative Activity, Cell Cycle Arrest, and Apoptosis in Human HT-29 and HCT-116 Colorectal Cancer Cells.

Limited success has been achieved in extending the survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC). There is a strong need for novel agents in the treatment and prevention of CRC. Therefore, in the present study we evaluated the antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic potential of Crataegus azarolus ethyl acetate extract in HCT-116 and HT-29 human colorectal cancer cell lines. Moreover, we attempted to investigate the signaling pathways that should be involved in its cytotoxic effect. The Crataegus azarolus ethyl acetate extract-induced growth inhibitory effect was associated with DNA fragmentation, sub-G1 peak, loss of mitochondrial potential, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. In addition, ethyl acetate extract of Crataegus azarolus induced the cleavage of caspase-8. It has no effect on steady-state levels of total Bcl-2 protein. Whereas Bax levels decreased significantly in a dose-dependent manner in both tested cell lines. Taken together, these findings confirm the involvement of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The apoptotic cell death induced by ethyl acetate extract of Crataegus azarolus was accompanied by an enhancement of the p21 expression but not through p53 activation in human colorectal cancer cells. The above-mentioned data provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of Crataegus azarolus ethyl acetate extract-induced apoptosis in CRC. Therefore, this compound should be a potential anticancer agent for the treatment of CRC.

In vitro Assessments of Cytotoxic and Cytostatic Effects of Asparagus aphyllus, Crataegus aronia, and Ephedra alata in Monocultures and Co-Cultures of Hepg2 and THP-1-Derived Macrophages

Introduction: Herbal-based medicines are widely used for the prevention and treatments of diverse diseases especially in growing countries as well as many developed countries. Although some of herbal-based medicines have promising therapeutic properties, many of them remain untested and their safety and efficacy were not scientifically assessed. Based on knowledge from traditional Greco-Arab herbal medicine, this in vitro study aims to evaluate cytotoxic and cytostatic effects of three traditionally used anti-diabetic and anti-cancer medicinal plants. Out of the traditional medicinal plants, Asparagus aphyllus, Crataegus aronia, and Ephedra alata are widely used in many Mediterranean countries as natural remedies. Methods: Human THP-1- derived macrophages, HepG2 cells and their co-cultures were used in this in vitro study. Cells were treated for 24h (cytotoxic effects) and 72h (cytostatic effects) with increasing concentrations (0-1000 μg/ml) of water/ethanol extracts from Asparagus aphyllous (AA-extract), Crataegus aronia (CA-extract) and Ephedra alata (EA-extract). Cytotoxic and cytostatic effects were assessed using MTT assay and LDH assay. Results: No significant cytotoxic effects were seen with the three extracts up to concentration of 500 μg/ml. A slight cytotoxic effect was observed with CA-extractin HepG2 monocultures at concentrations higher than 500 μg/ml. Significant cytostatic effects were measured with CA-extract and EA-extract in monocultures and cocultures. The cytostatic activity of the extracts was more potent in co-cultures reaching IC50 of 178 μg/mL and 380 μg/mL for CA-extract and EA-extract, respectively. Conclusion: These results indicate that the traditionally known anti-cancer effects of CA-extract and EA-extract might be mediated in part through cytostatic effects.

Genetic diversity and population structure in natural populations of Tunisian Azarole (Crataegus azarolus L. var. aronia L.) assessed by microsatellite markers

Azarole tree (Crataegus azarolus var. aronia) is a medicinal plant largely reported to possess a wide range of pharmacological properties. In Tunisia, the species grows wild in different bioclimates and geographic areas. It occurs in small scattered populations in continuously distributed habitats. In order to elaborate efficient conservation strategies of the species, nine SSR loci were used to estimate the genetic diversity and population structure of nine populations growing wild in different bioclimatic zones extending from the upper semi-arid to the lower humid.A relatively high level of genetic diversity within population was detected (Na = 2.889, Ne = 2.137, P = 65.43% and He = 0.386). The level of genetic diversity varied according to bioclimate. A low rate of heterozygotes was observed for all populations. The deficit of heterozygotes was more important for populations belonging to the upper semi-arid bioclimate. A significant differentiation among all populations (FST = 0.255; ΦST = 0.297), and among populations within bioclimatic stages (ΦSC = 0.288) were revealed. The Mantel test showed a lack of significant correlation between FST values and geographical distances among populations. The UPGMA and the Bayesian analyses did not show a relationship between population clustering and their eco-geographic appurtenances. Considering these results as well as the current situation of all populations and their endangered habitats, the conservation of this medicinal species is required.

Effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid combined to 6-Benzylaminopurine on callus induction, total phenolic and ascorbic acid production, and antioxidant activities in leaf tissue cultures of Crataegus azarolus L. var. aronia

The present research work describes the effects of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d)/Benzylaminopurine (BAP) ratio on callus induction, total phenolic and ascorbic acid production, and antioxidant activities in leaf-derived calli of Crataegus azarolus (hawthorn). The supplementation of 1.0 mg/L 2,4-d and 1.0 mg/L BAP to MS medium was found to be the most efficient for callus induction (as percentage and fresh weigh). The results of biochemical analysis showed that the highest total phenolic contents were obtained in callus cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-d and 1.0 mg/L BAP (52 ± 0.56 mg GAE/g DM) and were significantly lower than those of intact leaves (76 ± 1.72 mg GAE/g DM). However, the highest ascorbic acid contents were found in callus cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-d and 0.5 mg/L BAP (0.96 ± 0.13 mg AAE/g DM) and these amounts were statistically similar to those found in leaf tissues (0.74 ± 0.07 mg AAE/g DM). Antioxidant activities of callus extracts were determined using two TEAC assays and results showed that extract of callus cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/L 2,4-d and 1.0 mg/L BAP have the greatest antiradical activities against DPPH (124 ± 2.92 mg TE/g DM) and ABTS (0.19 ± 0.02 mg TE/g DM) compared to the leaves of field-grown plant. Thus, the use of high level of 2,4-d over BAP can be suitable to enhance the quality more than the quantity of bioactive compounds in leaf callus culture of hawthorn.

Wild grown red and yellow hawthorn fruits from Tunisia as source of antioxidants

Hawthorn fruits (Crataegus spp.), may be a good source of antioxidants if is consumed as fresh fruit since we know that it produce a numerous beneficial effects for human health. In this study, two species of hawthorn fruit, Crataegus monogyna and Crataegus azarolus were analyzed by HPLC–DAD–MS and compared with respect to their phytochemical composition. Phenolic profiles of studied fruits showed some similarities and differences in terms of polyphenols between the two species. Twenty phenolics compounds distributed into four subclasses were identified: four phenolic acids including three hydroxycinnamic acids and one hydroxybenzoic acid, eight flavonoids representing the most abundant subclass including six glucosylated flavonols and two flavones, two anthocyanins are present as glycosides of cyanidin, with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside is the most abundant, only in monogyna peel fraction and four flavanols divided into a monomer (−)-epicatechin identified in all fruit parts of both species, a dimer B2 and two trimers (C1 and C2). These phenolic compounds are concentrated especially in peel fraction. These results indicate that hawthorn fruits should be recommended in dietary habits as a potential source of antioxidant and anticarcinogenic phenolic compounds.

Volatile Constituents, Phenolic Compounds, and Antioxidant Activity of Crataegus azarolus Leaves and Flowers Growing in Algeria

spp.), belonging to the Rosaceae family, is rich in sugars, minerals, and vitamins A and C.The fruits and flowers of many hawthorn varieties are well known as a heart tonic, have hypotensive effects, and are consideredto be generally safe and well tolerated [1]. Previous investigations indicate that Chinese

Compounds isolated from the aerial part of Crataegus azarolus inhibit growth of B16F10 melanoma cells and exert a potent inhibition of the melanin synthesis

Poor therapeutic results have been reported for treatment of malignant melanoma; therefore in this study, we have investigated inhibitory capacity of vitexin-2′′-O-rhamnoside as well as the extract from which it was isolated, i.e. the ethyl acetate extract obtained from the leaves of Crataegus azarolus, on mouse melanoma (B16F10) proliferation. Cell viability was determined using the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. In addition, amounts of melanin and tyrosinase were measured spectrophotometrically at 475nm. Ethyl acetate extract and vitexin-2′′-O-rhamnoside exhibited significant anti-proliferative activity against B16F10 melanoma cells after incubation for 48hours with IC50s of 50μg/mL and 20μM, respectively. Furthermore, these two compounds have the ability to reduce the melanin content by inhibiting the tyrosinase activity of B16F10 cells. Thus, further investigations are merited to ascertain their potential application in treating hyperpigmentation disorders.

English

Observations and analysis based on using scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs have been carried out to describe the impact of pollution caused by the emitted cement dust from the cement factory on the plant diversity of the surrounding area of Al-Rashadyah/ Tafila cement factory. Leaves of five selected species of&nbsp;Crataegus aronia,&nbsp;Gundelia tournefortii,&nbsp;Anchusa strigosa,&nbsp;Lactuca orientalis&nbsp;and&nbsp;Astragalus bethlehmiticus,&nbsp;from five localities within the study area based on their easily sampling and their availability in all localities during the period of collection were used for assessing the impact of the cement dust. A species of&nbsp;C. aronia&nbsp;was chosen as control species grown in Wadi Shuaib 200 km to the north of the study area. The results indicate that plants species grown near the cement factory are covered with higher amounts of dust accumulations than those grown at long distance from the factory. The analysis of SEM shows many different elements deposited on the leaves of all plants that have been sampled in the study area such as: calcium, potassium, aluminum and others, and it was found that calcium has the highest concentration than the other mineral salts. Key words:&nbsp;Plant diversity, pollution, Tafila, Jordan. &nbsp;

Evaluation of the Anti-Diabetic and Anti-Ulcer Properties of Some Jordanian and Iraqi Medicinal Plants; a Screening Study

A large number of Jordanian and Iraqi medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine for hypoglycemic and anti-ulcer activities. We have started a screening program to evaluate the activity of some of these plants and their extracts taking in consideration their use as an alternative therapy. Various parts of several plants were extracted and the hypoglycemic effects of the aqueous extracts have been examined in normal, glucose loaded and alloxan diabetic experimental animals. Teucrium polium aqueous extract was studied for its anti-ulcer activity of ulcers induced in rats by starvation and reserpine and/or stress. The aqueous extract of the aerial parts of Artemisia herba alba was administered orally to normoglycemic and alloxan diabetic rabbits and rats and found to produce a significant hypoglycemic activity (normoglycaemic: plasma glucose levels reduced from 116±4 to 90±3mg/dL after 90minutes, p<0.001; diabetic animals from 471±7 to 399±9mg/dL, p<0.001). The aerial aqueous extract of Phangnalon rupestre, Sinapis arvensis and Eryngium creticum also exhibited significant hypoglycemic effects in euglycaemic and glucose loaded rats. The other plants examined (Ditrichia graveolens, Alkanna strigosa, , Centaurea iberica, Asphodelin lutea, Paronychia argentea, rosmarinus officinalis, Achillea santolina, Achillea micrantha, Allium sativum, Centaurea phyllacephala, Centaurea behen, Crataegus azarolus, Prosopis farcta and Myrtus communis) failed to produce a significant change in the plasma glucose levels. One herb was comprehensively tested in detail for its anti-ulcer activity; Teucrium polium aqueous extract (intraperitoneally;150mg/kg) produced an average of 50% healing of ulcers where as the orally administered extract produced 85% healing activity of ulcers when compared with the controls.

Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Extracts Obtained fromCrataegus azarolusL. var.aronia(Willd.) Batt. Ovaries Calli

Objective. Plant cell culture is an innovative technology to produce a variety of substances. Numerous plants synthesize among their secondary metabolites phenolic compounds which possess antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. Hawthorn (Crataegus) is one of these plants which has long been used in folk medicine and is widely utilized in pharmaceutical preparations mainly in neuro- and cardiosedative actions.Methods and Results. The production of polyphenol by fifty-two-week-oldCrataegus azarolusvar.aroniacalli was studied in relation to growth variation and antioxidant and antimicrobial capacity within a subcultured period. The DPPH and ABTS+assays were used to characterize the antioxidant actions of the callus cultures. Antimicrobial activity was tested by using disc diffusion and dilution assays for the determination of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of each active extract. High TEACDPPH, TEACABTS, and antimicrobial activity was observed when maximal growth was reached. An optimum of total phenol, proanthocyanidins, flavonoid, (−)-epicatechin, procyanidin B2, chlorogenic acid, and hyperoside was produced during this period.Conclusion. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were strongly correlated with total phenols and total flavonoids.Crataegus azarolusvar.aroniacells culture represents an important alternative source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobials.

Aqueous Extract of Crataegus azarolus Protects Against DNA Damage in Human Lymphoblast Cell K562 and Enhances Antioxidant Activity

The present study was carried out to characterize the cellular antioxidant effect of the aqueous extract of Crataegus azarolus and its antigenotoxic potential using human myelogenous cells, K562. The antioxidant capacity of this extract was evaluated by determining its cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) in K562 cells. Also, preceding antigenotoxicity assessment, its eventual genotoxicity property was investigated by evaluating its capacity to induce the DNA degradation of treated cell nuclei. As no genotoxicity was detected at different exposure times, its ability to protect cell DNA against H2O2 oxidative effect was investigated, using the "comet assay." It appears that 800 μg/mL of extract inhibited the genotoxicity induced by H2O2 with a rate of 41.30 %, after 4 h of incubation. In addition, this extract revealed a significant cellular antioxidant capacity against the reactive oxygen species in K562 cells.

Correction to Comparative Analysis of Tunisian Wild Crataegus azarolus (Yellow Azarole) and Crataegus monogyna (Red Azarole) Leaf, Fruit, and Traditionally Derived Syrup: Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Aqueous-Acetone Extracts

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrection to Comparative Analysis of Tunisian Wild Crataegus azarolus (Yellow Azarole) and Crataegus monogyna (Red Azarole) Leaf, Fruit, and Traditionally Derived Syrup: Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of the Aqueous-Acetone ExtractsManel Belkhir*, Olfa Rebai, Karima Dhaouadi, Francesca Congiu, Carlo Ignazio Giovanni Tuberoso, Mohamed Amri, and Sami FattouchCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 49, 12171–12172Publication Date (Web):November 27, 2013Publication History Published online27 November 2013Published inissue 11 December 2013https://doi.org/10.1021/jf405285mCopyright © 2013 American Chemical SocietyRIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views302Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (555 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts