Crambe Meal Research Articles

<b>Elephant grass silage with the addition of crambe bran conjugated to different specific mass

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of crambe bran concentrations (Crambe abyssinica Hochst.) with different specific masses in elephant grass silage (Penninsetum purpureum Schum.). For that, the bromatological and microbiological compositions of the experimental silages were determined. We used 48 mini silos distributed in a completely randomized design, arranged in a factorial 4 × 3, four levels of inclusion of crambe bran (0; 10; 20 and 30%) and three specific masses (400; 500 and 600 kg MN m-3), with four replications. After 240 days of fermentation the silos were opened. It was observed linear effect on DM, CP, NDFap, ADFap, HEM, LIG, NFC, TC and population of bacteria that produce lactic acid with the addition of crambe meal. There was interaction between the crambe bran factors and specific masses on the values of pH and N-NH3. For MM variables and yeast count there was a negative linear effect due to the evaluated specific mass. The inclusion of crambe bran helps to increase the fermentative profile and the bromatological composition of elephant grass silages studied, and the best results were obtained with the addition of 30% of this coproduct, based on the natural matter.

Intake, digestibility, performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality of lambs fed different levels of crambe meal in the diet

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different levels of crambe meal (CM) in the diet as a substitute for soybean meal on feed intake, growth performance, blood parameters, carcass characteristics and meat quality of lambs. A total of 80 sheep predominantly from the Texel breed, 40 male (23.3±0.98kg) and 40 female (22.1±0.95kg) lambs, were fed 0, 64, 128 or 192g/kg dry matter (DM) CM in the total mixed diet. Intake of DM increased in parallel with the level of CM inclusion in the diet and there was no effect of CM on digestibility and weight gain. The feed to gain ratio decreased as levels of CM increased in the diet. Yields of carcass and commercial cuts were similar among diets. The proportion of muscle and the muscle to bone ratio tended to decrease with higher CM level in the diet. Male and female lambs responded similarly to CM levels except for subcutaneous fat where there was a greater decrease in carcass of male than female lambs with increasing CM dietary level. Chemical composition and quality of the longissimus dorsi were similar among diets. These data suggest that there are no ill effects on carcass quality and animal performance when CM is provided at up to 192g/kg DM in the diet of growing lambs fed a forage to concentrate ratio of 350–650.

Use of organic amendments in the management of root-knot nematode in lettuce

ABSTRACT: Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are among the most important parasites of the lettuce crop. Managing these organisms is difficult due to limitations in genetic (use of resistant cultivars) and chemical control. Thus, new practices should be sought to reduce their reproduction. The present study aimed to evaluate the application of organic amendments in the control of Meloidogyne incognita in lettuce. At first, tomato plants were inoculated to establish an initial population in the soil. After 60 days, the aerial part was discarded, and the lettuce seedlings were transplanted into pots. Two days after transplanting, the treatments bokashi, crambe cake, whey protein, cottonseed composted and shredded wood chip composted were applied at 20 g or 20 mL per pot. Water was applied as control treatment. After 70 days, bokashi and crambe meal reduced the number of eggs/g of root and promoted plant growth. Results obtained with whey protein, cottonseed meal and composted shredded wood chip did not differ from those obtained with the control treatment. Bokashi and crambe cake are effective in the M. incognita control under controlled conditions.

Use of organic amendment in the management of root-knot nematode in lettuce

Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are among the most important parasites of lettuce crop. The management of these organisms is difficult due to limitations in genetic and chemical control, and, thus, new practices should be sought to reduce their reproduction. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the application of different organic amendments in the control of Meloidogyne incognita in lettuce. At first, the nematode was inoculated on tomato plant to establish an initial population in the soil. After 60 days, the aerial part was discarded, and the lettuce seedlings were transplanted to pots. Two days after transplant, the treatments bokashi, crambe cake, whey protein, cottonseed composted and shredded wood chip composted were applied using water as control treatment. After 70 days, it was found that the bokashi and crambe meal treatments reduced the number of eggs/g of the root and promoted plant growth. The results obtained with the other treatments did not differ from those obtained with the control treatment for the parameters studied.

Development of bioplastics based on agricultural side‐stream products: Film extrusion of Crambe abyssinica/wheat gluten blends for packaging purposes

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this work was to add economic value to crambe meal, the protein‐rich byproduct from the industrial extraction of Crambe abyssinica seed oil, by using it as a potential feedstock for oilseed meal‐based plastics. The feasibility to produce continuous, flexible plastic films of glycerol‐plasticized crambe meal blended with wheat gluten (WG) to improve extrudate properties and urea as a protein denaturant using extrusion was investigated. The effect of process parameters and blend composition were studied with regard to the extrusion performance and the film properties. Tensile properties and oxygen permeability were determined, and the film morphology was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy. A die temperature between 125 and 130°C resulted in films with the most homogeneous surfaces and highest tensile strength and extensibility. The use of compression molding after extrusion improved the surface quality and film strength and lowered the oxygen permeability. A decrease in the plasticizer content (from 30 to 20 wt %) improved the extrudability and showed the highest tensile strength, whereas the extensibility was essentially unaffected. The importance of the presence of WG was shown by the fact that strength and extensibility decreased when the crambe content was increased from 60 to 80 wt %. It was shown that crambe‐based biopolymer blends could be extruded as continuous flexible plastic films that exhibited promising mechanical and oxygen barrier properties. The operational window was, however, found to be narrow. The results provide a first basis to further develop the process and the blend toward industrial applications, for example, as packaging materials. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42442.

Torta de crambe na terminação de bovinos de corte em confinamento

Foram utilizados cinco novilhos nelore com peso inicial médio de 335±12kg, mantidos em baias individuais, para determinação do consumo e da digestibilidade, e 40 novilhos com peso corporal médio de 345±14kg, mantidos em baias coletivas, para avaliação do desempenho. A dieta definitiva foi constituída de 82% de concentrado e 18,2% de silagem de sorgo na base da matéria seca, e os níveis de inclusão da torta de crambe foram 0 (controle), 5, 10, 15 e 20%. Os ingredientes do concentrado foram sorgo moído, casca de soja, caroço de algodão, resíduo da colheita de soja, torta de crambe e núcleo mineral proteico. Houve efeito linear decrescente de nível de inclusão de torta de crambe sobre o peso corporal, e crescente, sobre o consumo de extrato etéreo, e houve efeito cúbico sobre o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro corrigido para cinzas e proteína (CFDNcp), em que o maior valor foi observado da dieta controle e o menor na dieta contendo 20% de torta de crambe. Os consumos de MS, PB, ureia, PB de ureia e CNFcp, bem como as digestibilidades e os ganhos de peso, não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. Conclui-se que a torta de crambe pode ser utilizada em até 20% de inclusão na matéria seca de dietas de bovinos de corte em confinamento.

Crambe meal in supplements for culling cows: animal performance and carcass characteristics

The influence of the replacement of soybean meal by crambe crushed in concentrated supplement at proportions 0, 5, 10, 15%, on the performance and carcass traits of grazing cows is assessed. Within a completely randomized design, twenty Nellore cows, fed on B rachiaria humidicola , were supplemented during the rain-drought transition period and monitored with regard to weight and body conditions every 28 days. Total forage mass and percentages of leaf, stem and senescent material were quantified in loco. The estimation of forage quality consumed by animals was performed by the simulated grazing method. There were no significant differences between the levels of inclusion of crambe crushed on animal performance or carcass characteristics. Replacement did not affect weight, carcass yield, Brazilian commercial cuts, morphometric measures of carcass, characteristics of loins, thickness of carcass fat, perirenal-pelvic fat and total meat. Replacement of soybean meal by crambe crushed up to 15% in the concentrated supplement does not affect performance and carcass characteristics of cows finished on pasture.

English

Nile tilapia performance fed with diets containing crambe meal supplied with enzyme complex SSF was evaluated. With initial average weight ranging between 1.133g ± 0.105, 280 Nile tilapias were randomized into seven treatments, with four replicates and 10 fish per tank, totaling 28 experimental units. The temperature-controlled recirculation system had 30 L per tank, with individual water supply and aeration. The physico-chemical parameters of the water (temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia and pH) were monitored periodically. The fish went through an adaptation period of one week prior to starting the trial. The treatments consisted of a control diet and others diets containing three levels of inclusion of crambe meal, being replaced in their proper proportion, the protein soya by the protein ingredient evaluated (5, 10 and 20%) with 500 ppm of enzyme complex SSF or not. The isoproteic diets (360 g.kg-1) contained the same amount of the ingredients, changing only the levels of inclusion of soya meal, crambe meal and inert. Fish were fed ad libitum four times per day. At 56 days, the tilapia performance was evaluated. The physic and chemistry parameters of water were within of the levels recommended for the species during all experimental time There was statistical difference for final weight, weight gain and feed conversion. It is concluded that the inclusion of up to 10% crambe meal supplemented with 500 ppm of enzyme complex SSF provides better performance and higher nitrogen retention for Nile tilapia.   Key words: Additives, Crambe abyssinica, fish nutrition, fish performance, Oreochromis niloticus.

Nutrientes, antinutrientes e detoxificação do farelo de crambe para uso na nutrição animal

Associated with biofuels production from plant sources, there is generation of several byproducts suitable to use in animal nutrition, which requires careful study for wide and safe applicability. Crambe meal is a byproduct still poorly understood and studies are needed to better assess their nutritional potential. In this context, the present study was carried out with the aim of measuring the chemical groups of interest (nutrients and antinutrients) and in vitro protein digestibility of crambe meal in nature and reduced antinutrients forms. For removal antinutrients were applied acidic (adding concentrated sulfuric acid to water until pH 1.0) and alcoholic (commercial ethanol 92.8º) solutions on in nature meal. The results showed that chemical treatment increased the fiber and ash content and reduced the crude protein, amino acids, fat, calcium and phosphorus content as well as phenolic compounds, tannins (total, condensed and hydrolysable) and phytic acid. Although the chemical treatment has changed the balance of the constituents of most of nutritional interest, its effect was not observed in in vitro protein digestibility. The nutritional and antinutritional character obtained for this meal can collaborate in indicative of an alternative protein source for animal nutrition.

Farelo de crambe nas formas in natura ou reduzida em antinutrientes na dieta do jundiá

Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da substituição parcial de farinha de peixe e farinha de carne e ossos por farelo de crambe, sobre o crescimento, enzimas digestivas e parâmetros bioquímicos no jundiá (Rhamdia quelen). Este coproduto agroindustrial foi incluído na alimentação de jundiás na forma in natura ou reduzido em antinutrientes, obtido após a aplicação de tratamento químico ao farelo. A inclusão desses ingredientes foi comparada ao tratamento controle (proteína baseada em farinhas de origem animal) durante nove semanas. Crescimento semelhante ao controle foi observado em peixes alimentados com farelo de crambe in natura ou tratado quimicamente na dieta. A inclusão do farelo in natura reduziu a atividade de protease ácida e colesterol plasmático, mas não alterou os parâmetros bioquímicos hepáticos. Menor concentração de glicogênio e glicose no fígado e aumento na aspartato aminotransferase foi encontrada nos peixes alimentados com farelo de crambe tratado, sinalizando uma condição de carência energética. A similar resposta no crescimento, aliada às leves alterações digestivas e metabólicas com o farelo de crambe in natura em relação ao farelo tratado, pode indicar que, no nível de inclusão utilizado, este ingrediente não necessita de um processo prévio para redução de antinutrientes.

Cinética de degradação ruminal de alimentos proteicos pela técnica in vitro de produção de gases

Chemical analysis of carbohydrates and nitrogen fractions, as well as, determination their carbohydrates digestion rates in soyben meal (SM), crambe meal (CM), radish meal (RM), wet brewery residue (WBR) and dehydrated silkworm chrysalis (SCD) were accomplished. The kinetics parameters of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) and B2 fraction were estimated using cumulative gas production technique. Among the foods studied there was considerable variation in chemical composition. The crambe meal was the only food that did not present synchronism between carbohydrate and nitrogen fractions. In this food there was predominance of A+B1 carbohydrates fractions and B1+B2 nitrogen compounds fraction, and for the other predominated B2 carbohydrate fraction and B1+ B2 nitrogen compounds fraction. There were differences among the digestive kinetic parameters for all foods. The greater participation in gas production due to non-fibrous carbohydrates was found in the crambe meal and oilseed radish meal. The fermentation of fibrous carbohydrates provided higher gas volume in the wet brewery residue and in the soybean meal, however, the soybean meal was food with higher total gas volume. Non fibrous carbohydrates degradation rates of wet brewery residue and dehydrated silkworm chrysalis were far below the limits of degradation of this fraction. Due to the parameters obtained by the cumulative gas production, the soybean meal was the best food, however, all others have potential for use in animal nutrition. The cumulative gas production technique allows the estimative of degradation rates and provides further information about the ruminal fermentation kinetics of foods.

Comparison of lipase production on crambe oil and meal by Fusarium sp. (Gibberella fujikuroi complex)

This study provides a comparison of fermentation conditions for the production lipases by Fusarium sp. (Gibberella fujikuroi complex) isolate FCLA‐MA‐41 in submerged (SmF) and solid‐state fermentation (SSF) using agro‐industrial residues. To assess SmF, a univariate study of seven carbon sources (crambe, corn, linseed, olive, palm (dendê), soybean oils and chicken fat) and four nitrogen sources (ammonium sulfate, sodium nitrate, urea, yeast extract) was performed. The relationship among the concentrations of carbon and nitrogen sources, Triton X‐100 and yeast extract was studied using a Central Composite Design (CCD). To assess SSF, different residues (sugarcane bagasse) and oil‐seed meals (castorbean, corn, crambe, soybean) with additional supplements added (minimum salts, seed oils) were examined. Based on the CCD matrix, a medium containing crambe oil (17.5 mL/L), Triton X‐100 (5 g/L), ammonium sulfate (5 g/L) and yeast extract (1 g/L) was proposed, resulting in a lipase titer of 3.0 ± 0.25 U/mL. The cost/production relationship was 7.73% less expensive than SmF with corn oil. SSF produced a maximum lipase titer of 5.0 ± 0.25 U/gds on crambe meal moistened with phosphate buffer. The best cost/enzyme activity estimate was for SSF with crambe meal as substrate in only distilled water (87.27% less expensive than SmF).

Concentrados proteicos vegetais na alimentação de Jundiás (Rhamdia quelen)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar fontes de concentrados proteicos vegetais alternativos em substituição ao farelo de soja sobre o desempenho e composição centesimal de jundiás (Rhamdia quelen) e coloração dos filés. Foram utilizadas 20 unidades experimentais, com capacidade de 90L cada uma, onde 400 peixes permaneceram alojados durante 45 dias. Os juvenis de jundiá possuíam 11,5±5,0cm e peso inicial de 10,4±5,5g. Foram avaliadas quatro fontes de concentrados proteicos, sendo eles: dieta controle, tendo o farelo de soja com base proteica; CL: dieta contendo concentrado proteico de crambe + concentrado proteico de linhaça; CLGM: composta por concentrado proteico de crambe + concentrado proteico de linhaça + concentrado proteico de folha de mandioca + concentrado proteico de farelo de girassol e GM: constituída por concentrado proteico de farelo de girassol + concentrado proteico de folha de mandioca. Aos 30 e 45 dias, foram avaliados os parâmetros de crescimento (peso, fator de condição, taxa de crescimento específico, ganho em peso diário e relativo, taxa de eficiência proteica e conversão alimentar aparente) e avaliação centesimal do peixe inteiro e filé (umidade, proteína bruta, gordura e cinzas). Além disso, aos 45 dias, foi realizada a avaliação instrumental da cor nos filés. Ao final do período experimental, foram observadas diferenças significativas para os parâmetros de crescimento e avaliação centesimal, sendo que os animais alimentados com as dietas CL apresentaram maior crescimento (13,8cm), taxa de crescimento específico (2,43% dia-1), ganho em peso diário (0,41g dia-1), ganho em peso relativo (108,3%) e menor conversão alimentar (1,21), comparado às dietas contendo concentrado proteico de girassol e concentrado proteico de folhas de mandioca. Observou-se também que os animais alimentados com as dietas GM e CLGM apresentaram uma pigmentação amarelada nos filés. Conclui-se que os animais alimentados com a dieta CL obtiveram os maiores índices de desempenhos, podendo ser utilizada como alimento na formulação de dietas para esta espécie. As demais combinações não redundaram em resultados melhores que a dieta controle e CL.

Cinética de fermentação ruminal in vitro de alguns co-produtos gerados na cadeia produtiva do biodiesel pela técnica de produção de gás

Fermentation kinetics rates of co-products generated in the supply chain of biodiesel were evaluated by in vitro gas production technique. Crambe meal, cottonseed meal, crambe cake, soybean cake and sunflower cake were evaluated. The soybean cake had higher rates of degradation of non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), compared to other foods, resulting in higher volume of gas. Cottonseed meal and crambe meal had degradation rates of NFC and gas production similar. Although the crambe cake did not differ from crambe meal on gas production in the degradation of NFC, there were differences in the rate of degradation, being the highest value found for the cake. The biggest lag time was required for soybean cake and the lowest for the sunflower cake. The highest rates of degradation of fibrous carbohydrates (FC) were observed in soybean cake and crambe cake, and lowest in sunflower cake. The highest gas production coming from the degradation of FC was obtained for the crambe meal. The soybean cake and crambe cake were the co-products with a better profile on rumen fermentation kinetics in relation to the degradation of non-fiber carbohydrates and fibrous carbohydrates.

Preliminary Evaluation of the Soil Application Value of Crambe Meal

Crambe (Crambe abyssinica L.) is a specialty oilseed crop. By‐product crambe meal has a high glucosinolate content, restricting its use for animal feed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate crambe meal for various types of soil application. When incubated with soil, crambe meal mineralized more slowly than soybean meal, with an average of 38% of the added nitrogen (N) from crambe meal appearing as mineral N after 12 weeks of incubation, compared with 57% for soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) meal. Sulfur mineralization from crambe meal was rapid. Bioassays indicated no phytotoxicity to seedlings from crambe meal. In a second experiment, high rates of crambe meal inhibited the nitrification of urea added to soil, but this effect was short‐lived. In a third experiment, crambe meal–ferrous sulfate mixtures applied to calcareous soil partially alleviated iron deficiency chlorosis of soybean, but the response was less than observed with iron–ethylenediaminedi(o‐hydroxyphenylacetic) acid.

Detoxifying crambe meal by ammoniation.

Detoxifying Crambe Meal by Ammoniation Nutrition Reviews, Volume 25, Issue 3, March 1967, Pages 93–94, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1967.tb05587.x Published: 01 March 1967

A rapid chromatographic method for determining the glucosinolate content in crambe seed

Abstract Crambe abyssinica is becoming a reliable source of industrial oil with good technical characteristics because of its high erucic acid content. The possibility of using the industrial defatted meal of crambe as a feed could further promote the interest in this crop, but is prevented by the high glucosinolate content (70‐150 μmol/g). Therefore the possibility of reducing this parameter by selection was evaluated and a search for a new quick analytical procedure begun. When hydrolysed by myrosinase (thioglucoside glucohydrolase EC 3.2.3.1.), at pH 6.5 or higher, epiprogoitrin, the main glucosinolate in crambe seed (>90% of total glucosinolates), gives (5R)‐5‐vinyl‐1,3‐oxazolidine‐2‐thione quantitatively. The latter can be easily estimated by high‐performance liquid chromatography. This is the background of the proposed analytical procedure that permits rapid analysis of about 100 samples per day using about 25 mg of crambe meal (five seeds) for assay. The method can also be used to select for glucosinolate content in rapeseed and, probably with some adjustment, all crops that have a 2‐hydroxy‐glucosinolate as the main glucosinolate.

Effect of pelleting on glucosinolate content of Crambe meal

Crambe meal is a coproduct of Crambe processing; because of relatively high protein, it has potential as an animal foodstuff but is limited by high glucosinolate content. Crambe meal can be pelleted to improve handling characteristics, but the effects of pelleting on glucosinolate content are not known. The objective was to determine the effect of pelleting on the glucosinolate content of Crambe meal and the effect of diets containing Crambe meal on growing rats. Pelleting did not affect the glucosinolate content of Crambe meal or diets containing Crambe meal. Intake of diets containing 100 g Crambe meal per kg (dry matter basis) was similar to that of controls, but gains were lower for rats fed Crambe meal diets. There were no effects on blood parameters, but there were some minor tissue changes, reflecting the goitrogenic nature of the glucosinolates found in Crambe meal.

Preparation and Biological Activity of Four Epiprogoitrin Myrosinase-Derived Products

(5R)-5-Vinyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione, (2S)-1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene, and two diastereoisomeric erythro-(2S)- and threo-(2S)-1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3,4-epithiobutanes were prepared in pure form starting from (2S)-2-hydroxybut-3-enyl glucosinolate (epiprogoitrin). This glucosinolate was isolated in almost pure form using ripe seeds of Crambe abyssinica and then hydrolyzed under different conditions. The hydrolysis was carried out using either myrosinase immobilized on nylon, to produce (5R)-5-vinyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione, or the endogenous myrosinase contained in defatted crambe meals, to produce the other epiprogoitrin-derived products. After purification and physicochemical characterization, all four myrosinase degradation products were tested for their biological activity. A bioassay on Lactuca sativa was chosen as a simple test to determine their apparent action on living tissues. (5R)-5-Vinyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione negatively affected mainly root growth, whereas (2S)-1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene affected the early phase of germination, and both (2S)-1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3,4-epithiobutane diastereoisomers appeared to negatively affect both germination and root growth at doses 5-10 times lower than those of (2S)-1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene or (5R)-5-vinyl-1,3-oxazolidine-2-thione.

Effect of crambe meal on performance, reproduction, and thyroid hormone levels in gestating and lactating beef cows.

Crambe meal was compared to a combination of sunflower and soybean meal as a protein supplement for mature beef cows in two experiments. In Exp. 1, cows (n = 80, average BW 651+/-14.4 kg) were fed crambe meal at 9.86% of dry matter intake (DMI) during the last trimester of gestation. No differences (P < .05) were detected due to treatment for cow weight, condition score, thyroid hormones, calf birth weight, or calving interval. In Exp. 2, cows (n = 100, average BW 566+/-6.82 kg) were fed crambe meal at 7.44% of DMI during the last trimester of gestation and at 8.33% of DMI during early lactation (53+/-6 d of lactation). Gains were greater during gestation (P = .09) and throughout the supplementation period (P = .06), and days to first estrus were reduced (P < .01) for cows fed crambe meal. During lactation, serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations did not decline as much (P = .03) in cows fed crambe meal as in cows fed sunflower-soybean meal-based supplements. No differences (P > .10) were apparent for condition score, birth weight, calf growth rate, weaning weight, thyroid hormones during gestation, or calving interval. These data indicate that crambe meal fed at the levels used in this experiment can be used as a protein supplement for beef cows without negatively affecting cows' performance.