Craft Groups Research Articles

Emergency department staff opinion on newly introduced phlebotomy services in the department. A cross-sectional study incorporating thematic analysis.

The demand for ED services, both in terms of patient numbers and complexity has risen over the past decades. According to reports, there has been an increase in the ED patient presentation rate from 330 per 1000 to 334 per 1000 between 2018-2019 and 2022-2023. Consequently, new care models have been introduced to address this surge in demand, mitigate associated risks and improve overall safety. Among these models is the concept of 'front loading' clinical care, involving the initiation of interventions at the point of arrival. The present study evaluates the impact of introducing phlebotomists at triage. We conducted a cross-sectional survey using purposive sampling at a single quaternary metropolitan ED with an annual census of greater than 90 000, encompassing all clinical staff in the ED. The survey data were analysed quantitatively and complemented by a thematic analysis. The response rate for the questionnaire was 61% (n = 207), with good representation from all ED craft groups. Nearly all the staff (99.5%) reported being aware of the presence of phlebotomists in the ED, whereas only 57% of the staff reported working in triage (P = 0.05, 0.00 to 0.04). 'Valuable/vital resource' featured as a common response. Early decision-making, patient safety, staff and patient satisfaction emerged as consistent themes. Staff expressed satisfaction that patient care now begins in the waiting room, especially after extended waiting periods prior to cubicle allocation. They assert that this improvement significantly enhances timely treatment and disposition decisions, as well as overall patient satisfaction.

SARUKHETRI PITAL SARAI CLUSTER: ARTISTIC AND AESTHETIC SENSE OF FOLK ART FORMS ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE

Folk art and craft comprises art created by indigenous cultures, peasants, and other common individuals. It is frequently learned through rigorous apprenticeships or passed down from generation to generation within families. The patterns, themes, techniques, and materials of folk art and craft must have specific importance and convey a great deal about the culture or civilization to which they belong. In Assamese culture, brass metal articles, silk and bamboo articles are used for various purposes daily household activities, religious ceremonies, marriage gift items, musical instruments, etc. As an anthropological researcher when viewing folk art articles a careless inquiry occasionally pops into the researcher’s mind out of curiosity. The question might be, How did this item come into existence? who are the people who make these craft items, how are they skilled and who trains them? It often focuses on the many concerns surrounding traditions influencing and enhancing their learning process. Using an ethnographic methodology and narrative analysis, it is believed that all of these and many other questions will receive proper answers. Many Assamese tribal and folk cultures' traditional arts and crafts are currently in danger of being extinct. This article is an effort to describe and exhibit the rich artistic and craft traditions of the Barpeta district, Assam, which are currently in danger of extinction. In particular, it focuses on the collection of dying arts and crafts made by the metal craft communities of Assam. This research focuses on brass metal craft groups in the Sarukhteri region of Assam through mapping the structure of craft communities and external bodies between which knowledge exchange occurs. The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of how knowledge has been transferred in Assam's craft communities and to subsequently identify and comprehend some underlying problem areas.

Archaeometric characterization of chlorite-based manufacturing waste from workshop areas of the Konar Sandal South Complex, Jiroft (Kerman, Iran, 3rd millennium BCE)

Sixteen small samples of fragmentary “chlorite” containers, coming from three different workshop sites of the Konar Sandal South network (Iran), were analyzed using a multianalytical approach, consisting in thin-section petrography and mineralogical characterization by X-ray powder diffraction. This preliminary study singled out at least two major different mineralogical groups, suggesting that different craft groups, possibly in different times, exploited different local sources of chloritic rocks. Results also indicates that the surroundings of Konar Sandal South, the main urban hub of the Halil valley, were involved – probably for several centuries – in the production of three major different classes of stone pots (cylindrical vessels with intricate geometric patterns, plain bell-shaped bowls and incised série récente vessels).

The Role of the Regional National Crafts Council of East Nusa Tenggara Province in Empowering Woven Fabric Crafts Groups

This research aims to determine the role of the NTT Dekranasda in empowering woven fabric craft groups. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method with combined data collection techniques through interviews, observation, documentation and focus group discussions (FGD). The results of the research show that Dekranasda NTT has played a role in empowering woven fabric craft groups, including Dekranasda NTT acting as a motivator in human development and institutional development, a communicator in business development and institutional development, and a dynamist in business development and institutional development. However, in carrying out its role, Dekranasda NTT experienced several obstacles, including limited capital to carry out woven fabric craft development activities again and obstacles faced by craft groups, namely lack of capital and raw materials in the weaving process, resulting in delays in every activity. Craft groups still need to issue business permits and copyrights for each of their businesses and weavings; this could be a waste of money for anyone who is not responsible for plagiarizing the weaving that the craft group has weaved.

Next Generation Small Urban Manufacturing: Apprentices’ Perspective on Location Factors, Mixed-Use, and Shared Spaces

Advancements in technology and architecture enable mixed-use development while normative settings like the European Commission’s New Leipzig Charter support the concept of a productive city. Nonetheless, small urban manufacturers (SUMs) including crafts still face displacement due to property prices, conflicts with housing, planning laws, and building regulations. Urban planning and economic development emphasise the importance of identifying and redeveloping suitable sites for urban manufacturing companies. Largely unanswered, however, is whether the next generation of manufacturers (apprentices) want mixed-use locations within the city or space sharing, and if so, under which conditions. Based on two written surveys, this article examines the location requirements of SUMs in Germany and the willingness of apprentices in the Ruhr area to embrace mixed-use buildings and shared spaces. The study focuses on three craft groups: store crafts, workshop crafts, and construction site crafts. The results show that SUMs in Germany and manufacturing apprentices in the Ruhr prioritise car- and security-related infrastructure, as well as low real-estate costs. Store crafts specifically seek affordable and well-connected ground-floor locations. Construction site crafts prioritise (un)loading facilities for trucks on industrial land over sustainable transport infrastructure, and they differ significantly from the other craft groups in terms of mixed-use preferences. However, all craft groups express openness to mixed-use locations with offices and additional workshops and shared spaces like garages, canteens, and showrooms. The article suggests that commercial courtyards could effectively meet the requirements and desires of apprentices and urban planners alike.

Learning in online and physical craft groups: Motivations and meanings

This study examines why people choose to participate in online and face-to-face craft groups and seeks to understand how the mode of participation impacts individual experience and meaning making. Data from eight semi-structured interviews, text analysis of 345 social media posts, and participant observation of four face-to-face craft group meet-ups are synthesized, resulting in identification of social, technical and expressive meanings that underpin motivation to participate in both online and physical groups. These three categories expand on previous research categorizing motivation and meanings related to physical craft groups, by considering the range of asynchronous making-related online activities. The processes associated with sharing and acquiring knowledge and skills in online and physical craft groups were compared, with online groups being considered more conducive to the sharing of explicit or ‘hard’ knowledge, and physical groups being more suited to the sharing of tacit or ‘soft’ knowledge.

Making: Place, material and metaphor

The editorial highlights how the practitioners featured in issue 14.2 seek intrinsic value within and through making, supported by relationships with the natural and social world. The contributions are clustered into three themes. In ‘materiality and nature’, Tara Chittenden explores ‘Ceramics in the wild: Deep mapping and the moon jars of Adam Buick’, and how the ceramicist’s vessels represent the cycle of a material, and life itself. Myriam Perret‘s ‘Rhythms in the production and commercialization of crafts in Chaco’ reports upon her ethnographic study of the Qow people of Argentina and their craft of cattail harvesting and weaving, revealing seasonal and weather-related choices. Theme 2, ‘making and metaphor’ includes ‘Data becomes quilt’, by Jayne Jackson, who analyses a range of influences and social semiotic meanings encoded within her own and others quilt-making. The relationship of social meanings and craft activities are researched by Miriam Gibson and Rachel Spronken-Smith’s ‘Learning in online and physical craft groups: Motivations and meanings’, while Linnea Kilpi, whose work is featured on the cover, presents ‘Meaning-making through experimental knitting practices’, supported by the concept of ‘Knittedness’. Theme 3, ‘tradition, heritage and the future’, begins with Sara Sintonen and Mikko Snellman’s portrait of ‘Tarmo Thorström’ whose contemporary craft practice is rooted in the cultural tradition of bobbin lace making in Rauma on the west coast of Finland. Wendy Ward’s review of the exhibition, We Are Commoners, speculates on how historical notions of sharing – as represented by ‘the commons’ and exemplified by the Right to Roam and Right to Repair movements – could be re-imagined as the basis for sustainable craft practice. Sarah Teasley’s (2022) Designing Modern Japan, is reviewed by Marie O’Mahony and the Tradition/Innovation: Craft and Future Intangible Cultural Heritage conference held at West Dean College in March 2023, by Paul Harper.

Immediate and longer-term impacts of fetal surveillance education on workforce knowledge and cognitive skills.

Background: Following the development of the Royal Australian College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Intrapartum Fetal Surveillance Guideline in 2003, an education program was developed to support guideline implementation and clinical practice. It was intended that improved clinician knowledge, particularly of cardiotocography, would reduce rates of intrapartum fetal morbidity and mortality. The program contains a multiple-choice assessment, designed to assess fetal surveillance knowledge and the application of that knowledge. We used the results of this assessment over time to evaluate the impact of the education program on clinicians' fetal surveillance knowledge and interpretive skills, in the immediate and longer-term. Methods: We undertook a retrospective analysis of the assessment results for all participants in the Fetal Surveillance Education Program, between 2004 and 2018. Classical Test Theory and Rasch Item Response Theory analysis were used to evaluate the statistical reliability and quality of the assessment, and the measurement invariance or stability of the assessments over time. Clinicians' assessment scores were then reviewed by craft group and previous exposure to the program. Results: The results from 64,430, broadly similar assessments, showed that participation in the education program was associated with an immediate improvement in clinician performance in the assessment. Performance improvement was sustained for up to 18 months following participation in the program and recurrent participation was associated with progressive improvements. These trends were observed for all craft groups (consultant obstetricians, doctors in training, general practitioners, midwives, student midwives). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the Fetal Surveillance Education Program has improved clinician knowledge and the associated cognitive skills over time. The stable difficulty of the assessment tool means any improvement in clinician's results, with ongoing exposure to the program, can be reliably assessed and demonstrated. Importantly this holds true for all craft groups involved in intrapartum care and the interpretation of cardiotocography.

Occupational accidents related to gender in the village of La Xuyen wood handicraft

One of the main craft groups in Vietnam is carpentry. According to research conducted in the La Xuyen wood handicraft village, accidents at work—from minor mishaps to serious and serious accidents—are quite common in the wood industry. Fatal workplace incident According to research, there are numerous hazards that could result in work accidents for both male and female employees in La Xuyen craft village. Men and women differ in that men experience more workplace accidents, and men also experience a higher rate of occupational accidents than women. This is because men frequently take on heavier tasks and use potentially flimsy machinery. Whereas women frequently take on simple, creative jobs that call for ingenuity and use few machines.

THE TURNING POINT IN UNDERSTANDING OF FUTUWWA: THE REFORMS OF THE CALİPH AL-NĀŞİR Lİ-DĪN ALLĀH REGARDING THE CONCEPT OF FUTUWWA

Having been an ʿAbbāsid Caliph in such a period when the Caliphate office lost its political authority and symbolically serviced as a religious power, al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh desired to reset the authority of Caliphate in Islamic world. For doing so he did notable military, political, intellectual and social reforms. One of the reforms he did that dates back to the earlier times was to improve the concept and position of the idea of futuwwa under his authority. Term “futuwwa,” referring youth, bravery and gallantry derives from the Arabic term fetā that means youth in Arabic. Two different types of concept of futuwwa have been developed in historical process. One is resulted in due to the fact that social and demographic changes in the Middle East. Especially, after the Islamic conquests around the Middle East, rapid urbanization has been appeared there. This urbanization phenomen caused to weaken the ties within tribe members. Unitary function of the tribe was replaced with futuwwa unities that were formed by young people who were having same profession and had same ideology. The purpose of this development was to increase the social cooperation and the association activities. Moreover, ṣūfism also created a kind of futuwwa that requires men to be virtuous men and to do favours for others without any personal interest. It is meaningful that this kind of futuwwa also emphasizes public service. As a result of the fact that some of the scattered and disobedient futuwwa unites, Caliph al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh ordered al-Suhrawardī who is the leading ṣūfī of his era to compose a new doctrine related to the concept of futuwwa. Al-Suhrawardī tried to integrate the futuwwa unites with the ṣūfistic approach of the concept of futuwwa and he also aimed to form such virtuous futuwwa unites that they devote themselves to the public interest. Furthermore, al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh who declared himself as a leader of all futuwwa groups did not hesitate to disband some futuwwa groups not obeying his authority. In this way, he not only overcome the disobedient futuwwa unites but also increase his authority over all futuwwa unites, and finally, the entire futuwwa unites unavoidably confirm his power. It is seen that al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh focused on rearranging the concept and mission of the futuwwa to unite all Muslims under the power of futuwwa by ignoring the denominational differences within all Muslims. Thus, the concept of futuwwa that was legitimized during the reign of the Caliph al-Nāṣir li- Dīn Allāh turned to the shape of the craft guilds in following periods as it organize the artisan and craft groups in Muslim societies. Therefore, futuwwa which spread and serviced under the title of Akhīsm in Anatolia contributes to the shape of the socio-economic life in Anatolia. In this study, not only the position and role of al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh as a leader of futuwwa unites were discussed in the sense of his perception of futuwwa and but also his reforms, and possible aims regarding this phenomenon were covered. Keywords: Futuwwa, Akhīsm, al-Nāṣir li-Dīn Allāh, ʿAbbāsid.

Crafting with a purpose: How the ‘work’ of the workshop makes, promotes and embodies well-being

This article examines two community arts textile projects to consider the relationship between workshops, as method (and methodology), and the research/knowledge that emerges from and through them. The ‘workshop’ is understood as the structural relationship between people, processes, materials and place, while ‘work’ is the knowledge/research that emerges from these interactions. While different in intent and structure, both projects share concerns about making, health and well-being. Craftivist Garden #wellMAKING worked with a network of local amateur craft groups across the United Kingdom to think critically about health and well-being, while Kotha and Kantha examined how stitch serves as an alternative well-making strategy for a group of Bangladeshi-born women living in Manchester, United Kingdom. The article argues that thinking about the workshop as a ‘holding form’ and/or ‘bloom space’ and paying attention to the stories told and artefacts (knowledge objects) made in workshops is vital to understanding their value.

Maker-centricity and ‘edge-places of creativity’: CARE-full making in a CARE-less world

Susan Luckman, citing Katherine Gibson’s call for a return to ‘the grass-roots work of engaging the community and being open to developing new economies’, advocates a vision of creative industries that builds the affordances of ‘edge-places of creativity’. Luckman’s focus is non-urban localities. Her proposal, nevertheless, could equally apply to the amateur craft groups, community organisations and independent businesspeople that the Arts and Humanities Research Council–funded projects Co-Producing CARE: Community Asset-based Research and Enterprise, and Maker-Centric: Building Place-based, Co-making Communities worked with in deprived inner-city areas in the British Midlands. Both projects were undertaken with Craftspace and other stakeholder organisations, worked collaboratively with community groups, employed co-production processes and combined hand-making with digital fabrication. The aim of each project was to prototype a method with communities that builds agencies (cultural, social, economic, skills-based) through making and could be applied by other groups. While the CARE method was concerned with the affordances of collaborative making, Maker-Centric looked at these through a heritage and placed-based lens. This article examines the potential for local, collaborative, purposeful, social making as an ‘edge-place’ activity for creative enterprise that is inclusive and supportive.

How did female survivors of abuse use the arts to support their mental health and wellbeing during the COVID-19 pandemic? A qualitative exploration of their views

BackgroundGender-based violence is an important public health issue that has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Survivors often face barriers when seeking support for mental health and wellbeing and some find therapeutic value in creative arts. We aimed to explore how women with experiences of abuse used art during the pandemic to support mental health and wellbeing. MethodsIn two small, exploratory, qualitative studies, we conducted semi-structured online interviews with women aged 18 years or older, who had experienced gender-based violence, were currently safe from abuse, and were not living with someone who had been abusive. Women who were unable to speak, read, and understand study documentation in English were excluded. We recruited participants through our networks, third-sector services, and via social media. Interview questions asked participants about interest in the arts as a support tool for mental health after abuse and strategies used during the pandemic to support mental health or wellbeing. ARM analysed the dataset using reflexive thematic analysis using Nvivo. FindingsWe enrolled 20 women aged 24–61 years; 17 participants (85%) identified as White British. Interviews were conducted between April 16, 2021, and March 1, 2022. Participants reported using drawing, writing, singing, music, painting, and online art or craft groups to support their mental health and wellbeing during the pandemic. Participants said they were motivated at the start of the first UK lockdown to engage with creative arts as a way of practising mindfulness and self-reflection; providing calmness, escapism, and distraction; reducing boredom; and combating loneliness and social isolation. Although self-isolating, the social element of online art groups provided valuable opportunities for chat with others who shared similar lived experiences. InterpretationCreative arts provided a valuable resource for participants to self-manage their mental health and wellbeing during the pandemic. Connecting with others who had similar experiences of abuse supported coping and feelings of certainty. We conclude with a working example of how online platforms could provide avenues of support and community. FundingWellcome Trust.

Adaptations in models of urological regulation and their application to sub-Saharan Africa.

Regulation of medical care is something that has grown from humble roots in professional craft groups to huge establishment in well-resourced, high-income countries. Self-regulation was the preferred method of determining appropriate behaviour initially, but a lack of public trust in this, and the desire of patients to contribute to the establishment of the standard of care that they receive, has meant that most Anglophone countries have adopted some form of independent regulation. Regulators are responsible for the registration of doctor's qualifications, licensing them to practise, accrediting institutions to provide undergraduate and postgraduate education and certifying the attainment of accepted standards of achievement by some form of assessment process. Regulators also have powers to sanction individuals whose practice falls outside expected levels of competence. Both centralized and devolved models of regulation have evolved. Much of the accreditation for postgraduate education and training has been handed down to collegiate bodies, or non-governmental organizations, who can also certify completion of training. Evidence-based medicine and clinical practice guidelines have enforced an informal tier of regulation in high-income countries; guideline-derived practice is now widely regarded as an accepted standard of care. In low- and middle-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa the governmental and legislative structures and finance available to provide the regulation espoused in more privileged environments is rarely available. The workforce is structured in a completely different way and some care groups are totally unregulated. Medical councils in sub-Saharan Africa fulfil a registration and licensing function but surgical collegiate bodies provide the structure for postgraduate training. The East and West African Colleges of Surgeons have developed into robust organizations, who have verifiable, quality-assured, accreditation systems that have helped improve standards of care for the large populations for which their member surgeons are responsible. Formal regulation of continuing practice and sanctions are challenges that are, at present, largely unaddressed.

Ties That Bind or Exclude? Knitting and Craft Groups as Contested Spaces of Inclusion and Exclusion

There is a body of research that identifies the social benefits that exist from participating in knitting and crochet as a leisure pursuit in collaboration with others. In this article, we draw on the concept of knitting hierarchies to interrogate the concept of craft groups as being welcoming, inclusive spaces. Drawing on a survey conducted with 243 Australian women we explore the dynamics and hierarchies that exist by contrasting experiences of community and belonging with those of gossip, judgment, and exclusion.

Simulation translation differences between craft groups

BackgroundMany simulation-based clinical education events (SBCEE) aim to prepare healthcare professionals with the knowledge, skills, and features of professionalism needed to deliver quality patient care. However, how these SBCEE learnings are translated into broader workplace practices by learners from different craft groups has not been described.ObjectivesTo understand how learners from different craft groups (doctors and nurses) anticipate simulation-based learnings will translate to their workplaces and the process by which translation occurs.DesignQualitative descriptive study design using pre- and post-SBCEE questionnaires.SettingsA large tertiary Australian hospital-based simulation centre that facilitates SBCEE for multi-professional graduate and undergraduate clinicians from 16 hospitals.MethodsParticipants who attended SBCEEs between May and October 2021 completed questionnaires at two touchpoints, on the day of attending a SBCEE and 6 weeks after. Based on a phenomenological approach, the study examined clinicians’ experiences in relation to simulation education, intended simulation learning use in the workplace, and perceived success in subsequently using these learnings to improve clinical outcomes. Qualitative inductive thematic data analysis was used to develop narratives for different learner cohorts.ResultsThree overarching themes were identified regarding simulation participants’ perceptions of the success of translating simulation learnings into the workplace. These were: scenario-workplace mirroring, self-assessment, and successful confidence. Doctor participants found it difficult to map SBCEE learnings to their workplace environments if they did not mirror those used in simulation. Nurses sought peer evaluation to analyse the effectiveness of their workplace translations, whereas doctors relied on self-assessment. Learners from both craft groups highly prized ‘confidence-building’ as a key indicator of improved workplace performance achieved through SBCEE learning.ConclusionA diverse range of factors influences healthcare workers’ experiences in translating simulation learnings to their workplace. To equip simulation learners to translate learnings from a SBCEE into their clinical practices, we suggest the following areas of focus: co-development of translation plans with learners during the delivery of an SBCEE including the indicators of success, above table discussions on the generalisability of learnings to different environments and contexts, smart investment in simulation outputs, and cautious championing of confidence-building.

Building a critical incident peer response team: A full theatre team welfare intervention.

The psychological impact (second victim effect) of in-theatre critical incidents is increasingly recognised. Different styles of psychological support programme have recently been published, including some utilising 'near in time' peer support. Most of these programmes either target their support to individuals, or focus on one vocational group rather than the multidisciplinary team. However, the in-theatre team consists of different craft groups who nonetheless function as a single team and are therefore 'peers'. This paper sets out the design and implementation of a critical incident peer response programme at Waikato Hospital, New Zealand, which provides peer-led group psychological first aid to full theatre teams. The programme is administered by trained representatives from multiple in-theatre craft groups including nurses, midwives, anaesthetic technicians, recovery room nurses, surgeons and anaesthetists. It emphasises team education and peer support, and has a wholly welfare focus. The programme has voluntary participation but mandatory activation triggers so that individuals do not need to seek support actively at a time when they may not recognise the need to do so. The programme is becoming embedded in the Waikato Hospital theatre culture so that participating in psychological support is normalised following a critical event. This framework is shared in the hope that it will assist other hospitals to develop welfare interventions to support full theatre teams.

Activism to make and do: The (quiet) politics of textile community groups

Based on qualitative interviews conducted with local guilds, charities and community groups in England, this article highlights the public service older women provide for their communities by volunteering their labour to local textile craft groups. Driven by an ethics of care, they make up for a lack of services formerly provided by the welfare state, such as public transport and mental health support. We mobilise existing literature on ‘quiet activism’ to argue that their community work constitutes a form of political activism, albeit one that stops short of overtly challenging the political system. While highlighting the ways in which older women quietly go about helping their communities, we argue that by being ‘louder’ about the public service they provide, they could help disrupt the narrative of a system that has failed their communities and exploits their free labour.

EP.FRI.376 Early Routine CT Scans for All Surgical Admissions for Abdominal Pain May Improve Patient Outcomes

Abstract Aim Acute abdominal pain remains a diagnostic challenge in the Emergency Department (ED) as pathologies can involve various surgical craft groups. Computed tomography (CT) enables accurate diagnosis of abdominal pathologies. However, with pressures on ED such as the “4 hour rule” established by the Australian NSW Health Emergency Performance Plan, there may be resistance or omission of early CT in ED. We hypothesise that early, routine CT in adult patients presenting with acute abdominal pain requiring hospital admission improves patient outcomes by increasing diagnostic and referral accuracy. This study compares the proportion of correct ED diagnosis of abdominal pain presentations with and without formal imaging reports. Methods Data from 118 patients presenting with abdominal pain are collected prospectively in a regional hospital and analysed. Patient demographics, imaging results, initial ED diagnosis and final discharge diagnosis are further examined. Results Out of the 118 patients who had abdominal pain, 32 patients obtained complete imaging with a radiology report whilst 86 patients either did not have any imaging performed or was referred to a general surgical unit prior to obtaining a formal report. Among the patients who had imaging reported, 78% (n = 25/32) had the correct diagnosis, whilst those without a radiology report had a 52% (n = 45/86) diagnostic accuracy. This demonstrates an improved accuracy of diagnosis or reduced error rate of 26% when a scan report is available (p = 0.01). Conclusion Early, routine CT with formal reporting significantly reduces diagnostic error rates and increases accurate referral. This allows accurate diagnosis and improves patient outcomes.

Breathing-swallow dysfunction in COPD: How silent aspiration may be contributing to exacerbations.

Breathing-swallow dysfunction in COPD: How silent aspiration may be contributing to exacerbations.