Cracking Gasoline Research Articles

Bifunctional Ni2P/SAPO-11 catalyst for simultaneous hydroisomerization of 1-hexene and hydrodesulfurization of thiophene

A bifunctional Ni2P/SAPO-11 catalyst for the upgrading of fluidized catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline was constructed to achieve the simultaneous removal of sulfur and prevention of octane number loss. In the preparation of Ni2P/SAPO-11, a modification with an ammonia post-treatment led to improved dispersion and high catalytic performance. Adsorption and kinetic study demonstrated that thiophene preferentially and more strongly occupied the Ni2P sites, so as to inhibit the undesired saturation of 1-hexene and facilitate the parallel skeletal isomerization on Ni2P/SAPO-11. The concerted synergy of Ni2P crystallites for hydrodesulfurization and moderate Brønsted acid sites of SAPO-11 for isomerization led to full conversion of thiophene and 1-hexene with 74 % selectivity to branched isomers at 320 °C and 1.5 MPa.

Effects of the depth of hydro desulfurization of raw materials on the yields of catalytic cracking products

The article is devoted to the problem of complex processing of oil feedstock and increasing the output of light petroleum products, in particular, catalytic cracking gasoline. Currently, the oil refining industry of Kazakhstan is faced with the task of complex processing of hydrocarbon raw materials, increasing the depth of processing and output of light petroleum products. In this connection it is urgent to solve the problem of lack of raw materials for oil refineries of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The complexity of solving the problem of processing residues of oils, fuel oil and intermediates of secondary processes lies in the fact that they contain a large amount of various sulfur compounds. This problem concerns not only domestic refineries, for example, oil from Uzbekistan fields contains a relatively large amount of SO2 compounds, which in turn contains about 1.28% sulphur. The high content of sulfur compounds in oil not only negatively affects the quality and environmental friendliness of manufactured products, but also reduces the service life of equipment and oil refineries. In this regard, the preparation and hydrodesulfurization of raw materials is one of the main issues of intensifying the process of catalytic cracking of petroleum raw materials of "PKOP" LLP. The issues of possibility of modernisation of catalytic cracking process units by including the process of hydrodesulphurisation of feedstock in order to improve the quality and yield of light products when using fuel oil and secondary intermediates having a large volume of various sulphur compounds in their composition have been considered by the authors. To evaluate the influence of the depth of hydrodesulfurisation of feedstock on the yields and composition of catalytic cracking products, the cracking of crude and hydrotreated hydrogenated vacuum gas oil mixed with fuel oil was carried out on a laboratory unit. The experiments were carried out on a fluidised catalyst bed at mass feed rates of 2h-1 and 4h-1, catalyst to feed ratio of 3:1 and temperature equal to 5100 C. The analysis of the experimental data obtained showed that preliminary hydrotreating of a mixture of vacuum gas oil and sulfur fuel oil followed by catalytic cracking increases the depth of oil refining and helps to increase the yield of catalytic distillate, improves its quality, which ultimately leads to a decrease in environmental pollution with sulfur compounds.

СНИЖЕНИЕ ЩЕЛОЧНЫХ И СУЛЬФИДНЫХ СТОКОВ ЗА СЧЕТ ОПТИМИЗА-ЦИИ СТАДИИ ОТДУВКИ СЕРОВОДОРОДА ПРИ ГИДРООЧИСТКЕ БЕНЗИНА КАТАЛИТИЧЕСКОГО КРЕКИНГА

At oil refining and petrochemical industry enterprises, one of the main environmental problems is as-sociated with the need to neutralize or dispose of waste alkaline solutions and aqueous process con-densates contaminated with sulfur compounds, which make up sulfur-alkaline wastewater. This paper addresses the issue of reducing alkali consumption and reducing sulfur-alkali wastewater by optimiz-ing the stages of hydrogen sulfide stripping and alkalization during the hydrotreating of catalytic cracking gasoline

Novel variants conceptional technology to produce eco-friendly sustainable high octane-gasoline biofuel based on renewable gasoline component

The creation of green engine fuels from renewable and sustainable gasoline additives is essential as a consequence of ecological concerns and the energy problem. Bio-alcohols are currently a promising sustainable fuel substitute for gasoline in automotive transportation. In this perspective, the ongoing investigation intends to evaluate the influence of sustainable and renewable petrol additives, like isopropanol, which has outstanding anti-detonation properties and great chemical and physical characteristics on reformable naphtha (HSRN) and light naphtha (LSRN), which possess low chemical and physical characteristics, and low octane rating. Additionally, the second goal is to create biofuel with an eco-octane number of high by blending other gasoline components than those previously indicated. Several gasoline fuels and experimental setups compliant with European standard norms were used to carry out the current work. The results reported that gasoline RON92, RON95, and RON98 were produced based on isopropanol as a renewable and sustainable resource. Moreover, the quantity and quality of light naphtha were maximized. Likewise, the laboratory findings reported that the antiknocking efficiency could be ranked sequentially as isopropanol > reformate > isomerate > fluidized catalytic cracked gasoline (FCC) > PRF-70 > LSRN > HSRN by octane rating. Furthermore, the Reid vapor pressure (RVP) for petrol RON92 was bigger than gasoline RON95 and RON98, unlike the density at 15 °C for gasoline RON 98 was bigger than gasoline RON92 and RON95. Finally, major problems like energy, water scarcity, and the environment affect people all around the world. Two of the earlier environmental and energy-related problems will be resolved by using these sustainable and renewable additions.

Design and control of fluid catalytic cracking gasoline fractionator

The gasoline fractionation scheme used in catalytic cracking has a significant impact on the blended gasoline's octane number. This study proposes an improved three-cut fractionation scheme for the fluid catalytic cracking gasoline fractionator and optimizes the process with respect to evaluation metrics such as total annual cost (TAC), light gasoline recovery, and CO2 emissions (ECO2). To achieve energy efficiency and reduce emissions in the process, the dividing wall column is employed for process intensification. In comparison to the cascaded binary columns process, the middle cracked naphtha recovery of the FCC-DWC-M has increased by 1.96%, the TAC has decreased by 22.15%, and the ECO2 has decreased by 26.18%. Finally, the study investigates the dynamic characteristics of the FCC-DWC-M process, establishes a control scheme, and examines its performance while experiencing disturbances in feed flow rates of ±10% and ±20%. The findings indicate exceptional control performance of the FCC-DWC-M process.

Analysis of Octane Retention Prediction Model for Catalytic Cracked Gasoline Based on Ridge Regression Model and Gradient Descent Optimization

On the basis of the given material, in order to increase the RON retention of the catalytic cracking unit, the prediction model of gasoline octane retention and the best operation variable inversion model were established based on the Ridge regression model and Gradient descent method. First, based on the Ridge regression model, the leave-one method is used to obtain the relative importance of the operational variables, and select the most important variables, so as to reduce the characteristic dimension of the model; Then, the RON retention prediction model is trained based on the Ridge regression model; Finally, based on the trained Ridge regression model and its weight parameters, the optimal operating variables were optimized separately using the gradient when the operation variable has a range or no range of value. The experimental results show that when 146 are selected from 361 operating variables, the model loss value stabilizes; when α is 0.6, the test set R2 is 0.9882, test set MSE is 0.0193, and the comprehensive performance is better than the random forest, support vector machine model; When the operation variable has two categories of value range and no value range, 2,000 times, the best inversion value of the operation variable makes the RON retention prediction value of the test sample similar to the expected value, and the MAE drops to 2.89999�10-3 and 7.62939�10-6, respectively. In conclusion, the RON retention prediction model proposed in this study has good results, and the best operating variable can be reversed, based on the given material parameters, making the optimal RON retention quantity.

Alternative Options for Ebullated Bed Vacuum Residue Hydrocracker Naphtha Utilization

The vacuum residue hydrocracker naphtha (VRHN) is a chemically unstable product that during storage changes its colour and forms sediments after two weeks. It cannot be directly exported from the refinery without improving its chemical stability. In this research, the hydrotreatment of H-Oil naphtha with straight run naphtha in a commercial hydrotreater, its co-processing with fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline in a commercial Prime-G+ post-treater, and its co-processing with vacuum gas oil (VGO) in a commercial FCC unit were discussed. The hydrotreatment improves the chemical stability of H-Oil naphtha and reduces its sulphur content to 3 ppm. The Prime-G+ co-hydrotreating increases the H-Oil naphtha blending research octane number (RON) by 6 points and motor octane number (MON) by 9 points. The FCC co-cracking with VGO enhances the blending RON by 11.5 points and blending MON by 17.6 points. H-Oil naphtha conversion to gaseous products (C1–C4 hydrocarbons) in the commercial FCC unit was found to be 50%. The use of ZSM 5 containing catalyst additive during processing H-Oil naphtha showed to lead to FCC gasoline blending octane enhancement by 2 points. This enabled an increment of low octane number naphtha in the commodity premium near zero sulphur automotive gasoline by 2.4 vol.% and substantial improvement of refinery margin. The processing of H-Oil naphtha in the FCC unit leads also to energy saving as a result of an equivalent lift steam substitution in the FCC riser.

ПЕРЕПРОФИЛИРОВАНИЕ УСТАНОВКИ ПО ПРОИЗВОДСТВУ МЕТИЛ-ТРЕТ-БУТИЛОВОГО ЭФИРА

The paper considers the possibility of repurposing a plant for the production of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) for the esterification of a light fraction of gasoline by catalytic cracking. The conversion of the MTBE installation to the process of esterification of the light fraction of catalytic cracking gasoline will allow obtaining an additional amount of high-octane component for automotive gasoline

Etherification of olefins from catalytic cracking gasoline to increase its octane number

This study explores the etherification of the olefins in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) gasoline, without previous separation of isoamylenes fraction. The bench- scale experiment demonstrated that etherification performed with Purolite CT-275, a macroporous polymeric ion-exchange resin, and different alcohols (methanol, bioethanol, isopropanol and 1-butanol) produces significant conversion of olefins, even for the heavier C6-C9, so that overall conversion of olefins reaches 70% in reaction with ethanol and 83% with isopropanol. As a result, the Motor Octane Number of the gasoline increases by up to two valuable units. The optimization of the reactive distillation parameters was performed by simulation in CHEMCAD 8 and a process flow was suggested for the etherification sequence, in the FCC unit.

Reactive Adsorption Desulfurization Coupling Olefin Conversion in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Gasoline Upgrading Process.

Reactive adsorption desulfurization experiments were carried out on fluid catalytic cracking gasoline over a Ni/ZnO adsorbent in a fixed bed reactor. Results demonstrated that desulfurization is accompanied by hydrogen transfer, while isomerization and aromatization reactions are rare. Reactive adsorption desulfurization coupling olefin conversion was attempted by mixing a catalyst consisting Zn-ZSM-5 with an adsorbent at a certain proportion. The process reduced the loss of octane number and sustained ultradeep desulfurization ability simultaneously. An Fe-modified Ni/ZnO adsorbent was developed, which possessed better olefin retention ability than the Ni/ZnO adsorbent. The Ni-Fe/ZnO adsorbent mixed catalyst exhibited better olefin conversion performance and lower octane number loss than that of the Ni/ZnO adsorbent mixed catalyst because more olefins were retained for isomerization and aromatization reaction on the catalyst. The proportion of the catalyst added and the operating conditions of the process were optimized, ultralow sulfur gasoline was produced, and loss of octane number was low under optimal operating conditions. The amount of octane number lost was reduced by 85% compared with conventional reactive adsorption desulfurization. In addition, the process exhibited excellent desulfurization and olefin conversion performance in multiple regeneration cycles, demonstrating the feasibility of continuous processing.

Reactive Adsorption Desulfurization of Fluid Catalytic Cracking Gasoline: The Effect of Promoters (Fe, Mo, and W) on the Structural and Catalytic Properties of Ni/ZnO Adsorbents

A series of Ni/ZnO adsorbents containing promoters (Fe, Mo, and W) were prepared for reducing the loss of the octane number because of olefin saturation during the reactive adsorption desulfurization (RADS) process. The bimetallic adsorbents synthesized by a two-step impregnation method were analyzed by a series of characterization methods to evaluate the effect of additional metal on the structural and catalytic properties of the traditional Ni/ZnO adsorbent. Hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) results showed that the addition of promoter Fe enhanced the reduction performance of NiO, while W hindered the reduction of NiO. The electron density of Ni was modified following the introduction of Fe and W, as analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), which weakened the adsorption of π complexation between olefins and Ni. Experimental results showed that the desulfurization performance of Ni–Mo was improved but aggravated the loss of the octane number. Ni–W effectively attenuated the olefin saturation reaction but seriously shortened the breakthrough time. The adsorbent modified by Fe can reduce the saturation reaction of olefins and improve the desulfurization performance. In addition, multicycle regeneration experiments proved the excellent regeneration performance of the adsorbent modified by an appropriate amount of Fe. Therefore, the Ni–Fe bimetallic adsorbent may become a novel adsorbent for reactive adsorption desulfurization, which achieves high desulfurization activity and olefin retention ability to satisfy the requirements of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline refining.

Oxidative desulfurization with hydrogen peroxide of catalytic cracking and coking gasolines produced from a mixture of Azeri oils

To extract sulfur compounds from oils, hydrogenation processes with a high consumption of hydrogen using expensive platinum catalysts, etc are implemented. In this regard, we have studied the process of oxidative desulfurization of catalytic cracking gasoline (CCG) and coking gasoline (CG) with hydrogen peroxide, as well as their narrow fractions, using cobalt-, molybdenum-containing and iron oxide catalysts with further extraction of sulfur-oxidized compounds with ionic liquids (morpholinium formate). The initial sulfur content in CCG and CG is 397 and 1558 ppm, respectively. After oxidation and extraction with an ionic liquid of oxidized CCG and CG, the sulfur content was 100.4 and 336.4 ppm, respectively. The degree of desulfurization in this case for CCG and CG is equal to 74.7 and 78.4 %, correspondingly. The degree of desulfurization of gasoline fractions ranged from 70 to 85 % with virtually no change in the ON (octane number) of gasoline.

Benzene Reduction Process Simulation and Optimization in Catalytic Cracking Gasoline Distillation

For countries where catalytic cracking gasoline is the primary source, the proposed technology consists in separating a benzene-rich fraction from catalytic cracking gasoline in order to be processed further together with reforming gasoline in a unit dedicated to aromatics extraction. In this way, two benefits are obtained: a benzene-rich fraction as raw material for extraction and the leftover fraction that satisfies the benzene content standards as a qualified product. It is established to use the divided wall distillation model, single-column distillation model, and double-column distillation model. Sensitivity analysis and SQP optimization are used to identify the ideal operating conditions and gasoline yield. Economic research shows that the divided wall and single-column distillation models have more potential for growth. It offers theoretical direction for businesses to design and optimize the pertinent process.

High-throughput experimentation based kinetic modeling of selective hydrodesulfurization of gasoline model molecules catalyzed by CoMoS/Al2O3

The selective hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of fluidized catalytic cracking gasoline still represents a challenging step to minimize hydrogen overconsumption and maintain high octane numbers.

Brønsted acid properties of hydrodesulfuriaztion catalysts for minimizing the loss of octane number: A DFT and microkinetic study

In order to reduce the loss of octane number during HDS process by enhancing the isomerization ability of HDS catalysts, the catalysis performance of 1-hexene isomerization on different introduced Brønsted acid are studied based on density functional theory (DFT) and microkinetic method. The influence of acid strength and acid density on the adsorption and reaction of 1-hexene are investigated. There is obviously weaker adsorption strength of thiophene (the representation of sulfide in fluid catalytic cracking gasoline) than 1-hexene on Brønsted acid, which indicates thiophene hardly affect the 1-hexene isomerization process. The reaction rate of 1-hexene isomerization on strong Brønsted acid (HZSM-5/Al zeolite) is about 10 4 times higher than that on weak Brønsted acid (HZSM-5/B zeolite). The increasing of Brønsted acid density would bring the slight reduction of acid strength, which makes the 1-hexene isomerization reaction rate is slightly decreased, and the reaction rate on HZSM-5/2Al drops to about 76% of that on HZSM-5/Al. Through comparison, it is found that the reaction rate of 1-hexene isomerization at the strong Brønsted acid reaction center is about 10 5 times that of 1-hexene hydrogenation saturation reaction rate at previous reported sulfur vacancy. Thus, it could be theoretically clarified that the introduction of strong Brønsted acid active centers in the support of HDS catalysts is beneficial to the isomerization of n-olefins, which providing the theoretical guidance to design the catalysts with minimizing octane number loss during the HDS process of FCC gasoline. • Increasing B acid density leads to the reduction of B acid strength. • The rate of isomerization on HZSM-5/Al zeolite is about 10 4 times higher than that on HZSM-5/B zeolite. • Increasing B acid density slightly reduces the 1-hexene isomerization rate. • Introduction of strong B acid site in the HDS catalysts is beneficial to maintain octane number.

Liquid deposition modification of nano-ZSM-5 zeolite and catalytic performance in aromatization of Hexene-1

The Olefin aromatization is an important method for the upgrade of catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline and production of fuel oil with high octane number. The nano-ZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized via a seed-induced method, a series of modified nano-ZSM-5 zeolite samples with different Ga deposition amount were prepared by Ga liquid deposition method. The XRD, N2 physical adsorption, SEM, TEM, XPS, H2-TPR and Py-IR measurements were used to characterize the morphology, textural properties and acidity of the modified ZSM-5 zeolites. The catalytic performance of the Hexene-1 aromatization was evaluated on a fixed-bed microreactor. The effects of Ga modification on the physicochemical and catalytic performance of nano-ZSM-5 zeolites were investigated. The Ga species in the modified nano-ZSM-5 zeolites mainly exist as the form of Ga2O3 and GaO+, which provide strong Lewis acid sites. The aromatics selectivity over Ga modified nano-ZSM-5 zeolite in the Hexene-1 aromatization was significantly increased, which could be attributed to the improvement of the dehydrogenation activity. The selectivity for aromatics over the Ga4.2/NZ5 catalyst with suitable Ga deposition amount reached 55.4%.

Mapping technique for oil refining processes and products

The technique is proposed for visualizing the product compositions and the refractodenses (trajectories) of oil refinery processes, based on measuring the refractive index and density of the liquid product flows of operating procedures, computing the specific refraction and refraction intercept, and constructing a Kurtz-Lorentz identification map, the center of which is the “polymethylene center”. Trajectories-refractodenses of the processes of atmospheric-vacuum distillation of oil, catalytic reforming, hydrocracking of vacuum and heavy gas oil, products of secondary oil refining (motor gasoline, diesel fuel, catalytic cracking gasoline, light catalytic cracking gas oil) and their fractional distillation have been constructed. An express method is also proposed for evaluating the group hydrocarbon compositions of straight-run oil fractions, upon which we propose a three-digit composition marking of straight-run fractions. It is shown that the logarithms of isomeric alkanes contents in straight-run oil fractions are linearly correlated with their molar enthalpies of vaporization.

Reducing the Olefin Content in Light Fluid Catalytic Cracking Gasoline by Treatment with Nitrous Oxide

Reducing the Olefin Content in Light Fluid Catalytic Cracking Gasoline by Treatment with Nitrous Oxide

Optimization Modeling and Empirical Research on Gasoline Octane Loss Based on Data Analysis

Gasoline is one of the most consumed light petroleum products in transportation and other industries. This paper proposes a method for optimizing gasoline octane loss using data analysis technology aimed at optimizing the production process and minimizing the loss of gasoline octane. Firstly, the data are screened and the high-dimensional data are reduced to construct the neural network prediction model optimized by genetic algorithm. After utilizing the model for prediction, the optimal operating condition is achieved. Secondly, ensuring that the gasoline emission meets the standard, the octane loss is reduced by adjusting the operating variables. Thirdly, actual data are collected and calculated to obtain the main operating variables and their optimal operating conditions of a petrochemical company affecting the catalytic cracking gasoline S-Zorb unit, thus providing companies using S-Zorb units with reference data for optimizing gasoline catalytic cracking processes. Fourthly, the superiority of the proposed method was verified by comparing it with the other methods. This paper intends to contribute to better modeling the progress of gasoline catalytic cracking by adequately considering the impact of multiple factors, improving the quality of refined oil products of chemical enterprises, saving the economic cost of chemical enterprises, and protecting the atmospheric environment.

Multi-Objective Nonlinear Programming Model for Reducing Octane Number Loss in Gasoline Refining Process Based on Data Mining Technology

To simultaneously reduce automobile exhaust pollution to the environment and satisfy the demand for high-quality gasoline, the treatment of fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline is urgently needed to minimize octane number (RON) loss. We presented a new systematic method for determining an optimal operation scheme for minimising RON loss and operational risks. Firstly, many data were collected and preprocessed. Then, grey correlative degree analysis and Pearson correlation analysis were used to reduce the dimensionality, and the major variables with representativeness and independence were selected from the 367 variables. Then, the RON and sulfur (S) content were predicted by multiple nonlinear regression. A multi-objective nonlinear optimization model was established with the maximum reduction in RON loss and minimum operational risk as the objective function. Finally, the optimal operation scheme of the operating variable corresponding to the sample with a RON loss reduction greater than 30% in 325 samples was solved in Python.