Crab Waste Research Articles

Feasibility study on the use of uçá crab waste in civil construction

The construction sector has undergone significant evolution in response to the needs generated by social transformations over time, experiencing various technological revolutions that have transformed the methods and materials used, from the rudimentary techniques of ancient civilizations to the technologies provided by scientific evolution. These transformations foment the demand for basic services, the search for technological and commercial innovation to continue meeting the needs of the population, which, consequently, has increased the production and accumulation of waste, especially organic waste and those from the food sector, such as the exoskeleton of the Uçá crab. The constant consumption of these crustaceans generates an abundance of waste improperly discarded in the environment, which can lead to negative impacts on fauna and flora. In short, as a form of mitigation, the partial use of Uçá crab shells in construction is proposed. Therefore, this study aims to investigate sustainability in the construction sector through the use of Uçá crab waste, through a bibliographic analysis of the topic addressed.

A Polycaprolactone‐Hydroxyapatite (PCL/HAp) Scaffold, Prepared from Blue Crab Shell (Portunus Pelagicus) Waste, for Bone Substitution Applications

AbstractThe fabrication of a biodegradable polycaprolactone (PCL)/hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffold prepared from local waste blue crab shells (Portunus pelagicus) by melt spinning method was investigated. The effect of different KH2PO4 concentrations on the physico‐chemical properties of HAp is evaluated. Furthermore, the influence of PCL/HAp ratios on mechanical strength and particle size distribution is reported. The formation of HAp is confirmed by Infrared (IR) spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The biocompatibility of the PCL/HAp composites was evaluated using MTT assay and mechanical tests. The results reveal that the increase in KH2PO4 concentration contributed to the higher yield of HAp. However, the crystal and particle sizes are relatively invariable. SEM micrograph shows that the HAp introduction into PCL improves the material‘s porosity. Moreover, adding 10 % HAp into the PCL matrix significantly improved the mechanical strength of the filament compared to commercial PCL. MTT assay exhibits above 90 % cell viability, implying that the prepared PCL/HAp composite is non‐toxic and biocompatible with artificial bone replacement. After all, this study demonstrates that PCL/HAp filament derived from local blue crab waste is highly promising as a bone scaffolding material.

Diversifikasi dan Pengembangan Produk Hasil Samping Industri Rajungan: Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Mini Plant di Kabupaten Pemalang Jawa Tengah

The crab canning industry in Pemalang Regency has been built for over three decades and has become the largest in Indonesia, with 13 mini-plant units. Boiling and stripping are the main activities that produce a large amount of waste, causing pollution. The crab waste currently utilized by the local community as animal feed. Therefore, disseminating knowledge and skills regarding diversification and product development is necessary. The training aimed to deliver knowledge and skills concerning diversification and development of products for the mini-plant in Pemalang. Training consists of pre-activities, delivery of innovative content, development of various by-products, and evaluation. The innovative topic includes handling and potential use as instant food, snacks, seasoning, nova ingredients, and other non-food products. Diversification includes the innovation of traditional community-based products (tempe rajungan (teraja) and abon vegetable rajungan anaraja), innovation of regionally processed products ("cactus crab" similar to the typical snack of Pemalang "ogel ogel"), instant and seasoning as well (soup cream, petis, and souce). The response rate/change in knowledge and skill attitudes is classified as very high, ranging from 70% to 100%. The post-activity evaluation after three months, a processors and marketers group (Poklasar) of various processed products named "Gira Sari," with the primary production of snacks for souvenirs. Local extension workers accompany the Gira Sari Group in the activity. Challenges such as non-standard utensils, raw materials, packaging, lack of business strategy knowledge, and financial analysis require immediate solutions.

Circular Economy in Guaiamum and Uçá Crab Waste in Brazil: Potential By-Products—A Systematic Literature Review

This study aimed to fill a gap in the sustainable management of the reverse supply chain of Guaiamum and Uçá crab waste in Brazil, an endangered species. The study focused on the circular economy, governance, and recent developments, and identified circular economy practices in the utilization of solid waste from the fishing and collection of these species in extractive regions, in line with the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). A systematic literature review was conducted in major scientific databases. The selection of the 20 research publications followed pre-established criteria, including relevance to the SDGs and systematic review methodology. The results highlighted key variables related to the characteristics of by-products and the factors that influence the adoption of circular economy practices, in line with relevant SDGs. The most mentioned by-products include animal feed, organic fertilizer, biofuels, crab shell chitin biocomposite derivatives, as well as Chitosan-based composites for food packaging applications due to their non-toxicity, antimicrobial, and antifungal properties. The study also identified future research opportunities covering education, policy, and management, in line with the UN SDGs. This study emphasizes the importance of the circular economy for solid crab waste in Brazil, a country with 12% of the world’s mangroves, which are essential both as a nursery for crabs and for ocean nutrition. It also analyzes current trends and initiatives in the reverse management of Guaiamum and Uçá crab waste, in the context of Supply Chain and Sustainable Management.

A novel glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan@acid-activated bentonite composite for effective Pb (II) and Cr (VI) adsorption: Experimental and theoretical studies

In this study, a novel glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan@acid-activated bentonite composite (CsG@AAB) was synthesized from crab waste, glutaraldehyde, and acid-activated bentonite (AAB). The as-obtained composite was used as an adsorbent for the efficient removal of Pb(II) and Cr(VI) from the aqueous solutions. The adsorbent was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Braeuer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyses. The effects of factors such as initial metal ion concentration, contact time, temperature, adsorbent dosage, and pH on Pb(II) and Cr(VI) adsorption were investigated, and related adsorption parameters were determined. Characterization results indicate that chitosan entered into the bentonite interlayer. BET surface area and point of zero charge (pHPZC) of the biocomposite were 85.2 m2/g and 6.3, respectively. Both metal ions uptake was rapid while adsorption was highly dependent on solution pH. The monolayer adsorption capacity was 452.78 mg g−1 for Pb(II) and 284.14 mg g−1 for Cr(VI), respectively at 25 °C. The adsorption kinetics were explained using the PSO model. The adsorption thermodynamic process was endothermic and spontaneous. The adsorption mechanism was explained by theoretical calculations and was in good agreement with the experimental results. Physisorption (van der Waals force, pore-filling), chemisorption (both inner and outer-sphere complexes), ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, and surface precipitation were the main mechanisms of metal ions adsorption. The results of this study suggest that the CsG@ AAB composite is promising for Pb(II) and Cr(VI) uptake and can be potential adsorption for decontamination of other pollutants from real wastewater streams.

Calcium Salts from the Demineralization of Crab (Scylla serrata) Wastes

Seafood wastes raise environmental concerns and many studies focus on recycling those wastes into chitosan. However, the environmental impact of that process is underestimated. Indeed, a significant amount of toxic wastes is released, potentially harmful to humans and the environment. This study therefore focuses on reducing of that adverse impact by recycling the waste produced during the first step of the production of chitosan: demineralization. By varying the concentration of the acid while keeping stoichiometric ratios, it was shown that the concentration plays a vital role in the efficiency of the demineralization and the purity of the salts. This effect of the concentration on such reaction is still poorly investigated and this study thus offers a deeper knowledge to the chitosan research. Moreover, it was concluded that calcium salts from the transformation of crab wastes into chitosan can be collected and reused. Nevertheless, studies about recycling waste from the other steps of the chitosan production are needed to reduce this process’s environmental impact even more.

Technoeconomic Assessment of Biopolymer Production from Crustacean Waste with the UK as a Case Study

Marine pollution has increased in recent decades, largely due to the proliferation of seafood processing plants and the improper disposal of their associated waste streams. The waste streams consist mainly of shells that are composed of chitin, which is the most abundant aminopolysaccharide biopolymer in nature. Recognizing the value of chitin, the potential for the valorization of crustacean waste for chitin production was explored. In this regard, biogenic crab waste was subjected to chemical-only, enzymatic–chemical, and microbial treatments for chitin production. The results were employed as inputs for process simulation as a precursor to undertaking performance assessments. This study subsequently showed that the net present values (NPVs) of the chemical-only, enzyme–chemical, and microbial chitin production pathways were GBP 118.63 million, GBP 115.67 million, and GBP 132.34 million, respectively, indicating that the microbial chitin production pathway constituted the most appropriate technology for future investment. Employing a cost–benefit (CB) analysis, the CB ratios for the chemical-only, enzymatic–chemical, and microbial approaches were determined to be 7.31, 0.45, and 0.23, respectively. These results reinforced the dominant status of the microbial approach for chitin production from crab waste as the preferred valorization strategy. This study was able to provide information regarding the implications of executing alternative scenarios for crustacean waste.

Self-Healing Concrete by Microorganisms in the Altered Pozzolan of Madagascar with Calcium from Crab Wastes

Concrete is at a high risk of cracking which threats its durability. Self-healing bacterial concrete has been developed in recent years to tackle this issue and its effectiveness has been massively studied. However, bacteria need carriers and expanded clay is the most used as such, but it reduces concrete strength. Moreover, bacterial culture and immobilization processes are highly expensive; calcium salts also contribute to the high cost of this type of concrete. This work therefore aims to overcome these limitations. Calcium salts were collected from the chitosan production process from crab waste. In addition, we noticed that Betafo pozzolan contains an abundant number of microorganisms, and for the first time, we discovered that those microorganisms have polyextremophilic characters, are resistant to various sterilization methods, and allow the self-healing concrete process. We concluded that calcium salts from the crab, with those microorganisms are able to heal crack up to 350 µm wide, reducing the expenses related to nutrients, and eliminating those related to the growth and the immobilization of bacteria on carrier. Moreover, we pointed out that pozzolan significantly increases compressive strength by 90.04%. However, the behavior of those microorganisms and the pozzolanic reactions need to be further investigated.

Study on the impact of crab processing waste using LCA in Karawang Regency

Crab is a leading commodity in the white sand area of Karawang Regency. As a crab processing center, this area produces crab wastes, including shells and by-products. This study aims to identify inputs and outputs resulting from crab processing, calculate the size of the life cycle of the crab processing industry, and reduce environmental damage. In a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) research, this study uses the environmental impact assessment method with stages of inventory analysis, impact assessment, and interpretation and improvement. This study shows the magnitude of the environmental impact of GHG emissions and the energy efficiency of crab processing through calculated, analyzed, and proposed improvement scenarios. The impact analysis results show that 1 kg of crab products contribute to GHG emissions of 0.56 g CO2eq, with refrigerant for the refrigerator of 1.62 g CO2eq. Changing the refrigerant and making efficient water usage can reduce the impact. This research is expected to increase the use of resources and encourage further research to use LCA for waste reduction and crab waste treatment.

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH RAJUNGAN (PORTUNUS PELAGICUS) UNTUK MEMPRODUKSI PUPUK ORGANIK CAIR KITOSAN SEBAGAI GROWTH PROMOTOR

Crab waste (Portunus pelagicus) has the potential to become a more valuable product, namely chitin and chitosan. Chitosan as a plant growth promoter is a natural compound that is biodegradable and non-toxic. Chitosan which is used as liquid organic fertilizer functions as a growth promoter, due to the provision of amino compounds, which can stimulate the initial growth stage. The purpose of this study was to use crab waste (Portunus pelagicus) to isolate and characterize chitosan, then use chitosan as liquid organic fertilizer. Characterization of the FTIR spectrum of chitosan isolated from crab, showing the absorption value of the hydroxyl/amine group (OH-, NH2-) shown at the peak of 3435.54 is 92.17% while the absorption value of the amide/acetamide group (CH3CONH-) at the peak is 1654.67 is 91.16%. And obtained the deacetylation degree of chitosan from crabs ranging from 40.25-79.35%. The use of Liquid Organic Fertilizer-Chitosan as a growth promoter has a significant effect on increasing mass, height, root length, and number of Dayak Onion leaves. Where the optimum concentration of Liquid Organic Fertilizer-Chitosan for Bawang Dayak is 60% (v/v).

COMPARISON OF CHITOSAN FROM CRAB SHELL WASTE AND SHRIMP SHELL WASTE AS NATURAL ADSORBENT AGAINST HEAVY METALS AND DYES

Objective: Crustacean shell waste is not currently used to its full potential. Most waste from crustaceans used in food pollutes the environment. Widely found in crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste, chitosan is a modification of chitin compounds. This study aims to utilize crustacean shell waste (crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste) as a natural adsorbent against heavy metals and dyes in the form of chitosan. Methods: This study includes the steps of extracting chitosan from crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste, followed by adsorption capacity tests against heavy metals (mercury and arsenic) and dyes (tartrazine and amaranth). Results: Chitosan sourced from both crab shell waste and shrimp shell waste met the physical and chemical characteristic requirements, and the yield was 28.19% and 18.33%, respectively. The adsorption capacity against heavy metals and dyes from crab shell waste chitosan ranged from 43.4% to 55.6% and the shrimp shell waste chitosan ranged from 50.8% to 60.2%. Conclusion: Crustacean shell waste can be processed into chitosan, which is valuable and can be used as a natural adsorbent against heavy metals and dyes for wastewater treatment in several industrial sectors.

PELATIHAN DIVERSIFIKASI PRODUK KEPITING KERACA BERBASIS ZERO WASTE DI UKM DESAKITARA

Keraca crabs are a small genus of portunidae that the community has begun to develop into food products. To increase the economic value and reduce the accumulation of processing industrial waste, keraca crab products can be carried out with the concept of zero waste. This activity aims to increase knowledge, skills and increase production through diversification of processed crabs with the concept of zero waste. The method of this activity begins with the stages of preparation, counseling and socialization, training, evaluation and follow-up. Training on the diversification of crab products was carried out with partners, namely UKM Desakitara. The results of this activity are able to increase partner's knowledge and technology, improve partner skills in processing Keraca crab waste into nutritious food products and be able to produce two new products, namely petis and ikat crackers. The new products produced are able to increase partner production.

A LCMS Metabolomic Workflow to Investigate Metabolic Patterns in Human Intestinal Cells Exposed to Hydrolyzed Crab Waste Materials.

We have developed a LCMS metabolomic workflow to investigate metabolic patterns from human intestinal cells treated with simulated gastrointestinal-digested hydrolyzed crab waste materials. This workflow facilitates smart and reproducible comparisons of cell cultures exposed to different treatments. In this case the variable was the hydrolysis methods, also accounting for the GI digestion giving an output of direct correlation between cellular metabolic patterns caused by the treatments. In addition, we used the output from this workflow to select treatments for further evaluation of the Caco-2 cell response in terms of tentative anti-inflammatory activity in the hopes to find value in the crab waste materials to be used for food products. As hypothesized, the treatment identified to change the cellular metabolomic pattern most readily, was also found to cause the greatest effect in the cells, although the response was pro-inflammatory rather than anti-inflammatory, it proves that changes in cellular metabolic patterns are useful predictors of bioactivity. We conclude that the developed workflow allows for cost effective, rapid sample preparation as well as accurate and repeatable LCMS analysis and introduces a data pipeline specifically for probe the novel metabolite patterns created as a means to assess the performing treatments.

Astaxanthin Extraction from Marine Crustacean Waste Streams: An Integrate Approach between Microwaves and Supercritical Fluids

Marine crustacean waste streams, in particular crab wastes, are promising alternative sources of astaxanthin (ASX), a highly demanded carotenoid with strong antioxidant capacity currently very used...

Prospects of Red King Crab Hepatopancreas Processing: Fundamental and Applied Biochemistry

Since the early 1980s, a large number of studies on enzymes from the red king crab hepatopancreas were conducted. They have been relevant both from a fundamental point of view in terms of studying the enzymes of marine organisms and in terms of rational natural resource management aimed to obtain new valuable products from the processing of crab fishing waste. Most of these works were performed by Russian scientists due to the area and amount of waste of red king crab processing in Russia (or the Soviet Union). However, the close phylogenetic kinship and the similar ecological niches of commercial crab species and the production scale of the catch provide the bases for the successful transfer of experience in the processing of the red king crab hepatopancreas to other commercial crab species caught worldwide. This review describes the value of recycled commercial crab species, discusses processing problems, and suggests possible solutions for these issues. The main emphasis is made on hepatopancreatic enzymes as the most salubrious products of red king crab waste processing.

Characterization of chitinolytic bacteria isolated from shrimp and crab waste producing chitinase and anti-fungal enzymes to overcome saprolegniasis in aquaculture

Chitinolytic bacteria was proposed in this study as an effective solution to overcome the growth of Saprolegnia sp in aquaculture practices.Saprolegnia sp. causesSaprolegniosis, a disease that affects aquaculture species characterised by white filamentous mycelium on the body or fins of freshwater fish. The use of probiotic bacteria as an alternative strategy to traditional chemical remedies may be applied. Potential bacteria may be isolated from shrimp and crab waste since these organic materials were known to harbor these organisms. The search for the specific bacteria was conducted through the research activity namely isolation and cultivation of bacteria, chitinolytic activity test, anti-fungal activity test using Saprolegnia sp and finally characterization through molecular analysis of 16S rRNA gene and chitinase encoding fragments. Cultivation of isolated bacteria and general characterization used Gram staining while the results of the chitinolytic activity test showed that the selected candidates (species 1 dan 2) obtained the highest chitinolytic indexes of 2.12 mm and 1.99 mm, respectively. Results of the invitroanti-fungal activity test usingSaprolegnia sp using species 1 and 2 obtained the zone of inhibitionrespectively 6.00 mm and11.59 mm. Species 1 and 2 were identified with a similiarity of 96% to Bacillus thuringiensis (no accession YP 003665928.1) and 99% identical toBacillus cereus (without accession WP 000932552.1).

Effect of Feeding Quails with Mixture Feeds Composed of Crab Waste Meal, Leubim Fish Waste Meal, and Broken Rice Grains as Partly Substitution of Commercial Diet on Egg Quality

In rearing quails, many attempts have been done to reduce feed cost among other things by replacing partly commercial diet with numerous alternative feed sources such as crab waste meal (CWM), leubim fish (Canthidermis maculata) waste meal (LFWM), and broken rice grains (BRG). The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of using a mixture feeds composed of CWM + LFWM + BRG as a substitute for commercial laying chicken diets on the quality of quail eggs. This research was conducted at the Field Laboratory of Animal Husbandry and the Laboratory of Poultry Production Science, Syiah Kuala University. This study used 80 female quails (Coturnix-coturnix japonica) females aged 4 weeks. The treatment was feeding quails with the commercial diet of laying hen (324-1M) of which 0, 10, 20, and 30% of the diets was substituted by the mixture feeds composed of CWM + LFWM + BRG. The study was performed into block randomized design (BRD) consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replicate blocks. The blocks were established based on the different initial body weights of 4-week ages of female quails. Each treatment was an experimental unit consisting of 5 female quails each. The measured parameters were Yolk Index (YI), yolk color, Albumen Index (AI), eggshell thickness, and egg weight. The results of the study indicated that using up to 30% mixture feeds composed of 7,5% CWM + 9,1% LFWM + 13,4% BRG as a substitute for commercial laying chicken diets most significantly increased yolk index and yolk color of quail eggs. However, the albumen index, eggshell thickness, and egg weight were not significantly affected.

Utilization of Crab Waste for Cost-Effective Bioproduction of Prodigiosin.

This study aimed to establish the culture process for the cost-effective production of prodigiosin (PG) from demineralized crab shell powder (de-CSP), a fishery processing byproduct created via fermentation. Among the tested PG-producing strains, Serratia marcescens TNU02 was demonstrated to be the most active strain. Various ratios of protein/de-CSP were used as the sources of C/N for PG biosynthesis. The PG yield was significantly enhanced when the casein/de-CSP ratio was controlled in the range of 3/7 to 4/6. TNU02 produced PG with a high yield (5100 mg/L) in a 15 L bioreactor system containing 4.5 L of a newly-designed liquid medium containing 1.6% C/N source (protein/de-CSP ratio of 3/7), 0.02% (NH4)2SO4, 0.1% K2HPO4, and an initial pH of 6.15, at 27 °C for 8 h in dark conditions. The red pigment was purified from the culture broth and then quantified as being PG by specific Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and UV spectra analysis. The purified PG demonstrated moderate antioxidant and effective inhibition against four cancerous cell lines. Notably, this study was the first to report on using crab wastes for PG bioproduction with high-level productivity (5100 mg/L) in a large scale (4.5 L per pilot) in a short period of fermentation time (8 h). The salt compositions, including (NH4)2SO4 and K2HPO4, were also a novel finding for the enhancement of PG yield by S. marcescens in this report.

PENGARUH WAKTU KALSINASI TERHADAP KARAKTERISTIK KRISTAL CaO DARI LIMBAH CANGKANG KEPITING

Crab is one of the commodities exported by Indonesia in the fisheries sector. Crab processing to be exported produces crab waste. Crab shells contain high calcium carbonate. With a large CaCO3 content, crab shells can be used as a precursor of CaO in hydroxyapatite synthesis. CaO can be obtained by calcining calcium carbonate contained in the crab shell waste content. The calcination process is the process of decomposition of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) compounds into calcium oxide compounds (CaO) through heating at high temperatures. In this study the calcination temperature used was 1000 oC while the calcination time was varied ie 6 hours and 10 hours. The results showed that the crab shell, which is a source of CaCO3, which was calcined at 1000 oC for 6 hours and 10 hours both produced CaO compounds. CaO compounds produced have a crystalline form and are not in the form of amorphous. This can be observed from the XRD diffraction pattern, which is seen many peaks with varying intensity values. The second crystal system of the sample is cubic. There was no significant difference in the pattern of XRD calcination results of 6 hours and 10 hours, the difference only lies in the value of the variation in intensity of the peaks that formed. So it can be concluded that calcination at a temperature of 1000 oC with a length of 6 hours and 10 hours produces CaO crystals with a crystal size at a maximum peak is around 10 A.

Karakterisasi Biopolimer Kitosan Hasil Deasetilasi Limbah Kepiting Rajungan (Portunus Sanginolentus) Menggunakan NaBH4 Dalam NaOH

The chitosan isolation from crab crab waste (Portunus sanginolentus) has been carried out. Chitin production is carried out by the de-proteination, demineralization and depigmentation processes. Chitosan biopolymer is produced from chitin through de-acetylation method using base solution (NaOH) and the addition of NaBH4 which aims to increase the degree of de-acetylation (DD) of chitosan. The results of 25 g of chitin obtained chitosan amounted to 16.67 g (66.68%). Chitin and Chitosan were identified by a Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometer.