Crab-eating Monkeys Research Articles

Abnormal sperm in crab-eating monkeys after acute testicular gamma-irradiation.

The sperm of crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were examined every two weeks after their testes were acutely irradiated with 1, 2 and 3 Gy using 137Cs γ-rays at a dose rate of 0.25 Gy/min. The spontaneous incidence of abnormal head shapes of their sperm was estimated to be 0.80%, with a range of 0.33% to 1.57%. The frequencies of abnormal sperm heads clearly increased with increasing dose and varied with time post irradiation. The maximum γ-ray effects were observed after 8 weeks in the 1 and 2-Gyirradiated animals and at 6 weeks in the animals exposed to 3 Gy. The results suggested that early spermatocytes and late spermatogonia are the cells most sensitive to radiation-induced abnormalities of the sperm heads. The peak yields were 5.4% at 1 Gy, 13.1% at 2 Gy and 14.9% at 3 Gy. The dose-response relationship for induction of sperm abnormalities fitted well to the linear equation, Y = 0.24 + 6.15D, when the testes of the crab-eating monkeys were irradiated with doses below 2 Gy. Above 2 Gy, the rates of induction of sperm abnormalities seemed to decrease.

Relationship between minimum reinforcing doses and injection speed in cocaine and pentobarbital self-administration in crab-eating monkeys

The relationship between minimum reinforcing doses and injection speed was investigated by using 2 levels of speeds in experiments on self-administration of cocaine or pentobarbital in 2 crab-eating monkeys each. The experiments were conducted under a fixed ratio (FR) 1 schedule with 30-min time-out after each drug injection, wherein the drugs and saline were made available for alternate 5-day periods. The minimum reinforcing doses at each injection speed were determined by the titration procedure in which the presence or absence of reinforcing effect at a particular drug dose was judged based on comparison of the self-administration rate at that dose with the rate in the preceding saline period. The results showed that the minimum reinforcing doses of cocaine and pentobarbital tended to be higher in inverse proportion to the injection speed of the drugs.

Blood Characteristics of the Crab‐Eating Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Bali Island, Indonesia: Implication of Water Deficiency in West Bali

Environmental effects on blood characteristics of macaques were examined by comparing several blood indices of the free-ranging crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in two distinct regions of Bali Island, Indonesia. The total plasma protein level and concentrations of creatinine and sodium ion were higher with macaques of Teluk Terima in the west part of Bali Island (dry area) than those in the central Bali (wet area). Results indicated that water deficiency in the dry area significantly affects the blood characteristics of macaques.

The effect of female proximity and social interaction on the menstrual cycle of crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Twelve adult female crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were placed in six pairs of adjacent cages, allowing physical contact between members of these experimental pairs. Twelve additional females remained singly caged (no physical contact allowed) and served as six control “pairs.” In both experimental and control pairs, one member had a history of regular menstrual cycles, whereas the other tended to have cycles that were unusually long and/or irregular. Over a six-month period, menses and amount of vaginal secretion were recorded daily for all subjects, and the behavior of experimental pairs was sampled three times per week. During the course of the study, the irregular experimental subjects began to exhibit menstrual cycles of near normal length although there was no apparent trend to synchronize cycles. Irregular controls continued to show cycles that were abnormally long. Vaginal secretions tended to increase in all regularly cycling animals during days 9–15 (peak day 11) or reverse days 21–16 of the cycle, consistent with the estimated time of ovulation. Analysis of behavior indicated that irregularly cycling subjects inspected the genitalia of their regularly cycling cagemates at a significantly higher frequency than the converse (F=12.61,p<.005), particularly during the follicular phase (F=3.39,p<.07). These results suggest that close physical contact may serve to transmit chemical and/or hormonal cues that can normalize the menstrual cycle of crab-eating monkeys.

An experimental study on developmental changes of maternal discrimination of infants in crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis).

Individually reared mother-infant dyads of crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were observed cross-sectionally in their mother-infant relationship. In infants aged from 0 to 5.0 months, rather drastic changes were found both at 0.5-1.0 and 2.0-3.0 months of age. For an explanation of these changes, developmental processes of discrimination between mother and infant were analyzed cross-sectionally by exchanging mother-infant combinations. The results indicated that the first 0.5 months postpartum was characterized as a behaviorally nondiscriminating stage where nipple discrimination by infants was the only exception. The latter half of the first month was the beginning of a nonaggressive discrimination stage by mothers, indicated by lipsmacking and sniffing and in infants by clinging. When infants reached the age of 2.0-3.0 months, the mothers' nonaggressive discrimination with lipsmacking decreased, and her aggressive discrimination of alien infants increased. In addition to maternal visual discrimination of infants' physical appearances, differences in infants' odor and/or their method of nipple contact were suggested to affect the mothers' differential behaviors.

Central distribution of efferent and afferent components of the pudendal nerve in macaque monkeys.

Central distribution of efferent and afferent components of the pudendal nerve was studied by the horseradish peroxidase (HRP) method in 13 macaque monkeys, i.e., in nine Japanese monkeys (Macaca fuscata), two rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and two crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The enzyme was applied to the central cut end of the pudendal nerve; then the monkeys were allowed to survive for 36 to 72 hr. Retrogradely labeled neuronal cell bodies of pudendal motoneurons constituted a slender longitudinal cell column in the ventral horn. The cell column extended from high or middle S1 to high or middle S2 in eight monkeys, from middle or low L7 to high S2 in four monkeys, and from high L7 to middle S1 in a monkey. The cell column appeared to correspond to Onuf's X nucleus in man. No sex difference was recognized in the position of the cell column. The average number of HRP-labeled pudendal motoneurons was larger in male than in female adult Japanese monkeys, whereas no sex difference was found in the average soma diameter of the pudendal motoneurons. Transganglionically labeled axons entered into the spinal cord through the S1 and S2 dorsal roots in 12 monkeys and through the L7 and S1 dorsal roots in one monkey. Labeled axons were distributed ipsilaterally in laminae I-VI and X of the spinal cord at the same and adjacent levels of entry of HRP-labeled dorsal root fibers (from L7 to S3 in 12 monkeys and from L6 to S3 in one monkey).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Amygdalospinal projections in the macaque monkey

Injection of horseradish peroxidase into the cervical cord in the macaque monkey led to the retrograde labeling of neurons in the caudal part of the central nucleus of the amygdala ipsilateral to the spinal half where the injection was made. Although the number of labeled neurons in the amygdala was small, they were constantly found in 7 macaque monkeys (3 Japanese monkeys, 3 crab-eating monkeys and 1 rhesus monkey) which were injected with the enzyme into the upper and middle cervical cord segments.

Failure to produce axon reflex sweating in the volar skin of Japanese monkey ( Macaca Fuscata) and crab-eating monkey ( Macaca Irus)

1. The functional properties of the sweat glands and their innervation in the volar skin of three Japanese monkeys and two crab-eating monkeys were investigated. 2. The sweat glands responded to both cholinomimetic and adrenomimetic agents, the former being highly predominant in the sudorific effect. 3. Spontaneous emotional sweating was strongly or completely inhibited by atropine at 10 −8–10 −7 g/ml, but not by dihydroergotamine at 10 −5–10 −4 g/ml. 4. Axon reflex sweating could not be produced by nicotine at 10 −5–10 −4 g/ml in all of primates tested. 5. The nerve fibers surrounding the sweat glands were histochemically confirmed to contain both acetyland butyrylcholinesterase.

Natural infection in non-human primates with adult T-cell leukemia virus or a closely related agent.

A total of 703 sera from 10 species of monkeys were examined for the presence of antibodies to adult T-cell leukemia (ATL)-associated antigens (ATLA). ATLA represent core protein(s) of ATL virus (ATLV) and ATLV-determined polypeptides. Anti-ATLA antibodies were found in all seven macaque species tested but not in three non-macaque species. The frequencies of seropositive macaques ranged from 10 to 50%. In three macaque species (Japanese monkeys, rhesus monkeys, and crab-eating monkeys) in which sufficient numbers of animals were studied, more females than males were anti-ATLA positive and the antibody-positive rate increased with age. In Japanese monkeys, over 70% were seropositive after the age of 10 years. A family study of Japanese monkeys suggested maternal transmission of ATLV or a closely related agent. These seroepidemiological features are consistent with those of Japanese in the ATL-endemic area. Three of 10 rhesus monkeys were found to be anti-ATLA-positive 13 days after arrival in Japan, suggesting that they had been infected with ATLV in Indonesia where they were captured. Thus, ATLV appears to be prevalent among several macaque species as well as in man, and its pathogenetic role in these non-human primates should be explored in relation to ATL in man.

Detection of serum antibodies to adult T-cell leukemia virus in non-human primates and in people from Africa.

The distribution of serum antibodies to adult T-cell leukemia virus (ATLV) was examined as a marker for virus infection among non-human primates as well as people from Africa and Germany. The virus is present in Africa in certain primate species including man. Altogether, 468 sera from 27 monkey species were examined. Only African green monkeys, less frequently also chimpanzees and crab-eating monkeys, were found to be infected. About 1-2% of people from Kenya have antibodies, while ATLV-antibodies may be present in well below 0.1% of the German population.

The morphogenesis of a papillomatous gastric polyp in the crab-eating monkey ( Macaca fascicularis)

The histopathology of gastric papillomas in 17 crab-eating monkeys from Indonesia and Malaysia was investigated. The changes in the affected mucosa consisted of papillomatous proliferation with accidental heterotopia, desquamation or necrosis of the epithelium associated with eggs or adults of the small nematode Nochtia nochti, inflammatory cell infiltration and haemorrhage or oedema and fibrosis. The primary pathogenic effect of this parasite was due to its irritant action on the gastric mucosa. Hyper-regeneration, with a downward shift of the proliferating zone in the gastric gland and an inflammatory process, appeared to play a significant role in the morphogenesis of this lesion. It is concluded that the gastric papilloma associated with Nochtia nochti in the monkey is a parasitic inflammatory polyp.

Placental transfer of aromatic amino acids in non-human primates.

Macaca fascicularis (crab-eating monkeys) underwent an operative procedure at 120 to 130 days of pregnancy that allowed fetal blood sampling. During subsequent experiments L-phenylalanine and p-chlorophenylalanine were injected into the maternal circulation. Blood obtained from mother and fetus revealed that phenylalanine is actively transported across the placenta and hence is markedly increased in the fetus if the maternal blood phenylalanine concentration is below the "saturation" level of 1.82 mM to 2.12 mM. The results of these studies which provide a better understanding of placental transport mechanisms of aromatic amino acids will be of assistance in future management of pregnant phenylketonuric females.

Polyspecific groups of macaques on the kowloon peninsula, new territories, Hong Kong.

Three polyspecific groups of free-ranging macaques were observed in July and August of 1980 and 1981 in the forests of the New Territories of mainland Hong Kong. Two groups were composed of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and long-tailed or crab-eating monkeys (M. fascicularis), and one group was composed of both the former plus Japanese macaques (M. fuscata). All three groups contained hybrids between M. mulatta and M. fascicularis. This combination of species within the same social group is an unusual circumstance in natural habitats, and it offers a unique opportunity for field studies in primate ecology and behavior.

Dependence potential of zopiclone studied in monkeys.

In gross behavioral observation the minimum effective dose of zopiclone was intravenously 0.06-0.25 mg/kg and intragastrically 1-4 mg/kg in rhesus monkeys. Zopiclone suppressed barbital withdrawal signs of rhesus monkeys at a single dose of 16 mg/kg or more. The suppressing effect of zopiclone 32 mg/kg i.g. was comparable to diazepam 8 mg/kg. Crab-eating monkeys treated with zopiclone at doses up to 32 mg/kg twice daily for up to 8 weeks manifested intermediate-grade signs upon withdrawal (i.e., less severe than after treatment with diazepam and similar to nitrazepam). Zopiclone was self-administered by rhesus monkeys relatively frequently by the intravenous route; the infrequent intragastric rate was similar to or slightly higher than with diazepam.

Extensor muscles of the thigh of crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Extensor muscles of the thigh of crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Use of a radioreceptorassay (RRA) for human luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (hLH/CG) for detection of early pregnancy and estimation of time of ovulation in macaques

A radioreceptorassay (RRA) for macaque luteinizing hormone (LH)/chorionic gonadotropin (CG) was adapted from the clinical RRA for human LH/CG, Biocept-G™, for the purposes of detection of pregnancy prior to day 20 of gestation and for estimation of the time of ovulation in macaques. The 90-min assay procedure was simple, accurate, and reliable. Seventy-five rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and 20 crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were tested for the presence of CG in the serum on estimated days 17-20 of pregnancy. Of a total of 160 tests, four false negative and 0 false positive tests were obtained, for an accuracy of 97.5%. The preovulatory LH peak was detected in 19 rhesus monkeys by semiquantitative RRA of LH/CG. Ovulation was confirmed in these 19 animals by the presence of a fresh corpus luteum at laparotomy 2-10 days after ovulation, collection of an embryo, pregnancy, or subsequent cycle history. The short, simple assay procedure and the low inter-and intraassay coefficients of variation (7.3 and 3.7%, respectively) allow use of this assay in an economical, predictive, as well as retrospective, capacity for estimation of the time of ovulation in rhesus monkeys. The sensitivity, reliability, species nonspecificity, simplicity, and rapidity of performance of this RRA for LH/CG are features which add up to a useful new management tool for breeding macaques for research purposes.

Morphological Study on the Gubernacular Canal of Crab-eating Monkeys

Morphological Study on the Gubernacular Canal of Crab-eating Monkeys

実験的糖尿病サルにおける血管合併症

In order to elucidate whether diabetic microangiopathy is attributable to metabolic derangement based on insulinopenia or to genetic factor concomitant with diabetes mellitus, diabetic monkeys induced by streptozotocin were investigated. Sixteen Japanese monkeys and ten crab-eating monkeys were used for experiment and streptozotocin was intraveneously injected. After the injection, body weight, urine sugar, fasting blood sugar, IRI, IRG, serum cholesterol, triglyceride, ketone bodies, LPO, lipoprotein fractions, glycosylated Hb etc were analysed at intervals and simultaneously ocular fundus, peripheral nerve conduction velocity, electrocardiogram, thickness of gastrocnemius capillary basement membrane were surveyed. Duration of diabetes millitus ranged from 3 months to 16 months. All diabetic monkeys showed glycosuria and weight loss but insulin therapy was not necessary for the survival. Laboratory data were as follows (diabetic vs control); fasting blood sugar 241±27, 83±6 mg/dl (p<0.01), IRI 24±6, 45±107μU/ml (p<0.05), IRG 416±51, 340±33pg/ml, GH 12.5±4.2, 3.5±1.1ng/ml, ketone bodies 751±255, 174±30μM/l (p<0.05), 3-hydroxy butyric acid 533±198, 99±23μM/l (p<0.01), acetoacetate 218±58, 75±10μCM/l (p<0.05), 3-hydroxy butyric acid to acetoacetate ratio 2.1±0.3, 1.3±0.3 (p<0.05), LPO 5.4±0.3, 5.2±0.3μM/ml, electrophoretic lipid staining of plasma lipoprotein (%), α 34±5, 43±3, β 55±2, 56±3, preβ 10±6%, not detected, cholesterol contents in plasma lipoprotein fractions, HDL 59±7, 55±3, LDL 102±15, 76±6, VLDL 20±4, 14±4, total 191±15, 145±8mg/dl, TG contents in plasma lipoprotein, HDL 25±4, 11±2 (p<0.05), LDL 29±6, 14±2, VLDL 44±6, 11±1 (p<0.01), total 98±5, 36±4mg/dl (p<0.01). Thus, these diabetic monkeys bear resemblance to human insulin independent diabetes mellitus in blood analysis. Although HDL cholesterol was not lowered in the diabetic group, atherogenic index expressed as LDL-chol/HDL-chol and β+preβ/α were significantly higher in the diabetic group than in the control. On electrocardiogram in 4 of 6 diabetic monkeys, ST depression was observed but not in the control. In addition, the initial stage of atherosclerosis in the intimal layer of the abdominal aorta was observed on electron microscopy in the diabetic Japanese monkey died at the eighteen months after the injection of streptozotocin. On the other hand, ocular fundi did not show diabetic changes with color photograph and fluorescein angiogram in either groups. However, basement membrane in gastrocnemius muscle capillary tended to be thickened in the diabetic group.These results indicated that diabetic monkeys are useful for the elucidation of pathogenesis of diabetic macro-and micro-angiopathy.

Adductor muscles of the thigh of crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Adductor muscles of the thigh of crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

Flexor muscles of the thigh of crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)

On the basis of 44 hindlimbs of 14 male and 14 female crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), the morphology of the adductor muscles of the thigh was described and some functional indices were calculated. The results obtained from this study agreed generally with those of otherMacaca species reported by various authors. For the classification and nomenclature of the adductors, the criteria proposed byUhlmann (1967, 1968) was well adapted to the crab-eating monkey. The adductors comprise the m. gracilis, m. pectineus, m. adductor longus, pars longa and pars brevis of m. adductor brevis, pars lata and pars minima of m. adductor magnus and m. obturatorius externus. In males, the adductors are generally inserted further down the femur, and the insertions of pars brevis of the m. adductor brevis and pars minima of the m. adductor magnus have longer attachments to the femur than in females. The arrangement of each adductor muscle and of each fasciculus of a thigh muscle may invoke a principle of organization.