ABSTRACT The quantitative measurements of uncertainties regarding the contents of hazardous trace elements (HTEs) serve as a basis for better assessment of the geochemistry and mineralogical characteristics of coals and their environmental impacts. In this paper, by using bootstrap simulation methodology, a quantitative procedure was demonstrated to characterize the variability and uncertainty of HTE (Cd, Cr, and Pb) contents in Chinese coals, which were specified by 27 different provinces and mining areas. Original data samples for Cd, Cr, and Pb contents in Chinese coals were compiled and summarized from the results reported in published literature. Sampling distributions for uncertainties in statistics such as the mean, median, and confidence interval were calculated. The national average contents were estimated at approximately 0.61 μg/g for Cd, 30.37 μg/g for Cr, and 23.04 μg/g for Pb. The ranges of uncertainties for bootstrap samples of national HTE contents were nearly symmetrical, and the ranges of the 95% confidence interval for the arithmetic mean were relatively small, with relative uncertainties of −16.39% to +21.31% for Cd, −10.11% to +11.72% for Cr, and −8.55% to +8.64% for Pb. This shows that the arithmetic mean contents of HTEs in Chinese coals are higher in southern provinces than those in northern provinces, obviously differing because of different coal basins. The high values of HTE contents occur in provinces such as Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Hubei, and Guangxi. Provinces with low contents are located in northwestern China and include Xinjiang, Qinghai, Gansu, and Inner Mongolia; this can be mainly attributed to the medium moisture content, low ash, and low sulfur content in coals. Several provinces with high HTE contents such as Ningxia for Cd, Guangdong for Cr, and Shaanxi for Pb may be associated with the representativeness of the original data samples. IMPLICATIONS The negative effects of HTEs on the environment and public health have received increasing concern throughout the world. Errors during content determination may lead to large bias of the HTE emission inventories. It is necessary for decision-makers to be aware of the strengths and limitations of HTE contents in coals and emission inventories so that decisions regarding air quality management can be made that are robust to uncertainty. This study provides a quantitative assessment methodology for HTE contents in Chinese coals that will serve as a basis for assessing the geochemistry and mineralogical characteristics of coals and their potential environmental impacts and be helpful in developing probabilistic emission inventories of HTEs from coal. However, more research is still needed.