CPT Tests Research Articles

Estimation of spatial variability of lignite mine dumping ground soil properties using CPTu results

Abstract The paper deals with application of CPTu test results for the probabilistic modeling of dumping grounds. The statistical measures use results from 42 CPT test points located in the lignite mine dumping ground from the region of Central Europe. Both the tip resistance qc as well as local friction fs are tested. Based on the mean values and standard deviations of measured quantities the specific zones in the dumping site profile are distinguished. For three main zones standard deviations of linearly de-trended functions, distributions of normalized de-trended values for qc and fs are examined. Also the vertical scales of fluctuation for both measured quantities are estimated. The obtained result shows that lignite mine dumping site can be successfully described with the Random Field Theory. Additional use of fs values introduces supplementary statistical information.

Case Study: Preliminary Field Testing as a Basis of Design for Ground Improvement Using Vibrocompaction at Lomé Container Terminal - Togo

Ground-improvement techniques by deep soil vibration have been broadly used in port facilities, aiming to create stable platforms with suitable characteristics for container storage and equipment operation. The Lomé Container Terminal is a deep water port located on the western African coastline. Upper frictional soils were found to be inadequate to receive the design imposed loads and therefore vibrocompaction works were carried out to improve soil characteristics. Preliminary field tests, mainly supported by CPT tests, were undertaken to check the feasibility of the preconized ground improvement solution and determine the adequate vibrocompaction execution parameters. The paper describes the design criteria adopted for the vibrocompaction works according to the preliminary field test results undertaken at the site.

Compaction control and related stress–strain behaviour of off-shore land reclamations with calcareous sands

When constructing off-shore land reclamations, one aims to ensure that the final soil mass fulfills certain minimal criteria related to shear strength, stiffness and resistance against liquefaction. In general, these characteristics improve with increasing density of the soil mass, which means that the above criteria are usually condensed into a single one: ‘adequate densification’.Quality control of reclamation constructions therefore focuses on the latter. Technical requirements are written based on one single parameter: the relative density Dr. On the site, this parameter is commonly determined indirectly using correlations with the cone penetration resistance qc, making the CPT the main tool for quality control.The paper presents data gathered during the design and construction of an off-shore land reclamation using calcareous sands. For this specific project, density control had to be done through the use of CPT.Calibration chamber tests were performed to establish the CPT qc–Dr correlation for the specific soil material. This correlation was used to analyse CPT results during construction of the site in order to determine the quality of compaction.In a further stage, an elaborate laboratory study was performed to establish additional correlations between soil parameters and the stress–strain parameters. Furthermore, seismic CPT tests were executed on the site to test the relevance of the laboratory correlations and the ‘relative density approach’ in general.It is shown that off-shore land reclamations have a very erratic stress-history, due to the different processes of depositing the soil material and the various densification methods. This stress-history is of great importance in the stress–strain behaviour of the site. Results also suggest that the CPT does not provide enough data to reliably predict soil stiffness when dealing with crushable materials. Specifically, in situ measurements show that there is no direct correlation between the small strain shear modulus G0 and qc.

Study of KS semileptonic decays and CPT test with the KLOE detector

Study of semileptonic decays of neutral kaons allows to perform a test of discrete symmetries, as well as basic principles of the Standard Model. In this paper a general review on dependency between charge asymmetry constructed for semileptonic decays of short- and long-lived kaons and CPT symmetry is given. The current status of determination of charge asymmetry for short-lived kaon, obtained by reconstruction of about 105 KS → πeν decays collected at DAΦNE with the KLOE detector is also reviewed.

Experimental prospects for C, P, T, CP, and CPT tests

Discrete symmetry violation in the weak interaction is central to the Standard Model of particle physics, however the origin of these violations is not well understood. Nor are we able to provide a satisfactory explanation of the Universal dominance of matter over antimatter, an issue related to CP violation. As a result study of discrete symmetry violation remains a topic of broad interest. These proceedings discuss experimental prospects of studying C, P, T, CP and CPT symmetries in a number of contexts, including the use of triple product asymmetries and entangled neutral meson systems.

CPT-Based Liquefaction Case History from the 2012 Emilia Earthquake in Italy

AbstractSignificant and widespread liquefaction phenomena were observed after the main shock of the Emilia earthquake (Italy) on May 20, 2012. A considerable number of surveys were subsequently performed to accurately test the susceptibility to liquefaction of soil deposits affected by the most severe liquefaction-induced effects and damage. Ground surface morphology was defined in detail by means of LIDAR survey results; subsoil stratigraphy and water table level were inferred from CPT tests and soundings; physical properties and mechanical parameters of soils were obtained from laboratory tests or indirectly inferred from the results of a large number of CPT tests carried out in the area. Two main sandy layers susceptible to liquefaction were identified and appropriately characterized. Seismic loading induced by the main shocks of the sequence was carefully estimated from the peak ground acceleration map produced by the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology. More than 90 sites were examined i...

Direct Test of T and CPT Symmetries with Entangled Neutral Mesons

In general any theoretical connection among the parameters describing T, CP or CPT violation, as given by the CPT theorem, does not imply a corresponding connection among the experimental results of the T, CP or CPT tests. In this paper the possibility to perform a direct test of time-reversal T symmetry in the neutral kaon system is discussed. It requires the exchange of in and out states of a transition process. The only existing result [1] for neutral kaons showing a non-zero asymmetry comparing the rates of a reference process (K → K) and its T conjugated one (K → K) cannot be considered a direct test, because the T and CP conjugated processes are identical in this case, and cannot be distinguished. In fact here direct test means a test whose outcome is independent of the result of any other discrete symmetry test, as discussed in detail in Refs. [3 7]. In order to implement such a direct test of the T symmetry, and also of the CPT symmetry which requires as well the inversion of in and out states, it has been suggested to exploit the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) entanglement of neutral mesons produced at a φ-factory (or B-factory) [4 7]. In fact in this case the initial state of the neutral kaon pair produced in φ → KK decay can be rewritten in terms of any pair of orthogonal states |K+〉 and |K−〉: |i〉 = 1 √ 2 {|K〉|K〉 − |K〉|K〉} =

Effects of heat input on the pitting resistance of Inconel 625 welds by overlay welding

The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between the dilution ratio of the weld zone and pitting resistance depending on the heat input to welding of the Inconel alloy. Each specimen was produced by electroslag welding using Inconel 625 as the filler metal. In the weld zone of each specimen, dendrite grains were observed near the fusion line and equiaxed grains were observed on the surface. It was also observed that a melted zone with a high Fe content was formed around the fusion line, which became wider as the welding heat input increased. In order to evaluate the pitting resistance, potentiodynamic polarization tests and CPT tests were conducted. The results of these tests confirmed that there is no difference between the pitting resistances of each specimen, as the structures of the surfaces were identical despite the effect of the differences in the welding heat input for each specimen and the minor dilution effect on the surface.

Kaon Physics with the KLOE Detector

In this paper we discuss the recent finalized analyses by the KLOE experiment at DA$\Phi$NE: the CPT and Lorentz invariance test with entangled $K^0 \bar{K}^0$ pairs, and the precision measurement of the branching fraction of the decay ${ K^+} \rightarrow \pi^+\pi^-\pi^+(\gamma)$. We also present the status of an ongoing analysis aiming to precisely measure the $K^{\pm} $ mass.

RF system for electron and positron orbit separation at VEPP-4M

The method for RF orbit separation of electron and positron beams in the VEPP-4M collider is developed and demonstrated. This system is designed to replace the conventional electrostatic orbit separator in the prospective CPT test experiment based on comparison of the spin precession frequencies of electron and positron. The electrostatic separator may yield an unacceptable systematic error of 10−6 in the experiment against the required one of better than 10−8 which can be provided with the RF system.

CPT and Lorentz symmetry tests with entangled neutral kaons at KLOE/KLOE-2

The KLOE experiment at the DAΦNE ϕ-factory located at the INFN Laboratory in Frascati, Italy collected data corresponding to 2.5 fb−1 of integrated luminosity. Neutral kaon pairs produced in ϕ-meson decays offer a unique possibility to perform tests of fundamental discrete symmetries. The entanglement of the two kaons is exploited to search for possible violation of CPT symmetry and Lorentz invariance in the context of the Standard-Model Extension (SME) framework. A new approach to the analysis of ϕ → KSKL → π+π−,π+π− events has been adopted allowing us to independently measure all four CPT violating parameters Δaμ appearing for neutral kaons in the SME. The final KLOE results on Δaμ will be presented. These are presently the most precise measurements in the quark sector of the SME.

Endothelial-mediated coronary flow reserve in patients with Anderson–Fabry disease

dependent vasodilation may be impaired in patients with AFD. The study enrolled 29 patients with genetically proved AFD, who had never been treated with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and 18 healthy volunteers, comparable for age, gender distribution and body mass index (BMI). Subjects with smoking habitus or BMI N30 kg/m 2 were excluded from the study. Coronary artery disease was ruled out on the basis of the clinical history plus a negative maximal exercise test. Female participants underwent the study within the first 8 days of their menstrual cycle, as hormonal fluctuations of the menstrual cycle are known to affect coronary flow regulation. All participants refrained from caffeine-containing beverages or theophylline containing medications for at least 24 h before the tests. The standard Doppler echocardiographic assessment and CPT test were carried out on the same day, during the morning. Dipyridamole test (0.56 mg/kg of body weight in 4 min) was performed 24 h later. According to standardized CPT protocol [7], the study participants placed their hand and distal part of the forearm in an ice water slurry for 3 min. The Doppler sample

Field Studies of Dynamic Compaction on Marine Deposits

Marine deposit ground usually need significant improvement before the construction of civil structures in coastal areas due to the poor mechanical properties of soils. Dynamic compaction (DC) is a widely used technique in such projects. In this study, a case history of DC tests in sandy soils with a weak embedded layer is introduced. Two series of DC tests—single point tests and impact zone tests—were applied to test zones with similar geological conditions to investigate the effect of energy level on the depth of improvement (DI). The highest energy used is up to 15000 kN · m. Field measurements were conduct before and after DC in each series to validate the effectiveness of improvement, including crater settlement, excessive pore pressure, and acceleration measurement for single point tests, and the pressure meter and CPT tests for impact zone tests. For single point tests, the effectiveness of improvement increases as the energy level increases to 12000 kN · m. Further increase of compaction energy does not have an effect on settlement, pore pressure, or ground acceleration. For impact zone tests, the energy level does not show a positive correlation with the DI, mainly due to the presence of an embedded weak layer.

Abstract 440: Gender Differences In Hemodynamic And Autonomic Reactivity During Mental And Physical Laboratory Stress Tests In Normal Subjects Of The “Oman Family Study”

Background: Exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity for blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) to laboratory stress tests has been proposed as a predictor of cardiovascular disease. Subjects and Methods: The study was conducted in normal subject; 262 males and 280 females (mean age 30 ± 9 years, BMI 23.5 ± 4 years), from five large and highly consanguineous homogeneous Arab families of OFS. Hemodynamic parameters: Heart rate (HR), systolic, diastolic, mean BP (mmHg), Stroke index (SI, SI (ml/beat/m 2 ), cardiac index (CI,L/min/m 2 ) ), total peripheral resistance index (TPRI, yne*s*/cm 2 )), left ventricular ejection time (LVET, ms) and cardiac contractility (IC, 1000/sec ) were computed from beat-to-beat BP, ECG and impedance cardiography (TFM, CNSystems). Autonomic parameters ( LF; sympathetic , HF; parasympathetic, normalized) and baroreceptor sensitivity (BRS, ms/mmHg) were computed using spectral analysis and the sequence method, respectively. Hemodynamic and autonomic eactivity were averaged after 3 minutes of the word conflict (Δ WCT) and the cold presser (Δ CPT) tests. Results were compared using the Student’s paired ‘t’ test. A P value of < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Males had significantly higher or lower reactivity than females for ΔWCT HR( 9.3 ±7 vs. 6.8 ± 6.3), SBP (9.9 ± 11 vs. 7.5 ±6.) , DBP (7.9 ± 8 vs. 6.3± 6), MBP (9.4 ±9.5, (SI -1.9 ± 5.5 vs. - 0.8 ± 4.7) and BRS ( -7.5± 15.9 vs. -4 ±10.5) . In contrast ΔCPT in females evoked significantly higher HR (8.2 ± 8 vs. 5.1 ± 8), CI (0.19 ± 0.4 vs. 0.08 ±0.4) and LF (11.6 ± 16.vs. 5.8 ±15.9) but significantly lower LVET (-8.7 ±16.6 vs. -3.8 ±9) and , BRS ( -6 ± 13 vs.-3.4 ±14 ) Conclusion: In this genetically and environmentally homogeneous cohort of OFS we found significant gender differences in hemodynamic and autonomic responses during the WCT and CPT tests. This may indicate that biological mechanism and genetic factors may contribute to such differences and should be receive special emphasis in cardiovascular research.

B-35 * Effects of Early Maternal Postpartum Depression on Child Executive Functioning

Objective: This study aims to examine the effects of early maternal postpartum depression on later child executive function. Method: The present study utilized data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development and examined 589 participants. Measures assessed postnatal depressive symptoms (Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression [CES-D]) and child executive functioning (Continuous Performance Task [CPT], Tower of Hanoi [TOH], Tower of London [TOL], and Stroop Test). Depression was measured at four points from 1 to 24 months and mothers were grouped into Depressed (at least one episode) and Non-depressed (no episodes) groups. Models included maternal education as a covariate. Results: MANCOVA revealed a significant main effect of maternal depression on child executive function (p = .014, partial η2 = .027). Significantly lower scores were observed on TOH Planning Efficiency at 1st grade (p = .002, partial η2 = .016, Depressed M = 13.683, 95% CI [12.839, 14.526], Non-depressed M = 15.429, 95% CI [14.728, 16.129]) and 5th grade (p = .014, partial η2 = .010, Depressed M = 22.985, 95% CI [22.074, 23.896], Non-depressed M = 24.486, 95% CI [23.729, 25.243]), along with TOL Perfect Solution Scores at age 15 (p = .021, partial η2 = .009, Depressed M = 52.089, 95% CI [50.395, 53.784], Non-depressed M = 54.705, 95% CI [53.298, 56.112]). No significant differences were observed for CPT Proportion of Incorrect Solutions or Stroop Interference. Conclusion(s): Results indicated that maternal depression was associated with poorer TOH and TOL scores in children when accounting for maternal education. Maternal depression was not associated with other measures of executive functioning including CPT and Stroop Test scores.

On use of CPT data for pile analysis under horizontal load

Method of coefficient of subgrade reaction evaluation by CPT data is described in the article. To work out the method, experimental field investigations were carried out. At the first step, results of the parallel coupled soil tests with CPT and standard stamp according to GOST 19912-2011 and 20276 -1999 were obtained. After processing the experimental data obtained, the correlation design formula is offered to determine the modulus of the total linear soil strain, this formula is the basis for coefficient of subgrade reaction evaluation. At the second step, field investigations at three sites composed of dispersed cohesive soils were carried out. The paper presents results of pile horizontal load test and results of soil CPT – the values of soil resistance under the cone end along the whole depth of pile penetration. The experimental data obtained allowed diagrams plotting by which the ultimate horizontal load could be determined in dependence upon depth of pile penetration and averaged value of resistance under the cone end. While diagrams plotting, method of extrapolation of data obtained when 8 and 12 meter length pile horizontal load test was used. Parabolic dependences of the pile ultimate horizontal load upon its length and soil resistance value under the cone end while CPT are shown. The above parabolic dependences were straitened to obtain the design linear dependences and the overall chart for the interval of plasticity of dispersed cohesive soils: “tough – very soft consistency”. The offered method of analysis of the pile ultimate resistance under horizontal load allows obtaining results without labor-intensive, long-term and expensive CPT.

Test of CPT and Lorentz symmetry in entangled neutral kaons with the KLOE experiment

Neutral kaon pairs produced in ϕ decays in anti-symmetric entangled state can be exploited to search for violation of CPT symmetry and Lorentz invariance. We present an analysis of the CP-violating process ϕ→KSKL→π+π−π+π− based on 1.7 fb−1 of data collected by the KLOE experiment at the Frascati ϕ-factory DAΦNE. The data are used to perform a measurement of the CPT-violating parameters Δaμ for neutral kaons in the context of the Standard Model Extension framework. The parameters measured in the reference frame of the fixed stars are:Δa0=(−6.0±7.7stat±3.1syst)×10−18 GeV,ΔaX=(0.9±1.5stat±0.6syst)×10−18 GeV,ΔaY=(−2.0±1.5stat±0.5syst)×10−18 GeV,ΔaZ=(3.1±1.7stat±0.5syst)×10−18 GeV. These are presently the most precise measurements in the quark sector of the Standard Model Extension.

Latest results from KLOE-2

The KLOE experiment at the Frascati φ –factory recently obtained results on i) CPT and Lorentz invariance tests from the study of quantum interference of the neutral kaon pairs; ii) precision measurement of the branching fraction, BR(K+ → π + π − π + (γ ) ) = 0.05565 ± 0.00031stat ± 0.00025syst , and iii) on dark photon searches with the analysis of the e + e − → µµγ final state. We have also studied the transition form factors of the φ meson to the pseudoscalars, π 0 and η , that is presented in a separate contribution to this volume.

Trapped antihydrogen: A new frontier in fundamental physics

Antihydrogen, the bound state of an antiproton and a positron, has been produced at low energies at CERN since 2002. Antihydrogen is of interest for use in precision tests of nature's fundamental symmetries. The charge conjugation/parity/time reversal (CPT) theorem, a crucial part of the foundation of the standard model of elementary particles and interactions, demands that hydrogen and antihydrogen have the same spectrum. Given the current experimental precision of measurements on the hydrogen atom, subjecting antihydrogen to rigorous spectroscopic examination would constitute a compelling, model-independent test of CPT. Antihydrogen could also be used to study the gravitational behaviour of antimatter.However, until recently, experiments have produced antihydrogen that was not confined, precluding detailed study of its structure. Experimenters working to trap antihydrogen have faced the challenge of trapping and cooling relativistic antiprotons and using them to make antihydrogen cold enough to be trapped in a magnetic minimum trap with a depth of only 50 μeV. In November 2010 the ALPHA collaboration demonstrated the first trapping of antihydrogen, thus opening the door to precision measurements on anti-atoms which can soon be subjected to many of the same techniques as developed for atoms. The prospect for such measurements improved further with ALPHA's demonstration of 1000 s confinement of the anti-atoms in the summer of 2011 and the recent first detection of resonant quantum interactions in antihydrogen.

Kaon interferometry at KLOE/KLOE-2

Neutral kaons from ϕ meson decays are produced in pairs, which offers the possibility to select pure kaon beams: the detection of a Ks (KL) tags the presence of a KL (Ks), the same holds for charged kaons. This allows to perform precise measurement of kaon properties. Additionally, these neutral kaon pairs are produced in a pure quantum state (JPC = 1−−), which allows to investigate CP and CPT symmetries via quantum interference effects, as well as the basic principles of quantum mechanics.Introduction to kaon interferometry and the results on the decoherence parameter and CPT test obtained by the KLOE experiment at the DAΦNE e+e− collider will be presented together with prospects for KLOE-2 project.