CPS Model Research Articles

Statistical Verification using Surrogate Models and Conformal Inference and a Comparison with Risk-Aware Verification

Uncertainty in safety-critical cyber-physical systems can be modeled using a finite number of parameters or parameterized input signals. Given a system specification in Signal Temporal Logic (STL), we would like to verify that for all (infinite) values of the model parameters/input signals, the system satisfies its specification. Unfortunately, this problem is undecidable in general. Statistical model checking (SMC) offers a solution by providing guarantees on the correctness of CPS models by statistically reasoning on model simulations. We propose a new approach for statistical verification of CPS models for user-provided distribution on the model parameters. Our technique uses model simulations to learn surrogate models , and uses conformal inference to provide probabilistic guarantees on the satisfaction of a given STL property. Additionally, we can provide prediction intervals containing the quantitative satisfaction values of the given STL property for any user-specified confidence level. We compare this prediction interval with the interval we get using risk estimation procedures. We also propose a refinement procedure based on Gaussian Process (GP)-based surrogate models for obtaining fine-grained probabilistic guarantees over sub-regions in the parameter space. This in turn enables the CPS designer to choose assured validity domains in the parameter space for safety-critical applications. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of our technique on several CPS models.

Validity of a Physics E-Module Based on Creative Problem Solving Model Integrated With Renewable Energy

E-modules are one of the teaching materials that can support the goals of an independent curriculum because with e-modules students can learn easily, can be accessed anywhere and at any time. The CPS model can train students to be skilled and creative in solving problems. One of the characteristics that needs to be integrated in teaching materials is energy saving. The aim of the research is to produce e-modules that meet the criteria of being feasible, practical and effective in improving student learning outcomes. This e-module was developed through research and development using the EDR (Educational Design Research) model with the following stages: analysis and exploration, design and construction, and evaluation and reflection. The Physics E-Module was developed for Work and Energy material which was developed based on Creative Problem Solving steps. Then this e-module also contains information about renewable energy and several energy saving invitations to students. The physics e-module that was developed met the very valid criteria, with detailed scores: 87.5 for the content suitability category, 87.5 for the e-module presentation category, 95.45 for the graphics category, and 91.67 for the language category. Thus, the physics e-module received a very valid assessment for all validation categories.

The Effectiveness of Creative Problem Solving Through Concrete Media Towards Creative Thinking Skill of the Fourth Grade Students at SDN 1 Kaliombo

The process of learning mathematics only focuses on understanding students but have not been able to develop their creative way of thinking. Students do not have the opportunity to explore answers or ways that are different from what the teacher teaches, so students cannot be creative in finding answers. The application of the creative problem solving learning model and concrete media in the form of nets of cubes and blocks is one solution to this problem. The purpose of this research is to find out: the difference in the average value of creative thinking skills after using the creative problem solving model and concrete media for fourth-grade students at SDN 1 Kaliombo. The experimental approach used in this research is the Pre-Experimental Design model in the form of a Pretest-Posttest Group Design. This study used fourth-grade students at SDN 1 Kaliombo as subjects, taking samples using total sampling or census. The research data was obtained from a statistical analysis of the t-test in the form of a Paired Sample t-Test. This study shows that: there is a difference in the average value before and after using the creative problem solving model and concrete media with a significance of 0.000 <0.025. Therefore, the CPS model assisted by concrete media can be said to have an effect on students' creative thinking abilities.

Cultivating Creative Problem‐Solving Skills in a Strategic Communication Class: Student Perceptions of a Collaborative Assignment

ABSTRACTProblem‐solving is an essential undergraduate learning outcome that also supports students' professional success. The creative problem‐solving model (CPS) (Isaksen et al., 2011) facilitates the development of these skills and aligns well with the scope of public relations (PR). The current study investigates student perceptions of an assignment anchored in the CPS model, designed to support their problem‐solving skills in a collaborative context. Survey findings of students enrolled in an upper division PR course (N = 42) indicate students enjoyed generating ideas and developing solutions and found these stages also supported their learning the most. However, not all students benefitted similarly from the assignment. There were differences associated with gender and race/ethnicity. Student enjoyment, comfort, and team dynamics were also important predictors of perceived learning. Findings from this study have implications for future research and development of undergraduate learning opportunities.

Creative problem solving in primary school students

AimsTwo studies are reported to give insight in the nature of creative problem solving in primary school students. Study 1 focused on the process and aimed to determine to what extent behaviors in response to a task matched the Creative Problem Solving model (CPS model; Isaksen et al., 2011; Treffinger, 1995). Study 2 focused on the product and aimed to determine the relations among creative problem solving outcomes and the overlap of these outcomes with divergent thinking and academic achievement outcomes. Sample13 fourth graders participated in Study 1; 594 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders participated in Study 2. MethodsIn study 1, students were asked to think aloud while completing a structured task. Their behaviors were coded based on the CPS model. In study 2, students completed similar tasks for three problem situations. Students’ ideas were rated on four CPS indicators. A measurement model and structural model were tested. ResultsStudy 1 showed that behaviors could be described with the CPS model. All elements were found: understanding the challenge, generating ideas, preparing for action, and planning your approach. The number of utterances within elements and the sequence of the creative problem solving processes varied across students. Study 2 showed that the relations of the creative problem solving indicators corresponded with theory and with relations found in earlier studies. ConclusionsThe CPS model can be applied in the primary school context and creative problem solving capability is already evident in primary school students.

PENGARUH MODEL CPS BERBANTUAN MEDIA PAMFLET UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KETERAMPILAN BERPIKIR KREATIF SISWA KELAS V SDN 104231 BATANG KUIS

This study aims to determine the effect of the pamphlet-assisted CPS model to improve the creative thinking skills of grade V students of SDN 104231 Batang Kuis. The subjects in this studyconsisted of two classes, namely class V A which amounted to 40 students and class V B which amounted to 38. There are three data collection techniques in this study, namely tests, angtot, and observation sheets. This research includes experimental research with the Quasi-Experimental method, where class V A as the experimental class to be treated and tol as V B as a control class that is not given treatment. In the pretest results, the experimental class got an average of 38.25 and the control class 36.84. Then the experimental class was given the CPS learning model treatment assisted by pamphlet media, while the control class was not given treatment. And the experimental class got a posttest result of 81.00 and the control class got an average score of 69.21. So it was concluded that there was an influence of the pamphlet media-assisted CPS model to improve students' creative thinking skills in theme 8 Our Friends Environment Subtheme 1 Human and Learning Environment 1 class V at SDN 104231 Dusun II, Sugiharjo, Batang Kuis District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra.

Coupled cluster theory on modern heterogeneous supercomputers.

This study examines the computational challenges in elucidating intricate chemical systems, particularly through ab-initio methodologies. This work highlights the Divide-Expand-Consolidate (DEC) approach for coupled cluster (CC) theory-a linear-scaling, massively parallel framework-as a viable solution. Detailed scrutiny of the DEC framework reveals its extensive applicability for large chemical systems, yet it also acknowledges inherent limitations. To mitigate these constraints, the cluster perturbation theory is presented as an effective remedy. Attention is then directed towards the CPS (D-3) model, explicitly derived from a CC singles parent and a doubles auxiliary excitation space, for computing excitation energies. The reviewed new algorithms for the CPS (D-3) method efficiently capitalize on multiple nodes and graphical processing units, expediting heavy tensor contractions. As a result, CPS (D-3) emerges as a scalable, rapid, and precise solution for computing molecular properties in large molecular systems, marking it an efficient contender to conventional CC models.

The Effectiveness of Physics E-Modules Based on Creative Problem-Solving Learning Model Integrated with 21st-Century Skills

The availability of teaching materials that contain 21st-century skills still needs to be improved. This research aims to look at the effectiveness of the 21st-century integrated CPS-based e-module that has been developed. This study is part of Research and Development research, using the Reeve Model with stages of analysis, design, and evaluation. Measurement of effectiveness is carried out at the evaluation stage. Effectiveness is measured by giving a pretest and posttest to students. The sampling technique used is a purposive sample. Effectiveness is measured by giving a pretest and posttest to students. There was an increase in student mastery of 21st-century skills from 78.32 to 84. Then, based on hypothesis testing, information was obtained that there were differences in student mastery of 21st-century skills before and after using the e-module (Sig (2-tailed)0.05). It indicates the effect of using e-modules based on the CPS model integrated with 21st-century skills to improve student mastery of 21st-century skills and mastery of 21st-century skills.

A framework for modeling and analyzing cyber-physical systems using statistical model checking

The trustworthiness of a cyber–physical system is essential for it to be qualified for utilization in most real-life deployments. This is especially critical for systems that deal with precious human lives. Although these safety-critical systems can be investigated using both experimental testing and model-based verification, accurate models have the potential to permit risk-free mimicking of the system behavior even in the most extreme scenarios. To overcome the CPS modeling and design challenges, the INCOSE/OMG standard System Modeling Language (SysML) is utilized in this work to accurately specify cyber–physical systems. For that, a bounded set of SysML constructs are defined to precisely capture the semantics of continuous-time and discrete-time system behaviors. Then, the SysML constructs are substituted by developing a new algebra, called Enhanced Activity Calculus (EAC). So, EAC helps construct equivalent priced timed automata models by developing a new systematic procedure to correctly translate the SysML models into the statistical model checking tool UPPAAL-SMC inputs. The latter checks whether the system is correct and safe or not. Moreover, the soundness of the developed translation mechanism has been proved and its effectiveness has been shown on a real use case, namely the artificial pancreas.

Inferring Moore Machine for adaptive online Hybrid Automaton Identification

In the context of CPS modeling, this paper proposes a new method for online adaptive identification of hybrid systems. The method relies on a Moore machine identification process; A mapping between a hybrid automaton and a discrete event Moore machine is proposed, and a new online adaptive Moore machine identification method is proposed. A case study illustrates the proposed method.

Learning Application of Contextual Teaching Learning and Creative Problem Solving Models assisted by Interactive Media on Students' Higher-Order Thinking Skills

The purpose of this research is to know the ability of HOTS the realm of knowledge of basic graphic design students grade X Multimedia SMKN 1 Pogalan because the application of CTL and CPS models are assisted by interactive media. This research uses the quasi-experiment design with pretest-posttest design and the research design is a population study consisting of all students of Class X Multimedia SMKN 1 Pogalan. The results of this study showed N-Gain experimental Class 1 and Experiment 2 in the medium category. The results of the hypothesis test show a significant value of 0.000. The conclusion is (1) an influence on the implementation of the CTL model assisted by interactive media against the ability of HOTS in experimental classroom knowledge 1; (2) There is an influence on the implementation of a CPS model with interactive media assistance to HOTS capabilities of experimental class knowledge 2 and; (3) There is a significant difference in the implementation of the CTL-assisted interactive media model with an interactive CPS model for the ability of HOTS of knowledge basic graphic design in students of Class X Multimedia at SMKN 1 Pogalan Trenggalek

Implementation of geogebra-assisted creative problem-solving model to improve problem solving ability and learning interest students

Mathematics aims to make students have good problem-solving skills based on the junior high school curriculum. However, the reality in the field is that more than 50% of students cannot solve problem-solving problems. This study aims to (1) Analyze the differences in the improvement of the problem-solving abilities of students who received learning with the GeoGebra-assisted CPS model and the problem-solving skills of students who received conventional learning in terms of overall and early mathematics ability (superior and low); (2) Analyzing the differences in learning interest of students who received GeoGebra-assisted CPS learning and students who received conventional understanding; (3) Analyzing the correlation between problem-solving abilities and students' interest in education. The research design employed was sequential explanatory with a quasi-experimental method. The Instruments were written tests, questionnaires, observation sheets, and interview guidelines. The data obtained were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test, t-test, and correlation test. The results showed that: (1) The improvement of the problem-solving abilities of students who received GeoGebra-assisted CPS learning was better than students who received conventional learning, and there was no difference in the problem-solving abilities of the superior early mathematical ability and low early mathematical ability groups; (2) The learning interest of students who receive GeoGebra-assisted CPS learning is better than students who receive conventional learning; (3) There is no correlation between problem-solving ability and student interest in learning. Creative problem-solving learning models assisted by GeoGebra applications can improve students' mathematical problem-solving skills and interest in learning.

Simulation-oriented model reuse in cyber-physical systems: A method based on constrained directed graph

Modeling and Simulation of Cyber-Physical Systems (MSCPS) is demanding in terms of immediate response to dynamic and complex changes of CPS. Simulation-oriented model reuse can be used to build a whole CPS model by reusing developed models in a new simulation application, which avoid repeated modeling and thus reduce the redevelopment of submodels. Model composition, one of the important methods, enables model reuse by selecting and adopting diversified integration solutions of simulation components to meet the requirements of simulation application systems. In this paper, a real-time model integration approach for global CPS modeling is proposed, which reuses developed submodels by compositing submodel nodes. Specifically, a constrained directed graph of submodels for the whole system which can meet the simulation requirements is constructed by reverse matching. Submodel properties, including co-simulation distance between submodel nodes, reuse benefit and simulation performance of model nodes, are quantified. Based on the properties, the model-integrated solution for the whole CPS simulation is retrieved throughout the model constrained digraph by the Genetic Algorithm (GA). In the experiment, the proposed method is applied to a typical model integrated computing scenario containing multiple model-integration solutions, among which the Pareto optimal solutions are retrieved. Results show that the effectiveness of the model integration method proposed in this paper is verified.

Investigation of the Structural and Thermochemical Properties of [2.2.2]-Bicyclooctadiene Photoswitches.

Molecular photoswitches can under certain conditions be used to store solar energy in the so-called molecular solar thermal storage systems, which is an interesting technology for renewable energy solutions. The current investigations focus on the performance of seven different density functional theory (DFT) methods (B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, PBE0, M06-2X, ωB97X-D, B2PLYP, and PBE0DH) when predicting geometries and thermochemical properties of the [2.2.2]-bicyclooctadiene (BOD) photoswitch. We find that all of the investigated DFT methods provide geometries that are in good agreement with those obtained using coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) calculations. The dependence on the employed basis set is not large when predicting geometries. With respect to the thermochemical properties, we find that the M06-2X, CAM-B3LYP, PBE0, and ωB97X-D functionals all predict thermochemical properties that are in good agreement with the results of the CCSD, the CCSD including perturbative triples (CCSD(T)), and the explicitly correlated CCSD-F12 and CCSD(T)-F12 models. Lastly, for energy calculations, we tested the newly developed fourth-order cluster perturbation theory singles and doubles CPS(D-4) model, which in this study provides energy differences that are of CCSD and sometimes also CCSD(T) quality at a relatively low cost. We find that the CPS(D-4) model is an excellent choice for further investigation of BOD derivatives because accurate energies can be obtained routinely using this methodology. From the results, we also note that the predicted storage energies and storage energy densities for the BOD photoswitch are very large compared to other molecular solar thermal storage systems and that these systems could be candidates for such applications.

Kemampuan Berpikir Kreatif Ditinjau dari Self Regulated Learning dengan Pendekatan Open-Ended Pada Model Pembelajaran Creative Problem Solving

The ability to think creatively is very important to be developed in students, especially when learning is starting to shift to blended learning where students are required to be able to organize portions and also how to learn independently, for this reason, students in this era need to grow their creative abilities to be able to keep up with educational developments. This study aims to conduct studies related to factors that can foster creative thinking skills. The research method used in this study is the SLR (Systematic Literture Review) method. Data collection is done by collecting similar research articles and limiting it to the topic of mathematical creative thinking skills. The articles used in this study were 20 articles with the topic of creative thinking skills. Based on the literature review, the most influencing factors in creative thinking skills are problem-based models and open-ended approaches. For this reason, using the CPS model with an open-ended approach will provide a model with a new alternative approach that can be tried to improve creative thinking skills.

How to organize learning that supports the mastery of collaborative problem solving skills

One of the important competencies for teachers to master is the skills to organize 21st century learning and assessment (Assessment and Teaching of 21st skill/ATC21S). One of the learning models recommended so that h = teachers have these skills is the collaborative problem solving model (CPS). Learning the CPS model can be done face-to-face or online. Students learn in pairs or in small groups collectively to solve the problems presented. There are at least two domains involved in learning activities, namely social prayer and cognitive domains. Assessment based on activities is based on a context of problems that can only be solved if students have cognitive mastery and require interaction with other people. To measure the results of CPS, various data can be used such as video recordings, conversation recordings, log data, tests, interviews and self-efficacy.

Research on Modeling and Simulation of Smart Substation Cyber-Physical System Considering Coupling Analysis

With the rapid development of Internet of Things and communication technologies, substations are becoming more intelligent, which brings opportunities for cyber attacks, threatens the safety of substations, and the high coupling of equipment in substations increases the threat. This paper analyzes and studies the information-physical characteristics and equipment coupling problems of smart substations, constructs a smart substation CPS model based on the balance equation of state quantity, and designs a line fault simulation example to verify the stability of the model.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ БАЙЕСОВСКИХ ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ И ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОГО IIoT (IIIoT) В УПРАВЛЕНИИ КИБЕРФИЗИЧЕСКИМИ СИСТЕМАМИ В УСЛОВИЯХ НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННОСТИ

The effectiveness of the functioning of cyberphysical systems is based primarily on the use of powerful methods of obtaining and processing information. The complexity of the structures and properties of cybernetic systems, as well as the conditions of their functioning, determine special requirements for measurement methods and computing, performed in such systems. As a rule, the uncertainty of CPS models, as well as the uncertainty of the influence of environmental factors and their interrelations with the properties of systems, primarily define the requirements for the intellectualization of measurements and computational processing of information. In this article, methods and tools of Bayesian intelligent measurements (BII) are proposed to ensure the effectiveness of management of cyberphysical systems under conditions of uncertainty. The concept and methodology of creating an intelligent industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is proposed, the distinctive feature of which is the intellectualization of measurement methods and data preprocessing. For this purpose, IIoT includes an intelligent DATALAKE, which is built on the basis of a Bayesian intelligent measurement systems that implements not only measurement and data integration functions, but also management decision support. Examples of real cyberphysical systems with control based on Bayesian intelligent measuring instruments are given. The prospects of using the proposed solutions based on BII in various modern technologies based on the principles of BIG DATA, DATA SCIENCE, neural networks, IIoT, DATA MINING and others are considered.

Integrated modeling method of Cyber physical system based on extended AADL

The concept and connotation of CPS are analyzed firstly in the paper, then the challenges of system modeling brought by heterogeneous feature of the CPS system are pointed out. How to describe the CPS model are studied. We propose a description method of CPS integrated modeling framework based on extended AADL (architecture analysis and design language); and realize the unified description of the computing entity, the physical entity and interactive entity through extending the standard and appendix of AADL.

Security Evaluation under Different Exchange Strategies Based on Heterogeneous CPS Model in Interdependent Sensor Networks.

In the real Internet of Everything scenario, many large-scale information systems can be converted into interdependent sensor networks, such as smart grids, smart medical systems, and industrial Internet systems. These complex systems usually have multiple interdependent sensor networks. Small faults or failure behaviors between networks may cause serious cascading failure effects of the entire system. Therefore, in this paper, we will focus on the security of interdependent sensor networks. Firstly, by calculating the size of the largest functional component in the entire network, the impact of random attacks on the security of interdependent sensor networks is analyzed. Secondly, it compares and analyzes the impact of cascading failures between interdependent sensor networks under different switching edge strategies. Finally, the simulation results verify the effect of the security of the system under different strategies, and give a better exchange strategy to enhance the security of the system. In addition, the research work in this article can help design how to further optimize the topology of interdependent sensor networks by reducing the impact of cascading failures.