Application Of Cow Urine Research Articles

Substrate for cupuaçu plantlets and the influence of cow urine as biofertilizer

Abstract The use of organic waste as components of substrate to produce fruit plantlets provides alternative materials, easily available and low cost. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of substrate and biofertilization with cow urine on the growth of cupuaçu plants (Theobroma grandiflorum) in an organic production system. A factorial experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 12 replications including four types of substrates (base mixture; base mixture + coconut fiber; base mixture + cocoa shell and base mixture + sand) with or without biofertilizer application totalizing 96 experimental units. Substrate and biofertilizer influenced the gas exchange and growth of T. grandiflorum plants. The interaction between these two factors significantly affected the dry matter, relative growth rate, net photosynthetic rate, and content of P, K and Mn in the leaves. Each factor, substrate and of cow urine application, independently, influenced the chlorophyll index, the leaf area, diameter, and height of the cupuaçu plants and the contents of N, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and Cu in the leaves. The base mixture substrate (composed by soil and organic compost) and fertilization with 1% of cow urine can be indicated to T. grandiflorum plantlets organic production.

Qualidade de mudas de mamoeiro Formosa (Carica papaya L.) produzidas em substratos com rejeitos de mica na composição e fertilização com urina de vaca

<p class="Normal1">Although papaya (Carica papaya L.) is one of the most expressive crops of Brazilian fruit, there is no information on the production of seedlings of this species on substrates with muscovite tailings (mica) and the use of cow urine as an organic fertilizer. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of substrates with different proportions of mica and with the use of cow urine as organic fertilizer on the quality of Formosa papaya seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement, corresponding to the percentages of 0.0%; 25.0%; 50.0%; 75.0% and 100.0% mica in the substrate with and without weekly application of cow’s urine diluted in water (5.0%) and fifteen repetitions. The variables analyzed were stem height / diameter ratio, total leaf area, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, total dry mass, leaf biomass allocation, stem biomass allocation, root biomass allocation and Dickson quality index. Formosa papaya seedlings with better agronomic quality were produced with substrate with 48.3% mica in the composition and weekly application of cow urine diluted in 5.0% water </p>

Effects of short-term freezing on nitrous oxide emissions and enzyme activities in a grazed pasture soil after bovine-urine application

Nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soils applied with livestock excreta have been widely reported previously. The highest N2O emissions from soils are also often reported during thawing periods in cold regions where soil freezing is common. However, the combined effects of cow urine application and freeze-thaw events on N2O emissions and the related enzyme activities are still not clear. Thus, we simulated a freeze-thaw event at −3 °C for 7 days, and then increased to 3 °C for 46 days using intact soil cores with cow urine (392 kg N ha−1). We compared the factors influencing the magnitudes of N2O emissions through soil microbial processes with and without the freeze-thaw event. Dicyandiamide (DCD), an inhibitor of nitrification, was added to investigate the significance of nitrification on N2O emissions. The N2O emission rates from the urine-applied soils peaked to approximately 1000 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1 immediately after the soils thawed. Soil freezing with urine application was significantly higher cumulative N2O emissions (537 mg N2O-N m−2), compared to non-frozen soils with urine (247 mg N2O-N m−2) during the incubation period (54 days). The effect of DCD application on N2O emissions was not clear during the freeze-thaw event, although nitrate production rates were reduced. After the freezing event, soil moisture (water-filled pore space) was significantly higher in the non-frozen soils compared to the frozen soils, due to a 9% decline in bulk density of frozen soils. Additionally, the impact of thawing on urease and denitrification enzyme activities was influenced by the urine application. Urine application increased the urease activity, while the freezing event decreased the magnitudes. The physical changes in the soils were also important controlling factors of the N2O emissions from cow urine-applied soils in cold regions.

Effect of fertility levels and cow urine application as basal and foliar spray on quality and nutrient content of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson

Cow urine as a nutrient source along with different fertility levels on mustard is studied at IFS block institute of agricultural science BHU. A split plot field experiment was conducted on mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss var. Kalasona) during 2014-15 at the IFS block of Agricultural Research Farm, Department of Agronomy, BHU to examine the effect of fertility levels and cow urine application as basal and foliar spray on nutrient content and quality of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson]. The Oil yield (kg ha-1), Seed protein content (%), Protein yield (kg ha-1) and NPK content of seed and stover except P content in seed were observed significantly highest with higher dose of fertilizer dose i.e. 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), i.e.100:50:50:40, compared to 75% RDF. Among the urine levels basal urine application of 1200 l ha-1 and foliar spray of 50% recorded highest oil and protein yield. N, P, K content of seed and stover were recorded higher with combined application of 100% RDF, basal cow urine level of 1200 l ha-1 and foliar spray of 50% urine.

Efficacy of different temperate pasture species to reduce nitrogen leaching from cattle urine applied in different seasons: A soil lysimeter study

AbstractA soil lysimeter field study assessed the efficacy of different pasture species to reduce nitrogen (N) leaching loss from cow urine deposited in different seasons. A single application of cow urine (15N‐labelled; equivalent to 622 kg N ha−1) was applied in three different seasons (summer, autumn or winter) to three pasture species monocultures (perennial ryegrass, plantain or lucerne) on a free‐draining volcanic soil and monitored over 362 days. Leachate analyses revealed consistently large leaching losses of inorganic‐N from lucerne (>200 kg N ha−1) across different urine application times due to the relatively low plant growth rates during winter (<15 kg DM ha−1 day−1) that led to low total recovery of urine‐N by lucerne plants (<20% of the applied urine‐15N). Conversely, plant uptake of the urine‐N was higher by plantain (ranging from 30% to 45% of that applied) driven by moderately higher winter plant growth rates (30 to 60 kg DM ha−1 day−1). Plantain exhibited large seasonal variation in its efficacy to reduce urine‐N leaching relative to ryegrass (ranging from 15% to 50% reduction for summer or winter urine applications, respectively) with an overall reduction of 39% in the total amount of inorganic‐N leached across the three seasons (53 vs. 87 kg N ha−1 leached relative to ryegrass). This study has demonstrated the potential benefit of using plantain to reduce N leaching losses from urine deposited in the summer to winter grazing period. However, further research is required to quantify the effects of plantain on annual N leaching losses from grazed pastoral systems.

Avaliação fenoprodutiva e teores clorofilianos de rabanete sob fertilização com urina de vaca e cobertura morta

The radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a short-cycle vegetable that has a rapid demand for nutrients to grow and produce. Because of the small number of reports on organic fertilization with this crop, this work was conducted in the Plant Production Sector of the Course of Agroecology of the Picuí Campus ,IFPB and aimed to evaluate the attributes of growth, yield and chlorophyll index of radish in response to the application of cow urine, via soil, as an alternative fertilization. The experimental design was organized in randomized blocks, with four replications, in a 6 x 2 factorial arrangement, which corresponded to six concentrations of cow urine (0.00%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75%, 1 , 00% and 1,25% - v / v), applied weekly with and without mulch. The variables analyzed were plant height, number of leaves, leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf area index, Falker a, b and total chlorophyll index, longitudinal and equatorial diameters of tuberous roots, fresh tuberous root mass, Axial root length, total dry mass, percentage of commercial tuberous roots, productivity and dry matter yield. The use of mulch reduced specific leaf area, fresh matter and radish productivity, regardless of the concentration of cow urine applied. The leaf chlorophyll index of radish was higher in the plants without mulching. Longer radishes were obtained on substrates without mulching or 0.51% cow urine. Possibly, due to the production of secondary metabolites (allelochemicals) from the mulch (rice straw), the application of 0.54% cow urine without mulching provided higher radish productivity. The concentration of cow urine of 0.38% provided higher yields of dry matter.

PENGARUH KONSENTRASI DAN FREKUENSI APLIKASI PUPUK URINE SAPI TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI TANAMAN CABAI KERITING (Capsicum annuum L.)

Red chili plant a bush-shaped plant and is widely used as a flavor enhancer in food spicy . Demand for the chili continue to increase in line with population growth. This research was conducted at the location of Farmers Group Source Rezeki, Toddopulia Village, District Tanralili Maros which lasts from March to June 2016. This study aims to analyze the effect of the concentration and frequency of urine sapii applications on the growth and yield of curly red pepper. This study was conducted using a randomized block design with factorial 2 factors. The first factor is the treatment of cow urine concentration consisting of three levels ie 20 ml / liter of water, 40 ml / liter of water, and 60 ml / liter of water. The second factor is the frequency of application of cow urine which consists of two levels ie 2 weeks and 4 weeks. The results showed that the concentration of 40 ml / liter of water and frequency of fertilizer application of cow urine in 2 weeks give better effect on the growth and yield of chilli curls with the highest plant height of 85.83 cm, the number of branches stalk 44.42, the fastest flowering age 46 02 days, the number of fruit per plant fruit 143.62, weighs 625.42 grams of fruits per plant and fruit production per hectare of 11.47 tonnes.

Subsurface cadmium loss from a stony soil-effect of cow urine application.

Cadmium (Cd) losses in subsurface flow from stony soils that have received cow urine are potentially important, but poorly understood. This study investigated Cd loss from a soil under a winter dairy-grazed forage crop that was grazed either conventionally (24h) or with restricted grazing (6h). This provided an opportunity to test the hypothesis that urine inputs could increase Cd concentrations in drainage. It was thought this would be a result of cow urine either (i) enhancing dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations via an increase in soil pH, resulting in the formation of soluble Cd-organic carbon complexes and, or (ii) greater inputs of chloride (Cl) via cow urine, promoting the formation of soluble Cd-Cl complexes. Cadmium concentrations in subsurface flow were generally low, with a spike above the water quality guidelines for a month after the 24-h grazing. Cadmium fluxes were on average 0.30gCdha-1year-1 (0.27-0.32gCdha-1year-1), in line with previous estimates for agricultural soils. The mean Cd concentration in drainage from the 24-h grazed plots was significantly higher (P<0.05) than 6-h plots. No increase in DOC concentrations between the treatments was found. However, Cl concentrations in drainage were significantly higher (P<0.001) from the 24-h than the 6-h grazed treatment plots, and positively correlated with Cd concentrations, and therefore, a possible mechanism increasing Cd mobility in soil. Further study is warranted to confirm the mechanisms involved and quantities of Cd lost from other systems.

Effect of different land use and land use change on ammonia oxidiser abundance and N2O emissions

In recent years, there has been a major expansion of dairy farming in New Zealand, largely as a result of land use change from forestry and sheep farming to dairy farming. Possible impacts of different land uses and land use change on ammonia oxidising bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) and N2O emissions are not well understood. A field study was carried out to determine the effects on AOB and AOA abundance by three long-term different land uses, pine tree plantation (30+ years), sheep farming (30+ years) and dairy farming (12+ years), located in close proximity on the same soil type. A laboratory incubation study was carried out to determine the impact of dairy cow urine application (simulating the deposition of dairy cattle urine after the conversion of tree plantation and sheep farming to dairy farming) on AOB and AOA growth and N2O emissions. The results showed that AOB abundance was higher in the dairy and sheep farm soils (P < 0.05) than in the pine tree soil but that the AOA abundance was higher in the sheep farm soil than in the dairy and pine tree soils (P < 0.05). When dairy cow urine was applied in the incubation study, the AOB growth was initially faster in the dairy, followed by sheep and then followed by the pine tree soil, but the growth continued for an extended period in the pine tree soil with the amoA gene copy numbers eventually exceeding those in the sheep and dairy pasture soils. AOA grew following urine application in the sheep soil but did not change in the other soils. Total N2O emissions in the pine tree soil was more than twice those from the dairy and sheep farm soils. These results demonstrate the significant impact of land use and land use change on ammonia oxidiser communities and subsequent impacts on nitrogen transformations and N2O emissions. Further research is needed to verify these results in the field.

Effect of fertility levels and cow urine application on the growth and uptake of nutrients of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. &amp; Coss

An experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2013 under irrigated condition at Varanasi to study the effect of fertility levels and cow urine application on growth and N, P, K content of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss]. Application of 100% fertility level and 900 litre cow urine significantly increased the dry matter accumulation, physiological growth and N, P, K uptake of mustard in comparison to 50% RDF and control, respectively. Application of 100% RDF produced 12.1 and 31.2% higher seed yield than 75 and 50% RDF, respectively. Regarding the urine application, the increasing levels of urine application up to 900 l cow urine/ha enhanced the yield attributes as well as seed and stover yield. The investigation clearly indicated that under irrigated ecosystem of Varanasi no reduction in the recommended fertilizer dose to mustard was possible. Increasing levels of cow urine application up to 900 l/ha as basal dose markedly improved growth parameters, yield attributes as well assessed and stover yield and nutrient uptake of mustard. Fertilizer application at 120 kg N+60 kg P2O5+60 kg K2O+40 kg S/ha and 900 l cow urine/ha produced maximum yield and proved most remunerative.

Influence of organic and inorganic nutrient management practices on yield, economics and quality parameters of aerobic rice

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of organic and inorganic nutrient management practices on yield, economics and quality parameters of aerobic rice during kharif 2013 and 2014 at Main Agricultural Research Station, Dharwad. The experiment consisted of 24 treatment combinations comprising six main plots (manurial practices) and four sub-plots (liquid organic manures) which were replicated thrice. Integrated application of recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (100: 50: 50 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha)+farm yard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha+microbial consortium (Azospirillum + phosphate solubilizing bacteria) with soil application of biodigester @ 2500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 days after sowing (DAS) recorded significantly higher productive tillers/m2 (466.62), filled grains/panicle (92.97), grain yield (4262 kg/ha), straw yield (6033 kg/ha), protein (8.75%) and starch (22.70%). Among the treatment combinations, integrated application of RDF+FYM+microbial consortium and soil application of cow urine @ 500 l/ha at 30, 60 and 90 DAS recorded significantly higher net returns (Rs. 34, 595/ha) and benefit: cost ratio of Rs. 2.17 over other treatments.

Priming of soil decomposition leads to losses of carbon in soil treated with cow urine

The extent to which priming of soil carbon (C) decomposition following treatment with cow urine leads to losses of soil C has not been fully investigated. However, this may be an important component of the carbon (C) cycle in intensively grazed pastures. Our objective was to determine soil C losses via priming in soil treated with cow urine and artificial urine. Cow urine, water, 14C-urea artificial urine, and 14C-glucose artificial urine were applied to repacked soil cores and incubated at 25°C for 84 days. We used radio-labelled artificial urine to determine the extent to which urea hydrolysis contributed to elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in urine-treated soil and as a comparison to the priming effects of cow urine. Water-soluble C, pH, dehydrogenase activity, urease activity, and CO2 evolution were monitored during the incubation. Priming of soil C decomposition (more CO2-C evolved than was added as a C source) in the cow urine treatment was 4.2 ± 0.7 mg C g–1 (5.2 ± 0.9% of soil C concentration, corrected for water control). In the cow urine treatment, ~54% of retained urea was hydrolysed and it contributed 0.4 ± 0.1 mg CO2-C g–1 to total CO2 fluxes. Low urea hydrolysis may have been due to decreased urease activity in the cow urine treatment due to the large amounts of urea present and the increased pH. Dehydrogenase activity was elevated immediately after cow urine application, and indicates that priming was likely due to heightened microbial activity. Negative priming (less CO2-C evolved than was added as a C source) was measured in the artificial urine treatments and this may reflect the differences in composition between the cow and artificial urines. Solubilisation of soil C was also found in the artificial urine treatments, but it did not appear to be correlated with increased pH or periods of greater urea hydrolysis. While cow urine decreased soil C by positively priming soil C decomposition, our artificial urine did not. Therefore, caution is recommended when using artificial urine for C-cycling research. The mechanisms by which both increased soil pH and priming occurs in urine-treated soils require further investigation.

Sources of nitrous oxide from 15N-labelled animal urine and urea fertiliser with and without a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD)

A field lysimeter study was conducted to determine the sources of N2O emitted following the application of dairy cow urine and urea fertiliser labelled with 15N, with and without a nitrification inhibitor, dicyandiamide (DCD). The results show that the application of cow urine at 1000 kg N/ha significantly increased N2O emissions above that from urea applied alone at 25 kg N/ha. The application of urine seemed to have a priming effect, increasing N2O emissions from the soil N pool. Treating the soil with DCD significantly (P &lt; 0.05) decreased N2O emissions from the urine-applied treatment by 72%. The percentage of N2O-N derived from the applied N was 53.1% in the urine-applied treatment and this was reduced to 29.9% when DCD was applied. On average, about 43% of the N2O emitted in the urine-applied treatments was from nitrification. The application of DCD did not have a major effect on the relative contributions of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions in the urine treatments. This indicates that the DCD nitrification inhibitor decreased the contributions to N2O emissions from both nitrification and denitrification.

Nitrous oxide emissions from animal urine application on a New Zealand pasture

Animal excreta-nitrogen (N) deposited onto pastoral soils during grazing has been identified as an important source of nitrous oxide (N2O). Understanding the extent and seasonal variation of N2O emissions from animal urine is important for the development of best management practices for reducing N2O losses. The aim of this study was to determine N2O emissions from cow urine after application onto a pastoral soil in different seasons between 2003 and 2005. A closed soil chamber technique was used to measure the N2O emissions from a poorly drained silt loam soil which received either 0 (control) or 1,000 kg N ha−1 (as real cow urine) per application. Application of cow urine to soil increased N2O fluxes above those from the control site for up to 6 weeks, but the duration for which N2O levels were elevated depended on the season. Nitrous oxide emissions were higher during the winter and spring measurement periods when the soil water-filled pore space (WFPS) was mostly above field capacity, and the emissions were lower during the summer and autumn measurement periods when the soil WFPS was below field capacity. The N2O emission factor for urine ranged from 0.02 to 1.52% of N applied. This seasonal effect suggests that a reduction in urine return to soil (e.g., through use of standoff pads or animal housing) under wet conditions in New Zealand can potentially reduce N2O emissions from pastoral soils.

Short-term Emissions of Ammonia and Carbon Dioxide from Cattle Urine Contaminated Tropical Grassland Microcosm

The study was designed to understand the emissions of ammonia (NH(3)) and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) from a single cattle urination event on a tropical grassland and underline the significance of the emissions in the context of huge animal population grazing on large pasture areas in some countries. Emissions of ammonia (NH(3)) and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) were monitored for three weeks from a tropical grassland (dominated by Cynodon dactylon Pers.) microcosm contaminated with cow and buffalo urine. The grassland microcosms were treated with urine (50 and 100 ml of each) only once and irrigated with water once every week. Ammonia was sampled by an automatic sampling system comprising of a vacuum pump, three-way stopcocks and rubber tubing and an impinger containing suitable absorbing solution (H(2)SO(4)), connected to the tubing suitably. The sampled gas, after sucked by the vacuum pump and absorbed in H(2)SO(4), was allowed to enter the closed microcosm again maintaining internal pressure of the microcosm. Carbon dioxide was sampled by absorption in an alkali (NaOH) trap inside the microcosm. Both NH(3) and CO(2) emissions were highly variable temporally and there was no continuous increasing or decreasing emission trend with time. Respectively, 45 and 46% of total NH(3)-N were emitted within first 48 h from 50 and 100 ml cow urine application while the corresponding values for buffalo urine were 34 and 32%. Total NH(3)-N emissions, integrated for sampling days (i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 15, 18 and 21st) were 11 and 6% in cow and 8 and 5% in buffalo urine, of the total-N added through 50 and 100 ml urine samples. Carbon dioxide emissions were standardized at 25 degrees C by using a suitable formula which were lower than actual emissions at actual soil temperature (> 25 degrees C). Carbon dioxide emission rates were classified on the basis of soil repiratory classification and classes ranged from moderately low soil activity up to unusually high soil activity, the latter observed only on very few sampling days. Grasses in the microcosm had shown appreciable growth after urine application. Although variable and somewhat unpredictable, emissions were appreciable and that too only from a patch of single urination, indicating to the huge magnitude of total emissions under the scenario of thousands of cattle grazing on hundreds of acres of grasslands in a tropical country.

The effect of a single application of cow urine on annual N2 fixation under varying simulated grazing intensity, as measured by four 15N isotope techniques

The effects of dairy cow urine and defoliation severity on biological nitrogen fixation and pasture production of a mixed ryegrass-white clover sward were investigated over 12 months using mowing for defoliation. A single application of urine (equivalent to 746 kg N ha−1), was applied in late spring to plots immediately after light and moderately-severe defoliation (35 mm and 85 mm cutting heights, respectively) treatments were imposed. Estimates of percentage clover N derived from N2 fixation (%Ndfa) were compared by labelling the soil with 15N either by applying a low rate of 15N-labelled ammonium sulphate, immobilising 15N in soil organic matter, adding 15N to applied urine, or by utilising the small differences in natural abundance of 15N in soil. Urine application increased annual grass production by 85%, but had little effect on annual clover production. However, urine caused a marked decline in %Ndfa (using an average of all 15N methods) from 84% to a low of 22% by 108 days, with recovery to control levels taking almost a year. As a result, total N fixed (in above ground clover herbage) was reduced from 232 to 145 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Moderately–severe defoliation had no immediate effect on N2 fixation, but after 108 days the %Ndfa was consistently higher than light defoliation during summer and autumn, and increased by up to 18%, coinciding with an increase in growth of weeds and summer-grass species. Annual N2 fixation was 218 kg N ha−1 yr−1 under moderately-severe defoliation compared to 160 kg N ha−1 yr−1 under light defoliation. Estimates of %Ndfa were generally similar when 15N-labelled or immobilised 15N were used to label soil regardless of urine and defoliation severity. The natural abundance technique gave highly variable estimates of %Ndfa (−56 to 24%) during the first 23 days after urine application but, thereafter, estimates of %Ndfa were similar to those using 15N-labelling methods. In contrast, in urine treated plots the use of 15N-labelled urine gave estimates of %Ndfa that were 20–30% below values calculated using conventional 15N-labelling during the first 161 days. These differences were probably due to differences in the rooting depth between ryegrass and white clover in conjunction with treatment differences in 15N distribution with depth. This study shows that urine has a prolonged effect on reducing N2 fixation in pasture. In addition, defoliation severity is a potential pasture management tool for strategically enhancing N2 fixation.

Inhibitive Activity of Cow Urine and Cow Dung against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of Cucumber

A study on comparative efficacy and in vitro activity of fresh cow urine and cow dung for controlling Sclerotinia rot caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum of cucumber was carried out following mycelial growth inhibition test, treated and untreated sclerotia with these organic matters at different days of incubation. Results showed that cow urine suppressed more effectively the mycelial growth even after 5 days of incubation in comparison to cow dung. The highest inhibition 75.9% of mycelial growth was recorded in cow dung potato dextrose agar (CUPDA) after 3 days of incubation and least 22.7% was in cow dung potato dextrose agar (CUPDA) after same days of incubation. Mycelial growth from sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum was also influenced by PDA medium mixed with cow urine and cow dung. After 6 days of incubation in CUPDA mycelial growth was only 12.9 mm whereas in CDPDA and PDA the corresponding growth at the same time were 65.8 mm and 80.0 mm. Treated sclerotia of the selected fungus with cow urine had a very effective role on suppression of mycelial growth than that of untreated one. No mycelial growth was observed up to 4 days in treated sclerotia with cow urine. After 5 days only 0.9 mm mycelial growth was measured in treated sclerotia, while in case of untreated sclerotia the growth was 42.6 mm. Application of cow urine and cow dung on growing plants inoculated with the pathogen at different concentrations also proved their inhibitive effects.