Cow Manure Compost Research Articles

Fungal community succession under influence of biochar in cow manure composting.

This study examined the influence of biochar addition on fungal community during composting of cow manure using high-throughput sequencing. Two treatments were set up, including compost of cow manure plus 10% biochar (BC) and cow manure compost without biochar (CK). Fungal community composition varied obviously during composting in both treatments, and main fungi included Aspergillus, Myriococcum, Thermomyces, Mycothermus, Scedosporium, Cladosporium, and unclassified Microascaceae. Fungal community composition was altered by biochar during composting, especially during the thermophilic and the cooling phase, promoting Aspergillus and Myriococcum while inhibiting unclassified Microascaceae and Thermomyces. Based on linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis, common indicator groups were detected in both composts; however, specific indicator groups were also found in BC treatment, including Clavicipitaceae, Tremellales, Gibberella, and Coprinopsis. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) indicated that moisture content, organic matter, C/N, and pH had significant correlation (p < 0.05) with fungal composition in both treatments. However, in compost added with biochar, temperature was not an important factor affecting fungal community (p > 0.05).

Efficiency of Prepared Chelate Fertilizer From Humic Acid in Reducing Ammonia Volatilization From Urea Fertilizer

Composted cow manure sample was collected from filed of college of Agriculture, University of Basrah. Its properties were identified. Humic acid was extracted from cow manure and diagnosed according to elemental analysis (CHN), spectral study (E4/E6), infra-red spectrum (IR), in addition to chemical composition of functional groups. Two types of humic acid were prepared, one of them humic acid with fermented plant residue (HA1-N) and other humic acid with zeolite (HA2-N). A laboratory experiment was carried out to study the amount of ammonia volatile from two prepared chelate fertilizers (HA1-N and HA2-N) and urea fertilizer by incubation two types of soils (sandy soil and clay loam soil) at 35°C with four rates of nitrogen (0, 125, 250 and 500 mg N kg-1 soil) and with five incubation time (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 days). The study found that increasing rate of nitrogen and incubation time increased ammonia volatilization, and the highest value was at the rate 500 mg N kg-1 soil and at 48 days of incubation to reach a 21.427 and 9.736 mg N-NH3 Kg-1 soil for sandy soil and clay loam soil, respectively. Application of two prepared chelate fertilizers (HA1-N and HA2-N) at rate 500 mg N Kg -1 reduced ammonia volatilization to 99.30 % and 98.62 % for sandy soil and 98.96 % and 97.77 % for clay loam soil comparing with urea fertilizer . Fertilizers were took the following order in reducing ammonia volatilization : HA1-N &gt; HA2-N &gt; Urea.

Measurement of cow manure compost toxicity and maturity based on weed seed germination

Abstract There are many weed seeds that maintain their viability in cow manure (COM), which not only poses a serious threat to agriculture if the manure is applied to the fields directly, but also affects the food security. Composting is an essential process that transforms COM into fertilizer and reduces the plant diseases or weed seeds. In the scientific literature, there are many investigations on the effect of temperature, electrical conductivity, and pH on the viability of the weed seeds, but very few reports dealt with the combined influence of the above factors with volatile fatty acids (acetic acid) and toxic metals on the deactivation of weed seeds. The aim of this study was to investigate the compost toxicity and maturity by a seed germination test. The viability of 8 types of weed seeds was investigated in separate glass fermentation tanks during the COM composting for 45 d. The seed viability was determined by the triphenyl tetrazole chloride method. The results revealed that all the weed seeds were killed in the process of composting, with 7 weed seeds inactivated within 110 h at temperatures below 60 °C, while the 8th seed, field bindweed was an exception. This could be attributed to the large volume of the seed; however, the follow-up process could destroy the field bindweed as well. The significant correlations among various physicochemical parameters, volatile fatty acids, toxic metals and viability weed seeds are found by redundancy analyses. This study could be considered a benchmark that suggests that the use of composted COM involves a small risk of enhancing the abundance of weed seeds. The aerobic composting appears to be an efficient way to treat the COM in a way that suppresses the parasitic weeds so that the COM could be applied without risking the pets.

Effect of Plant Spacing and Organic Fertilizer Doses on Methane Emission in Organic Rice Fields

Methane (CH4) emission from paddy rice fields is a global concern; however, engineering plant spacing can decrease CH4 emission. Due to this, field research was conducted to measure CH4 emissions from rice fields planted using jarwo 2:1 spacing, which has a 25 × 12.5 cm and 50 cm for the plant-free area (PFA), compared to tegel, which has a spacing of 25 × 25 cm. Each field was treated with organic fertilizer (mixture of cow manure and neem compost in a ratio of 1:1) with one of four doses: 0, 3, 6 and 9 tons/ha. The results showed that chemical properties such as soluble-Fe, soil organic matter (SOM), soil acidity (pH), and redox potential (Eh) were significantly correlated with CH4 emissions (0.52***, 0.47**, 0.36*, and -0.27* respectively). Jarwo 2:1 had lower CH4 emissions than tegel on all doses of fertilizer. The most efficient dose of fertilizer was 3 tons/ha applied jarwo 2:1 because it was able to produce rice up to 12 tons/ha with CH4 emissions of only 34 kg/ha/season, while CH4 emissions in tegel was 39 kg/ha/season. It is concluded that jarwo 2:1 with 3 tons/ha organic fertilizers can be recommended to farmers because it produces lower CH4 emissions and higher rice yield.

Effect of Bottom Ash and Cow Manure Compost on Chemical Properties of Soil at New-Established Rice Field

&lt;p class="Default"&gt;The conversion of dryland to rice field at Sumatra Island, Indonesia was generally developed on marginal lands with Ultisols and Oxisols soil types. Those soil types contained high iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al), but low phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). That is because the changes in the process resulted from submerging the soil. For example, the decrease of redox potential, ion reduction from Fe&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; to Fe&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, and Mn&lt;sup&gt;4+&lt;/sup&gt; into Mn&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;. Those compounds will be dissolved and can be absorbed by plants thus causing toxicity. The objective of the study was to assess the effects of bottom ash and cow manure compost at the various doses on soil chemical properties and rice yield on the new-established rice field. This research used factorial design with two factors in Completely Randomized Design. The factors were a dose of bottom ash and cow manure compost, with three replications. The results showed. The addition of bottom ash and cow manure compost at the dosage in this study was not able to reduce the levels of FeDTPA and MnDTPA at newly established rice fields. However, the application of cow manure compost significantly increased soil pH, exchangeable cation (K, Na, Ca), base saturation and decreased exchangeable-H. The addition of bottom ash does not affect paddy yield, while cow manure compost up to 10 tons ha-1 increased panicle and straw dry weight.&lt;/p&gt;

Exploratory Study of the Application of Smoke Aerosols to Manure-Based Composting Materials To Reduce Prevalence of Salmonella

During the early stages of aerobic composting, heat is generated and when the materials are self-insulating, extended exposure of pathogens to this heat source will lead to significant reduction, if not elimination, of the pathogens. However, when insufficient heat is applied to the composting materials, pathogens may survive. Under those conditions if the compost had contained material of animal origin or food waste, it would be considered untreated and would not be allowed in fields growing crops that may be consumed raw. However, alternative treatment processes are allowed, provided they are validated to meet the microbial standards stipulated in the Produce Safety final rule of the Food Safety Modernization Act and that the physical parameters of the process are documented to ensure that the conditions under which the process was validated have been met. Hence, this exploratory study was undertaken in a laboratory setting to determine the potential for application of aerosolized smoke to inactivate Salmonella in manure-based compost. Smoke generated from wood chips (oak or pecan) and introduced to the headspace of contaminated cow manure compost (≤3 log CFU/g) in sealed containers (35 g per container) resulted in no Salmonella detected by enrichment culture in 100% (0 of 14) of the samples after 18 to 48 h of exposure, whereas Salmonella in control samples remained at initial levels over the same time period. Shorter exposure times (6 h) to the smoke aerosols were less effective (11 of 24 samples positive by enrichment culture), and additional flushes with the wood smoke during this time failed to decrease the prevalence of contamination. Smoke aerosols generated from waste agricultural materials and held in containers with Salmonella-contaminated compost for 18 h significantly reduced the prevalence of the pathogen in samples compared with control samples (P < 0.05). The odds of not finding Salmonella in smoke-exposed compost were 14 (pine needles and rice hulls), 23 (cocoa hulls, orange rind, and peanut hulls), and 28 (sunflower hulls) times greater compared with samples not exposed to smoke. Many other variables remain to be examined (e.g., compost composition, compost maturity, and anaerobic conditions) to determine whether this approach could be universally applied to manure-based compost. Validation under field conditions will be required and may entail use of this approach in combination with suboptimal thermal conditions (<55°C).

Effect of Types and Doses of Compost Fertilizer on Growth and Yield of Sawi Plants (Brassica juncea L.).

This study aims to determine the effect of compost types and doses of compost fertilizer and their interactions on the growth and yield of mustard greens. To find out the dosage of compost suitable for mustard plants.The study was conducted in Bukit Makmur Village, Kaliorang District, East Kutai Regency. The research was conducted from May to June 2015. Starting from May 1, 2015 to June 15, 2015.The study used a Factorial 3x4 Complete Randomized Design (RAL) pattern which was repeated 4 (four) times. The first factor is the type of compost fertilizer (K) which consists of 3 (three) levels, namely: cow manure compost (k1), chicken manure compost (k2), and goat manure compost (k3). The second factor was the dose of compost (D) which consisted of 4 (four) levels, namely: without giving doses of compost fertilizer (d0), 35 g / polybag compost (d1), 52.5 g / polybag compost (d2) and 70 g / compost poly bag (d3).The treatment of compost types was significantly different from the wet weight of mustard plants, but it was not significantly different from plant height, number of leaves aged 2, 4 and 6 weeks after planting, and dry weight of mustard plants.The treatment of compost dosage was significantly different for plant height, but it was not significantly different from the number of leaves aged 2, 4 and 6 weeks after planting, wet weight and dry weight of mustard plants.The interaction between types of compost and the dosage of compost differed significantly from plant height, number of leaves aged 2, 4 and 6 weeks after planting, wet weight and dry weight of mustard plants

Microbial Community Succession and Response to Environmental Variables During Cow Manure and Corn Straw Composting.

In composting system, the composition of microbial communities is determined by the constant change in the physicochemical parameters. This study explored the dynamics of bacterial and fungal communities during cow manure and corn straw composting using high throughput sequencing technology. The relationships between physicochemical parameters and microbial community composition and abundance were also evaluated. The sequencing results revealed the major phyla included Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Chloroflexi and Actinobacteria, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) illustrated that Actinomycetales and Sordariomycetes were the indicators of bacteria and fungi in the maturation phase, respectively. Mantel test showed that NO3--N, NH4+-N, TN, C/N, temperature and moisture content significantly influenced bacterial community composition while only TN and moisture content had a significant effect on fungal community structure. Structural equation model (SEM) indicated that TN, NH4+-N, NO3--N and pH had a significant effect on fungal abundance while TN and temperature significantly affected bacterial abundance. Our finding increases the understanding of microbial community succession in cow manure and corn straw composting under natural conditions.

Fractionation of heavy metals in contaminated soil after amendment with composted cow manure and poultry litter

Irrigation of agricultural fields with industrial wastewater results in the accumulation of heavy metals (HM) in soils. This situation could be harmful to animals and humans health. Therefore, this study investigated HM fractions in soils treated with composted cow manure and poultry litter. Before application, manures were composted with privet and Italian cypress residues at the ratio of 1:0, 1:1, and 1:2 (animal manure:plant residues). The results showed that extraction of HM fractions reduced from contaminated soils depending upon the type and ratio of composted manure applied. Heavy metal fractions in soils reduced significantly as compost application rates increased and decreased as the amount of privet and cypress wastes in the compost increased. Heavy metals were released less from the soil amended with composted poultry litter as compared to soil samples containing cow manure. Mixing of soil with manure containing cypress residues reduced heavy metal concentrations more than the composted material containing privet residues. Concentrations of HM in polluted soil varied as Pb > Cu > Zn > Ni > Cd irrespective of the extracting agent. The concentration of HM differed among fractions as residual metal > oxide associated metal > carbonate associated metal > organically bound metal > exchangeable metal. Overall treatments of manures composted with plant waste reduced the extractability of HM from soil, and this would be beneficial for limiting HM bioavailability from contaminated soils.

Microbial Consortia versus Single-Strain Inoculants: An Advantage in PGPM-Assisted Tomato Production?

The use of biostimulants with plant growth-promoting properties, but without significant input of nutrients, is discussed as a strategy to increase stress resistance and nutrient use efficiency of crops. However, limited reproducibility under real production conditions remains a major challenge. The use of combination products based on microbial and non-microbial biostimulants or microbial consortia, with the aim to exploit complementary or synergistic interactions and increase the flexibility of responses under different environmental conditions, is discussed as a potential strategy to overcome this problem. This study aimed at comparing the efficiency of selected microbial single-strain inoculants with proven plant-growth promoting potential versus consortium products under real production conditions in large-scale tomato cultivation systems, exposed to different environmental challenges. In a protected greenhouse production system at Timisoara, Romania, with composted cow manure, guano, hair-, and feather-meals as major fertilizers, different fungal and bacterial single-strain inoculants, as well as microbial consortium products, showed very similar beneficial responses. Nursery performance, fruit setting, fruit size distribution, seasonal yield share, and cumulative yield (39–84% as compared to the control) were significantly improved over two growing periods. By contrast, superior performance of the microbial consortia products (MCPs) was recorded under more challenging environmental conditions in an open-field drip-fertigated tomato production system in the Negev desert, Israel with mineral fertilization on a high pH (7.9), low fertility, and sandy soil. This was reflected by improved phosphate (P) acquisition, a stimulation of vegetative shoot biomass production and increased final fruit yield under conditions of limited P supply. Moreover, MCP inoculation was associated with selective changes of the rhizosphere-bacterial community structure particularly with respect to Sphingobacteriia and Flavobacteria, reported as salinity indicators and drought stress protectants. Phosphate limitation reduced the diversity of bacterial populations at the root surface (rhizoplane) and this effect was reverted by MCP inoculation, reflecting the improved P status of the plants. The results support the hypothesis that the use of microbial consortia can increase the efficiency and reproducibility of BS-assisted strategies for crop production, particularly under challenging environmental conditions.

PENGARUH RESIDU UREA DAN KOMPOS DENGAN APLIKASI KOMPOS KOTORAN KAMBING TERHADAP SIFAT KIMIA TANAH DAN PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN OKRA PADA TANAH TERDAMPAK LETUSAN GUNUNG KELUD

A study that was aimed at elucidating the effect of Urea and compost residue with application goat manure compost on soil chemical properties and growth of Okra ( Abelmoschus esculentus ) on soil impacted by eruption of Mount Kelud, was conducted in a glasshouse. Treatments tested in this study were applications of residue urea and compost with application of goat manure (1/3 weight planting media) A1: 2/3 residual soil (100% urea); A2: 2/3 residual soil (100% poultry manure compost) A3: 2/3 residual soil (100% cow manure compost); A4: 2/3 residual soil (50% urea + 50% poultry manure compost); A5: 2/3 residual soil (50% urea + 50% cow manure compost). The five treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates. The results showed no significant effect on soil chemical properties of pH, C-organic, and CEC of the Mount Kelud eruption-impacted soil at 4 and 8 weeks after incubation (WAI), except for C/N ratio at 4 WAI. However, urea and compost residues with application goat manure had significant effect on plant height at 4, 6, and 8 weeks after planting (WAP), and number of leaves at 8 WAP. A3 (2/3 residual soil 100% cow manure compost + 1/3 goat manure) gave the highest number of leaves (13) at 8 WAP, and A5 (2/3 residual soil 50% urea + 50% cow manure compost + 1/3 goat manure), and gave the highest of plant height respectively with 28,83 cm; 47,33 cm; 55,17 cm at 4, 6, and 8 WAP.

Fractionation of Heavy Metals in Mine Tailings Amended with Composted Manure

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the effect of composted cow manure (CCM) on the chemical fractionation and retention degree of heavy metals (HMs) in mine tailings from Zimapán, México. In a greenhouse experiment, mine tailings from three deposits were incubated for 3 months; experimental units were placed in a PVC container, where increasing doses of CCM were applied. HM pseudo-total concentrations, HM extractions with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA, 0.05 M), and a sequential chemical extraction (SCE) were carried out. The HM concentrations were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The pseudo-total concentrations of Pb, Cu, Cd, and Ni found were up to 1506, 206, 27, and 23 mg kg−1, respectively; extractable Pb was up to 42%; 21% for Cu; 51% for Cd; and 16% of Ni of the pseudo-total concentrations of each metal. Treatment with 12% of CCM in mine tailing decreased EDTA-extractable HM concentrations, while the SCE revealed a decrease in exchangeable fraction and an increase in the organic fraction of HM. A positive correlation between CCM application and organic fractions of HMs was found, although the highest increasements were recorded in the organic fraction.

The effect of cow manure and neem compost toward NPK uptake, soil respiration, and rice production in organic paddy field in Imogiri Bantul, Indonesia

The research entitled “The Effect of Cow Manure and Neem Compost Toward NPK Uptake, Soil Respiration, and Rice Production in Organic Paddy Field in Imogiri Bantul” aims to recognize the effect of organic manure to soil respiration and the uptake of NPK and to compare between cow manure and neem compost which are able to provide NPK and efficiency of optimum uptake on rice. This research was conducted in Organic Field at Kebon Agung, ImogiriSubdistrict, Bantul Regency by using Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven treatments and threereplications. The results showed that neem compost treatment has increased soil organic matter, soil CEC, total N, available N and K, P uptake, plant height and number of tiller. Using neem compost 15 ton/ha, showed better plant height, number of tiller and rice productivity.

Effect of post-harvest interventions on surficial carrot bacterial community dynamics, pathogen survival, and antibiotic resistance

Strategies to mitigate antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB), including human pathogens, on raw vegetables are needed to reduce incidence of resistant infections. The objective of this research was to determine the effectiveness of standard post-harvest interventions, sanitizer washing and cold storage, to reduce ARB, including antibiotic resistant strains of the human pathogen E. coli O15:H7 and a common spoilage bacterium Pseudomonas, on raw carrots. To provide a background inoculum representing potential pre-harvest carryover of ARB, carrots were dip-inoculated in dairy cow manure compost slurry and further inoculated with known ARB. Inoculated carrots were washed with one of three treatments: sodium hypochlorite (50 ppm free chlorine), peroxyacetic acid (40 ppm peroxyacetic acid; 11.2% hydrogen peroxide), tap water (no sanitizer), or no washing (control). Washed carrots were air dried, packaged and stored at 10 °C for 7d or 2 °C for up to 60 d. Enumeration was performed using total heterotrophic plate counts (HPC), HPCs on antibiotic-containing media (“ARBs”), E. coli O157:H7, and Pseudomonas sp. immediately after washing (0 d) and after 7 d of storage. In addition to the cultured bacteria, changes to the surficial carrot microbiota were profiled by sequencing bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicons to determine the effect of sanitizer wash, storage temperature, and time of storage (0, 1, 7, 14 and 60 d). Storage temperature, addition of a sanitizer during wash, and duration of storage significantly affected the bacterial microbiota (Wilcoxon, p < 0.05). Inclusion of either sanitizer in the wash water significantly reduced the log CFU/g of E. coli O157:H7 and Pseudomonas sp., as well as HPCs enumerated on cefotaxime- (10 μg/ml), sulfamethoxazole- (100 μg/ml), or tetracycline (3 μg/ml) supplemented media compared to the unwashed control (ANOVA, p < 0.05). However, no significant reductions to bacteria resistant to vancomycin or clindamycin occurred after washing and storage. Members of the Proteobactetria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Acidobacteria comprised the bacterial carrot microbiota. The diversity of the carrot microbiota was significantly affected by the temperature of storage and by extended storage (60 d), when spoilage began to occur. There were no significant differences to the relative abundance of bacterial groups associated with the type of sanitizer used for washing. Results of this study indicate that inclusion of a sanitizer in wash water, followed by storage at 2 °C, might be an effective strategy to prevent re-growth of pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 and reduce levels of bacteria resistant to certain antibiotics on carrots.

Effects of seeding density and nitrogen fertilizer level on growth and yield ofMT10 rice in Ninh Thuan

Giao co lam (Gynostemma pentaphyllium Thunb.) is a traditional medicine plant and endangered species in Vietnam. The research was carried out to establish the plant propagation for the purpose of conserving and exploiting this endangered medicinal herb. The young leaf and nodes of Giao co lam in vitro were used as explants in the study to evaluate the factors influencing the multiplication. Young leaf explants were excised and cultured in MS medium with TDZ from 0.1 to 1 mg/L. After 10 weeks of culture, new shoots came out from their explants and the MS medium containing TDZ 0,7 mg/L gave the highest shoots (12.89 shoots/explant) with the average percentage of 74.67%. When nodal explants were cultured on MS supplemented with BA at a concentration of 0.3 to 1.5 mg/L and IBA 0.5 mg/L. After 6 weeks of culture, explants on MS medium supplemented with BA 1 mg/L and IBA 0,5 mg/L gave the highest shoots (7.39 shoots/explant) and their average percentage was 83.33%. In comparison to the nodal explant medium in combination with BA (0.5 to 3 mg/L) and NAA 0.2 mg/L for 4 weeks of culture, the best rapid shoot multiplication score was 3.67 times with MS + BA 1.5 mg/L + NAA 0.2 mg/L as compared to MS + BA 1.0 mg/L + IBA 0.5 mg/L. Suitable medium for rooting was MS + 0.5 mg/L IBA with root shoots at 97.33%, average roots at 5.29 roots/shoot after 4 weeks. On organic substrat, 70% coconut fiber and 30% composted cow manure gave the highest survival rate of 91.33%. The plants grew and developed well during the nursery stage.

Evaluation of fine organic mixtures for treatment of acid mine drainage in sulfidogenic reactors.

The performance of passive biochemical reactors in acid mine drainage (AMD) treatment could be enhanced by using fine organic substrates in new reactor designs, such as diffusive exchange reactors. This work evaluated the effect of fine cellulosic components in organic mixtures and of enrichment with inoculum, on sulfate and metals removal in discontinuous cultures for three types of synthetic AMD. The cellulosic substrates evaluated were sawdust, microcrystalline cellulose, and forestry cellulose fibers, supplemented with cow manure and leaf compost. Using microcrystalline cellulose and forestry cellulose fibers with the less concentrated AMD, high sulfate reduction rates (73 mg/L-d and 58.2 mg/L-d, respectively) were achieved. Correspondingly, iron concentrations were reduced by 69% and 86.6%. Based on their higher sulfate reducing capacity, cellulose fibers obtained as fiber boards from a local kraft pulp mill were selected for treating a synthetic AMD with a high copper concentration (273 mg/L) and pH 4.94. In batch culture, low sulfate reducing activity (13.10 mg/L-d) was only observed at the highest substrate/AMD ratio (0.5:10) tested. Results show that the use of forestry cellulose fibers in reactive mixtures supplemented with inoculum could be an alternative for optimization of diffusive exchange reactors for AMD treatment.

TEKNOLOGI PEMBUATAN KOMPOS KOTORAN SAPI SIMENTAL DENGAN PENGGUNAAN TITHONIA (Thitonia diversifolia) DAN MOL REBUNG PADA KELOMPOK TANI TERNAK

Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bersifat penyuluhan. Dengan mengambil judul : Penyuluhan Penambahan Tithonia (Thitonia diversifolia) dan MOL Rebung Pada Pembuatan Kompos Kotoran Sapi Simental Kelompok Tani Ternak Di-Kanagarian Koto Baru Kecamatan Sungai Tarab Kabupaten Tanah Datar. Penyuluhan ini dilatarbelakangi kesulitan petani peternak di-Kanagarian Koto Baru dalam memperoleh pupuk. Disamping harganya yang mahal pupuk juga sulit untuk didapatkan.Maka dari latarbelakang itu masyarakat ingin berubah dari membeli pupuk anorganik ke pupuk organik seperti kompos. Kompos merupakan pupuk organik yang mudah didapatkan. Dalam pembuatannya membutuhkan waktu 4-6 bulan.Hal ini dapat dipersingkat dengan pemakaian starter kompos seperti EM4 dan stardex.Akan tetapi starter kompos ini berharga mahal dan sulit didapatkan. Untuk itu maka MOL (Mikro Organisme Lokal) Rebung dapat menggantikan starter yang mahal. Selain harga yang murah, MOL Rebung ini mudah dibiakkan. Kotoran sapi Simmental merupakan bahan baku pembuatan pupuk kompos. Akan tetapi masih mempunyai unsur hara yang rendah.Untuk itu ditambahkan tithonia sebagai penambah unsur haranya.Penyuluhan di Kanagarian Koto Baru mendapat antusias yang besar dari masyarakat, karena masyarakat sangat membutuhkan pupuk kompos. Dalam penyuluhan masyarakat diajarkan dalam memperbanyak starter MOL dari Rebung. Perbanyakan starter ini menggunakan rebung, gula merah dan air cucian beras sebagai medianya.

Composting of cow manure and rice straw with cow urine and its influence on compost quality

&#x0D; The aim of this study was to assess the effect of composting process of cow manure and rice straw with application of cow urine and to evaluate the quality of composting products. There were two treatment piles, in which one pile was applied with cow urine every week and another pile without urine application. Each pile was set up by one tone cow manure and 500kg rice straw. The piles were half-covered by plastic foil to protect from rain and turned one a week. The composting duration lasted 8 weeks. The parameters such as temperature, pH, DM, density and nitrogen were monitored and observed during the 8-week period. The results showed that there was a significant difference in temperature, compost quality and duration between two piles with and without cow urine application. The application of cow urine increased significant nitrogen and phosphorous content and shortened the composting process. This study recommends that cow urine should be applied for composting process of cow manure and rice straw in order to increase the quality of compost. The final product was in the range of matured compost level and can be used directly for agriculture crop.&#x0D; &#x0D; Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu nhằm đánh giá ảnh hưởng đến chất lượng phân compost của việc bổ sung nước tiểu vào trong quá trình ủ phân từ nguyên liệu phân bò và rơm rạ. Thí nghiệm được thực hiện trên hai đống ủ phân, một đống ủ được bổ sung nước tiểu bò hàng tuần và một đống ủ không bổ sung nước tiểu bò như là một nghiệm thức đối chứng. Mỗi đống ủ được trộn 1 tấn phân bò và 500kg rơm. Đống ủ phân được đậy kín một nửa phía trên nhằm ngăn cản ảnh hưởng của mưa và được đảo trộn một lần mỗi tuần. Quá trình thí nghiệm được tiến hành trong 8 tuần. Các chỉ tiêu như nhiệt độ, pH, DM, mật độ và chất dinh dưỡng Nitơ và Phốt Pho được quan trắc trong thời gian ủ. Kết quả cho thấy có sự khác biệt đáng kể giữa hai đống phân ủ đối với các chỉ tiêu như nhiệt độ, chất lượng phân compost và thời gian ủ. Đống ủ phân có bổ sung nước tiểu có hàm lượng Nitơ và Phốt pho cao hơn và thời gian ủ ngắn hơn. Kết quả nghiên cứu khuyến cáo nên bổ sung nước tiểu bò cho quá trình ủ phân compost nhằm tăng hàm lượng chất dinh dưỡng cho sản phẩm phân compost. Sản phẩm sau quá trình ủ đạt mức độ phân hữu cơ và có thể sử dụng cho cây trồng.

Accelerating biodegradation of PLA using microbial consortium from dairy wastewater sludge combined with PLA-degrading bacterium

This work mainly aims to develop an efficient method for accelerating degradation of commercial polylactic acid beverage cups (cPLA). Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was used to reduce the molecular weight of cPLA. The cPLA sheets were buried in soil amended with various sources of microbial consortium, including cow-manure compost, green yard-waste compost, and wastewater sludges from dairy, rice vermicelli and coconut milk factories. Interestingly, a complete degradation of cPLA sheets was found after 15 days of burial in the soil with dairy wastewater sludge, having high total nitrogen content. The dominant bacterial genus in the soil mixture of agricultural soil and dairy wastewater sludge was Actinomadura. In addition, there were the significant increases in the percentages of biodegradation and weight loss of cPLA and neat PLA (nPLA) in the soil with dairy wastewater sludge and Pseudomonas geniculata WS3, compared to the uninoculated control, indicating a synergistic action of the microbial consortium in sludge and P. geniculata WS3 on PLA biodegradability. The cPLA was more difficult to degrade than nPLA. In conclusion, UV-C irradiation of PLA followed by burying in a soil mixture of dairy wastewater sludge with P. geniculata WS3 inoculation is an efficient method for accelerating degradation of PLA waste.

Populasi Bakteri Dan Jamur Pada Rizosfer Caisim (Brassica juncea L.) Yang Ditanam Di Tanah Dikontaminasi Insektisida Organoklorin Setelah Aplikasi Konsorsia Mikroba Dan Kompos

Organochlorine insecticide was banned for agriculture but nowadays its residue was still found in some agricultural soil. One of ways to lowering organochlorine residue in soil is by used of degrading-organochlorine microbial consortia accompanied with compost application. However, application of exogenous microbes might affect bacterial and fungal population in soil. The pot experiment has been set up to verify the influence of Pseudomonas mallei and Trichoderma sp. and compost on total bacteria and fungi on rhizosphere of Cai Sim (Brassica juncea L.) grown on Andisols which were contaminated with organochlorine insecticide of heptachlor, endosulfan, dieldrin and DDT. Experimental design was Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replicates. The first factor was microbial consortia of P.mallei and Trichoderma sp., and the second one was kind of compost. The result showed that effect of microbial consortia on total bacteria population was determined by kind of compost. Total bacterial population in rhizosphere of Cai Sim grown with cow manure compost and microbial consortia was more increased. However, microbial consortia as well as any kind of compost did not influence total fungal population in Cai Sim rhizosphere. In this experiment, total bacterial and fungal population in rhizosphere reached 109 cfu g-1 and 104 cfu g-1 respectively, indicating that major microbial population in rhizosphere was in the normal range.