Cow Dung Powder Research Articles

Studies on Kinetics, Isothermal Modelling and Optimization of Cow Dung Adsorbent for Synthetic Dairy Wastewater Treatment

<p style="line-height:200%;text-align:justify;"><span style="line-height:200%;">The dairy industry is a major food industry that processes raw milk into a variety of products. The milk processing factory produces DWE with soluble organic components, suspended particles, and trace elements. These components degrade, causing cloudiness and odour. Adsorbing total solids (TS) and controlling odour levels in dairy wastewater help to minimize odour. This study investigates the process of producing activated carbon from cow dung (ACDC) and its use in cleaning synthetic dairy wastewater (SDW) by batch adsorption and column adsorption studies. Cow dung powder is chemically activated by soaking it in 1N ZnCl<sub>2</sub> and 1N KOH solutions in a 2:1 ratio. The optimal adsorbent concentration for both ACDC was 2.5 g/50 ml. The effectiveness of ACDC treatment was evaluated by its ability to reduce turbidity, TDS, and COD. The study found that activated carbon with ZnCl<sub>2</sub> was slightly more effective than activated carbon with KOH. While the KOH ACDC was more effective at a pH of 8, achieving a removal rate of 92.88%, the ZnCl<sub>2</sub> ACDC achieved a turbidity removal of 93.3% at a pH of 4. The present work highlights the potential for activated carbon derived from cow dung to effectively and sustainably treat dairy effluent.</span></p>

Impact of modifiers on soil–water characteristics of graphite tailings

To achieve integrated resource utilization of graphite tailings to improve their water-holding capacity, river silt and cow dung powder were added to graphite tailings as organic matter improvers. Improver ratios were designed using 4 g cow dung powder and 20, 30, and 50 g river silt. Soil–water characterization tests were performed using a combined tensiometer and filter paper method based on optimum density measurements. Analysis of the influence of river silt dosing on the soil–water characteristic curves of improved graphite tailing specimens was performed with data fitting using the Van Genuchten model. Here, we investigated the effect of river silt dosing on the internal pore structure and water-holding capacity of modified graphite tailing samples and verified the applicability of the model to graphite tailings. Our results demonstrate that the organic matter improver incorporated into graphite tailings can improve the internal structural compactness of graphite tailings, improving the water holding capacity. With an increase in river silt dosage, the saturated water content is larger, and the residual water content increases and then decreases. When river silt dosage is 30 g, the residual water content is the highest at a value of 3.32%. The van Genuchten model was highly accurate for assessing the graphite tailings. With an increase in river silt doping, the internal pore space first decreased and then increased, and the internal structure gradually became compact and loosened. The internal structure was in the optimal state in the experimental study when the dosage of cow dung powder was 4 g and the dosage of river silt was 30 g. The water holding capacity was optimal at this time. The results of this study provide a theoretical foundation for graphite-tailing-based mine reclamation and play a guiding role in exploring the value of the hydraulic characteristic index parameters when applying graphite tailings engineering.

Efficacy of indigenous plant powders and cow dung powder on lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) in stored wheat

Studies on the efficacy of indigenous plant products and cow dung powder on the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) in wheat (Triticum aestivum), were conducted to determine the effects of the aforementioned plant products and cow dung powder on Percent Mortality, Adult Emergence, and Percent Weight loss. This experiment was carried out using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Rhyzopertha dominica orientation was found to be maximum in control and minimum in Mustard oil treatments. Mustard oil treated wheat grains showed the minimum amount of Adult Emergence and Weight loss when compared to control. The wheat treated with Mustard oil (100.00%) had the maximum percentage mortality rate. As a result, the current laboratory investigations amply demonstrated the practically complete efficacy of native plant products and cow dung powder on wheat. Accordingly, it can be said that these products were affordable, convenient, and eco-friendly. It's indeed simple to implement for controlling the stored pest in wheat.

Autopsy Based Prospective Study of Synthetic Cow Dung Poisoning (Yellow Sani Powder Poisoning)

Traditionally it is believed that cow dung has germicidal and insect repellent properties in the Indian Sub Continent.South Indian people have been using the natural cow dung for cleaning, lining and painting the courtyard andhouse premises. In this modern era, owing to the unavailability of natural cow dung, the people have resorted tousing synthetic dye (synthetic cow dung) which is called colloquially as “Manjal Sani Powder” in Tamil. Syntheticcow dung powder(Auramine) - a dye compound, even though legally banned, is till date easily available locallywith small shops and vendors. Aim of the present study is to explore the postmortem findings of Synthetic cowdung powder (sani powder) poisoning in Western Tamil Nadu i.e, Coimbatore, the Nilgiris, Tiruppur, Erodeand Karur districts, the study being conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine, Coimbatore MedicalCollege.The following parameters were collected and analyzed: the deceased’s sex and age, Post mortem findings,histopathological and chemical analysis reports.A total number of 224 cases were analyzed. Most of the deceasedpersons are of age between 31 to 40years in females (38.8%) andbetween 41 to 50years in males (36.6%). Most ofthe deceased persons were males(78.1%). Postmortem findings of yellow cow dung poisoning were yellowishdiscoloration of skin. Internal findings noted were tongue yellow coated. All the internal organs were stainedyellow.Intense Vigil and Strict Enforcement of regulations for manufacturing and selling of synthetic dyes cansignificantly reduce the incidence of Synthetic Yellow Cow Dung(Saani) powder poisoning.

Biosorption of Cs (I): Utilization of an eco-friendly adsorbent Dry Cowdung Powder

Dry Cowdung Powder (DCP) – a green biosorbent, has been demonstrated for Cs(I) removal from aqueous media using radiotracer technique. 100 mesh DCP was added to Cs(I) carrier solution spiked with radioactive Cs-137. Parameters like pH, biosorbent dose, agitation speed, contact time, temperature and Cs(I) ion concentration were optimized. Industrial effluents or other polluted water bodies contain different salts in varying proportions. To analyse the effect of these salts on adsorption of Cs(I), various sodium, potassium and ammonium salts were used. DCP characteristics pre and post biosorption of Cs(I) was analysed with EDAX spectra. The investigation reports a successful Cs(I) metal removal by following the principles of green chemistry.

Biosorption of Cs (I): Utilization of an eco-friendly adsorbent Dry Cowdung Powder

Dry Cowdung Powder (DCP) – a green biosorbent, has been demonstrated for Cs(I) removal from aqueous media using radiotracer technique. 100 mesh DCP was added to Cs(I) carrier solution spiked with radioactive Cs-137. Parameters like pH, biosorbent dose, agitation speed, contact time, temperature and Cs(I) ion concentration were optimized. Industrial effluents or other polluted water bodies contain different salts in varying proportions. To analyse the effect of these salts on adsorption of Cs(I), various sodium, potassium and ammonium salts were used. DCP characteristics pre and post biosorption of Cs(I) was analysed with EDAX spectra. The investigation reports a successful Cs(I) metal removal by following the principles of green chemistry.

Biosorption of Cs (I): Utilization of an eco-friendly adsorbent Dry Cowdung Powder

Dry Cowdung Powder (DCP) – a green biosorbent, has been demonstrated for Cs(I) removal from aqueous media using radiotracer technique. 100 mesh DCP was added to Cs(I) carrier solution spiked with radioactive Cs-137. Parameters like pH, biosorbent dose, agitation speed, contact time, temperature and Cs(I) ion concentration were optimized. Industrial effluents or other polluted water bodies contain different salts in varying proportions. To analyse the effect of these salts on adsorption of Cs(I), various sodium, potassium and ammonium salts were used. DCP characteristics pre and post biosorption of Cs(I) was analysed with EDAX spectra. The investigation reports a successful Cs(I) metal removal by following the principles of green chemistry.

Selection of Carrier Materials to Formulate Bioinoculant Package for Promoting Seed Germination

Biofertilizers are a novel technique for Indian agriculture that has the potential to address many of the shortcomings of chemical-based technology. Plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits such as IAA, P-solubilization, ACC deaminase, NH3, HCN, EPS, siderophore synthesis, and biofilm formation have been demonstrated in two salt-tolerant PGPR, BST YS1 42 (Bacillus cereus) and CHR JH203 (Bacillus marisflavi). They are most commonly utilized to make carrier-based compositions. This study aimed to evaluate how different carrier-based formulations of salt-tolerant PGPR performed in seedlings of pea and maize plants. The chosen PGPR was mass replicated in the lab and put into seedlings via a variety of carriers, including charcoal powder, dry pea peel powder, tea leaf powder, hay+2%peptone, and cowdung powder. The influence of bio inoculants on seedling growth of Pisum sativum and Zea mays seedlings was investigated. There was a substantial variation in seedling germination in both pea and maize. The result was different depending on the type of carrier materials utilized in the bioformulation process. The results showed that seedling germination was better with the bioformulation made with charcoal and tea leaf powder. As a result, we believe it might be used to alleviate abiotic stresses in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner.

Application of radiotracer technique in remediation of Zn(II) from aqueous solutions by dry cowdung powder

Heavy metal pollution is caused due to anthropogenic activities and is considered as a serious environmental problem which endangers human health and environment. The present study deals with biosorption, an eco-friendly technique for the removal of heavy metal Zn(II) from aqueous medium. Various natural materials have been explored for the uptake of metal ions, where most of them are physically or chemically enhanced. Dry cowdung powder (DCP) has been utilized as a low-cost, environmentally friendly humiresin without any pre-treatment, thus demonstrating the concept of Green Chemistry. Batch biosorption studies using 65Zn(II) tracer were performed and the impact of different experimental parameters was studied. Results revealed that at pH 6, 94 ± 2% of Zn(II) was effectively biosorbed in 5 min, at 303 K. The process was spontaneous and exothermic, following pseudo-second-order reaction. The mechanism of heavy metal biosorption employing green adsorbent was therefore elucidated in order to determine the optimal method for removing Zn(II) ions. DCP has a lot of potential in the wastewater treatment industry, as seen by its ability to meet 3A's affordability, adaptability, and acceptability criteria. As a result, DCP emerges as one of the most promising challengers for green chemistry and the zero-waste idea.

Management of Ralstonia solanacearum (potato wilt disease) virulence by using bioactive compounds

Potato is an important vegetable crop of Bangladesh which is facing challenges worldwide due to a quarantine pathogen, Ralstonia solanacearum. It is a very successful bacterial pathogen against most of the traditional management practices. Suspension of ten bioactive compounds viz. propolis, honey, turmeric powder+oil, turmeric powder, magnesium chloride, boiled rice fluid, boiled rice fluid+iodine, sun dried cow dung powder, honey+iodine and sodium bicarbonate were evaluated and compared with control (sterile water), commercial bactericide (Krosin AG) and farmers practice (stable bleaching powder). In vitro assessment was done by comparing the inhibition zones produced on TZC (tetrazolium chloride) solid medium in disc diffusion method. All of those compounds produced larger inhibition zones as compared to control which indicated the effectiveness of the test compounds against the bacteria. To screen out the performances of those compounds in vivo, potato seedlings were inoculated in sterilized soil by soil soak method. Later, mature plants were inoculated in unsterilized soil to find the better resulting compound(s) in field soil condition against the disease. Finally, suspension of cow dung (@25%), propolis (@ 6mg/ml) and turmeric powder (@25%) were selected for trial as soil and seed treatment against the pathogen. It was found that, cow dung reduced 28.89% disease severity index which was followed by 26.67% in propolis and 22.22% in turmeric powder as compared to control (84.44%) in artificially inoculated potato plants against R. solanacearum.
 J. Biodivers. Conserv. Bioresour. Manag. 2020, 6(1): 65-76

Evaluation Of Indigenous Techniques Against Pulse Beetle Callosobruchus Maculatus (F.) In Black Gram

Indigenous techniques viz., match boxes @ 10 no, lime powder @ 15 g, camphor @ 1 g, common salt @ 200 g, cow dung ash @ 80 g, buffalo dung ash @ 80 g, cow dung powder @ 100 g, buffalo dung powder @ 100 g, goat pellet powder @ 100 g/kg grain, gunny soaked in cow urine, gunny soaked in buffalo urine were evaluated as grain protectants against pulse beetle Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in stored black gram at the Post Harvest Technology Centre, Bapatla. There was no adult emergence and grain damage in the treatments of dung powders besides camphor and ash even after six months. Further, the germination of stored seed kept with camphor, dung ashes and powders were good which ranged between 84.33% and 92.33%. A total of 3622.67 adults emerged from the untreated grain in 180 days of storage and caused 57.67% grain damage which resulted in 4.67% germination only. Besides filling up of inter-grain space, keeping a surface layer of 2.5 cm of powdered materials like ash and cattle dung could prevent pulse beetles successfully.

Toxic yellow cow dung powder (Auramine O dye) removal via Ipomoea aquatica waste

Toxic yellow cow dung powder (Auramine O dye) removal via Ipomoea aquatica waste

Preparation of Cow Dung Bio-briquettes (CDBs) for Gassification Stoves as Renewable Energy Sources

Enormous demand on fossil fuels has led to massive exploitation. Because of its non-renewable sources, the stock will decrease rapidly. Therefore, investigation on renewable energy sources is necessary to be done. One of the renewable energy sources is biomass of cow dung, in which will converted into energy via gasification process. In some cases, cow dung is so abundant that is not completely fed to biodigester to produce biogas. Commonly in the countryside, the cattle sheds places closely to the housing and un-utilize cow dung will causes health problems in the rural environment. Cow Dung Bio-briquettes (CDBs) preparation is one of the pre-handling methods for biomass gasification process to obtain syngas. Cow dung were processed in several stages, those are sun drying, grinding, sieving, and briquetting using a hydraulic press. In this study, the effects of particle size of cow dung powder and tonnages of hydraulic pressure were investigated. The cow dung powder were screening in 20, 40, 60, and 80 mesh. The pressure of hydraulic press were varied in 2, 3, and 4 tonnages. CDBs quality were determined based on Indonesian National Standard SNI 01-6235-2000. The acceptable CDBs was made used cow dung with particle size of -20+40 mesh and 4 tons of hydraulic pressure.

Outcome of cow dung powder poisoning depending upon clinical profileRetrospective study

Outcome of cow dung powder poisoning depending upon clinical profileRetrospective study

Comparative study of 110mAg(I) removal from aqueous media by humic substances

In this study, humic substances—dry cowdung powder and humic acid were used for the removal of precious metal ion Ag(I) from aqueous solution. The effect of process parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dose, pH, and metal ion concentration on the adsorption process was estimated. These novel sorbents exhibited high percentage removal of Ag(I) as 95% and 77%, with a biosorption capacity of 19.0 mg g−1 and 3.88 mg g−1 for dry cowdung powder and humic acid respectively. High uptake percentages along with thermodynamic and kinetic calculations prove this process to be economical, practicable and the most eco-friendly amongst the available techniques.

OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON POISON CASES IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

Objective: To evaluate the prevalence, pattern, and cause of poisoning. To characterize the poisoning cases admitted in a tertiary care hospital; followed by the outcome and to observe the antidote given for the poison cases.
 Methods: This observational study was undertaken in emergency departments (EMD) and Medical Record Department (MRD). Totally 557 poison cases was recruited in this study. Grade of poison was assessed by using poison severity score. Statistical analysis was done by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).
 Results: A total of 557 poison cases were identified in 2, 39, 828 patients out of which 360(64%) were suicidal and 189(34) cases admitted were accidental. The patients who were admitted between 2-5 h after exposed to poison were found to be more followed by 0-1 hr,>1-2 h,>6-24 h,>24 h and>5-6 h. More number of cases were seen in the others (Synthetic cow dung powder and medicine) type of poison 296(53%) followed by household poisoning 93(17%), bites 86 (15%), insecticide poisoning 64(12%) and food poisoning 16(3%). Activated charcoal was the maximum used antidote.
 Conclusion: Through this study, it was found that suicidal poisoning was the most common type.

MAXIMIZING THE SHELF LIFE OF MONOXENICALLY PRODUCED CARRIER-BASED AM FUNGAL BIO-INOCULA FOR MAINTAINING ITS LONG-TERM VIABILITY

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are often applied as bio-inoculants due to their plant growth promoting benefits. The objectives of the present work were to maximize the shelf life of monoxenically produced carrier-based AM fungal bio-inocula of Rhizoglomus intraradices and Funneliformis mosseae. Shelf life of in vitro produced inoculum was studied by assessing the infectivity potential of in vitro produced inocula in an optimum carrier formulation (vermiculite: cow dung powder: wood powder: wood ash in the ratio of 20:8:2:1) during storage at three different temperatures viz., 4 °C, 25 °C and room temperature (RT). The re-germination potential of in vitro produced spores from carrier-based inocula to in vitro conditions was also examined. The in vitro produced inocula stored at 25 °C remained viable up to 6 mo in the organic carrier formulation. 100 % germination was recorded when the spores of both AM species were cultured back to in vitro conditions indicating high viability, and efficiency of the carrier formulation in maintaining vigour of in vitro produced propagules.

Eco-friendly management of Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzoper thadominica in stored wheat at Pantnagar, Uttarakhand

he laboratory experiments were conducted to study the efficacy of some indigenous products such as plant products (chopped neem leaves ajwain seed powder, garlic capsules, saw dust), animal derivedproducts ( cow dung cake powder, cow urine) and inert materials ( ash powder, sand, talcum powder, salt) @ 2g/100g of wheat grains against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (Linn.) and lesser grain borer, Rhyzoper thadominica (Fab.) on stored wheat by undertaking various parameters viz., percent adult emergence, percent seed damage, per cent weight loss and per cent germination after six months of storage during April to October 2015. After 180 days of treatments, the minimum number of adults weevils of S. oryzae( 4.00, 6.00,7.67, 9.00, 9.67 and 10.33) were emerged in wheat grains treated with ash powder, sand, cow dung powder, talcum powder, ajwain seed powder and neem leaf powder, respectively with minimum grain damage (7.33 %, 8.67 %,11.67 % and 12.00 %) was observed on ash powder, sand, ajwain seed powder and talcum powder, respectively, whereas minimum weight loss (2.67 %, 3.67 %, 5.67 % and 6.67 %) was recorded on ash powder, sand, cow dung powder, talcum powder and ajwain seed powder, respectively. Similarly, the minimum number of adult beetles of R. dominica were emerged (2.00,2.33, 6.67,7.00 and 8.33) in ash power, sand, talcum powder, cow dung cake powder and ajwain seed powder, respectively with minimum grain damage (4.00 %,8.00 %. 8.67 % and 12.67 % and weight loss (1.33 %, 4.00 %, 7.33 % and 11.67 %) in sand, ash powder, talcum powder and cow dung cake treated wheat grains, respectively. It has been clearly observed that seed germination was not affected adversely in any treatment during six months of storage. The present study clearly revealed that these naturally occurring indigenous products could be used to manage the storage insect pests in wheat.

Yellow cow Dung Powder- (Auramine Poisoning) - Study of Clinical Profile, And Statregies of Management

Yellow cow Dung Powder- (Auramine Poisoning) - Study of Clinical Profile, And Statregies of Management

Influence of seed treatment and packaging materials on seed longevity of cluster bean [Cyamopsistetra gonoloba (L.) Taub.

An experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of packaging materials and seed treatments on storability of cluster bean under ambient conditions of Bengaluru. The experiment consisted of six treatments viz. control (T1), bavistin @ 2 g kg-1 (T2), spinosad @ 0.04 ml/kg (T3), neem leaf powder @ 1:20 ratio (T4), Acorus calamus@ 10 g kg-1 (T5) and cow dung powder @ 10 g kg-1 (T6) and three packaging materials viz., cloth bag (C1) super grain bag (C2) and poly lined cloth bag (C3). Treated seed samples were stored in three containers under ambient storage conditions up to the duration of which seeds maintain minimum seed certification standards and samples were drawn at bimonthly intervals for ascertaining the seed quality parameters. The study suggested that seed treat-ment could be useful to prolong the storage life of cluster bean seeds. The seeds treated with spinosad (0.04 ml/kg) and stored in super-grain bag were better for maintenance of higher seed quality parameters [germination (80.00%), root length (11.70 cm), shoot length (13.60 cm), mean seedling dry weight (152 mg), seedling vigour index I and II (2024&12140) and TDH activity (1.224) with low electrical conductivity (0.368 dSm-1)] up to 18 months under ambient conditions of Bengaluru (room temperature). Super-grain bag proved to be better storage container with higher seed quality attributes viz., germination (72.38 %), seedling vigour index-I (1726), total dehydrogenase activity (1.201) and other seed quality parameters compared to cloth bag. The study suggested that use of appropriate packaging material and seed treatment could be useful to prolong the storage life of cluster bean seeds.