Coronavirus Research Articles

The bereavement experience of those who have recovered from the corona virus during the corona epidemic period: a qualitative study

The bereavement experience of those who have recovered from the corona virus during the corona epidemic period: a qualitative study

Tourists’ Experiences During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Plateau State, Nigeria: An Empirical Evaluation Using Chaos Theory

The safety of tourists’ health when visiting any tourism business is critical in tourism management and development. By using chaos theory, this study aimed to understand how 408 tourists in Plateau State, Nigeria, behaved toward tourism-related businesses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Completed and retrieved responses were analyzed descriptively using an inductive method, following a pragmatic approach. The findings of this investigation are consistent with chaos theory. Results from our survey indicate that 93% of tourists took precautions. This suggests that in an otherwise random and chaotic period of the tourism crisis, self-organization brought order and new stability. With a mean score of 40%, safety and hygiene were ranked as the two main influencing factors that changed tourists’ actual behaviour during the pandemic. The alteration in behaviour might be attributed to tourists’ awareness of their risk of catching the COVID-19 virus when visiting tourist attractions. Empirical evidence shows that non-interactive restriction techniques had a significant impact on tourist behaviour. Thus, the impact of the pandemic on tourists’ protective behaviour continues to play a part in tourists’ behaviour during and after the pandemic, implying that the chaos theory approach might be used as a crisis management tool in the tourism industry.

MobCovid: Confirmed Cases Dynamics Driven Time Series Prediction of Crowd in Urban Hotspot.

Monitoring the crowd in urban hot spot has been an important research topic in the field of urban management and has high social impact. It can allow more flexible allocation of public resources such as public transportation schedule adjustment and arrangement of police force. After 2020, because of the epidemic of COVID-19 virus, the public mobility pattern is deeply affected by the situation of epidemic as the physical close contact is the dominant way of infection. In this study, we propose a confirmed case-driven time-series prediction of crowd in urban hot spot named MobCovid. The model is a deviation of Informer, a popular time-serial prediction model proposed in 2021. The model takes both the number of nighttime staying people in downtown and confirmed cases of COVID-19 as input and predicts both the targets. In the current period of COVID, many areas and countries have relaxed the lockdown measures on public mobility. The outdoor travel of public is based on individual decision. Report of large amount of confirmed cases would restrict the public visitation of crowded downtown. But, still, government would publish some policies to try to intervene in the public mobility and control the spread of virus. For example, in Japan, there are no compulsory measures to force people to stay at home, but measures to persuade people to stay away from downtown area. Therefore, we also merge the encoding of policies on measures of mobility restriction made by government in the model to improve the precision. We use historical data of nighttime staying people in crowded downtown and confirmed cases of Tokyo and Osaka area as study case. Multiple times of comparison with other baselines including the original Informer model prove the effectiveness of our proposed method. We believe our work can make contribution to the current knowledge on forecasting the number of crowd in urban downtown during the Covid epidemic.

Construction of a New Emergency Management System for Potentially Viral/Viral Municipal Solid Waste in China: Based on the "Beam-Column Structure" Framework Model

Emergency management of municipal solid waste during public health emergencies is crucial for curbing the spread of viruses and controlling environmental pollution. Most existing solid waste management systems, are designed with a top-down approach, covering multiple industries and sectors. However, these systems often fail to effectively manage potentially viral solid waste in household waste, which impedes effective solid waste management during public health emergencies and increases the risk of viral outbreaks. For example, during the COVID-19 outbreak, negligent management of potentially viral solid waste may result in the formation of a potential transmission chain of COVID-19 virus. Improper waste management may contaminate natural vectors such as water, soil and air, thereby increasing the pathways of human contact with infected vectors and promoting the risk of transmission of viral diseases such as dengue, Zika and hepatitis A. In this study, the applicability and limitations of the Chinese public emergency management system in the disposal of Potentially Viral/Viral Municipal Solid Waste (PVMSW) were analyzed in the breakout of public health crises. To address the need for precise risk control, efficient collaboration among key stakeholders, functional integration crossing multiple management organizations and flexible responses to complex situations, we proposed a PVMSW emergency management system based on a "Beam-Column Structure" model. This system consists of four modules: main traction, organizational leadership, functional articulation and demand matching. Each module is supported by the corresponding safeguards, including multi-level subject responsibilities, multi-scenario organization and implementation, multi-chain process connection and multi-demand control methods. The PVMSW emergency management system proposed in this study contributes to extending the framework of existing waste management protocols and enhancing the timely collection, transportation and disposal of PVMSW in public health crises. It offers valuable insights and guidance on the practices for improving risk awareness and management capacity in China's solid waste emergency response.

Assessing vaccinated persons’ intention to take the COVID-19 boosters using a combined theoretical framework: an online survey in Egypt

Vaccines, like the Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, can control diseases, but vaccine hesitancy reduces their use. It is important to assess the intention to use COVID-19 vaccines boosters and the determinants of this intention to help in developing programs to promote the uptake of boosters. An online survey collected data from adults in Egypt between March and June 2022 using a questionnaire that assessed demographic characteristics, and constructs of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Health Belief Model (HBM). The survey was uploaded to SurveyMonkey and the links were posted on social media platforms. Binary regression analysis was used and the dependent variable was intention to use boosters of COVID-19 vaccines. The independent variables were indicators of the HBM including perceived susceptibility to COVID-19 infection (medical history) and possibility of disease prevention (awareness of the availability of types of COVID-19 vaccines); and indicators of the TPB including attitude toward COVID-19 vaccines (that they are harmful, that they may lead to death and confidence in locally and foreign manufactured vaccines), perceived norms (the percentage of vaccinated persons in one’s circle) and perceived control over booster uptake (presence of government mandates for COVID-19 vaccination). The confounders were sociodemographic factors (age, sex, education, and place of residence). Complete responses were available from 1113 out of 1401 participants (79.4%), with mean (SD) age = 25 (9.5) years, of whom, 66.7% (n = 742) were females and 68.6% (n = 764) were university students. About 39.4% and 31.2% indicated that they would get or would definitely get the booster dose of the COVID-19 vaccines. In multiple regression, intention to use a booster dose was significantly related to not agreeing (AOR = 4.87, P < 0.001) or not agreeing at all (AOR = 8.46, P = 0.001) that vaccines are harmful and to having no confidence (AOR = 0.21, P < 0.001) or no confidence at all (AOR = 0.14, P < 0.001) in foreign-manufactured vaccines. Most university-educated Egyptians in the study intended to take the COVID-19 vaccine booster dose and this intention was associated with attitude toward the harm of the vaccine and confidence in foreign-manufactured vaccines. Awareness campaigns are needed to counteract misinformation and promote booster dose uptake.

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 viral load on restrictive spirometry patterns in mild COVID-19 recovered middle-aged individuals: a six-month prospective study

BackgroundLong term respiratory complications of Corona Virus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) are of great concern. Many studies have reported altered respiratory patterns in COVID-19 recovered individuals and most of them were from severe to critically ill patients. The association of viral load at the time of infection with symptoms of long COVID-19 specifically on pulmonary functions after months of recovery is still not known. This study was aimed to assess the impact of SARS-CoV-2 viral load during mild-moderate COVID-19 disease on pulmonary functions in middle-aged population after 6–8 months of acute infection.MethodsThis study included 300 (102 healthy controls and 198 COVID-19 recovered) individuals between age 30–60 of either gender. Mild-moderate COVID-19 recovered individuals were recruited between a period of 6–8 months post-acute infection. Spirometry was performed with MIR-Spirolab-III. The association of spirometry pattern was compared with SARS-CoV-2 viral loads during acute infection.ResultsWe observed up to 70% of the participants presented with either shortness of breath (11.5%), body aches (23.5%), recurrent cough (4.4%), recurrent respiratory infections (9.5%) and/or fatigue (33.3%) at follow up. In our study, 35.5% of COVID-19 recovered individuals had abnormal respiratory patterns (33.5% had restrictive and 2% had obstructive patterns). Viral load ≤ 20 CT value was associated with restrictive respiratory patterns (p = 0.004). No association was found between viral load and disease severity (p = 0.23).ConclusionIn this study, we found one third of mild-moderate COVID-19 recovered individuals have restrictive respiratory patterns after 6–8 months of recovery. These findings had a strong association with SARS-CoV-2 viral loads during acute infection which has been reported for the first time in our study. Studying the relationship between viral load and pulmonary functions can contribute to identifying potential risk factors for long COVID and developing preventive measures to mitigate the long-term impact on lung health.Clinical trial numberNot applicable.

Cultivation of Social Attitudes Through The Project Program of Strengthening The Student Profile of Pancasila and The Student Profile of Rahmatan Lil Alamin.

The decline in social attitudes was caused by restrictions on community activities during the Covid-19 virus that hit the world, so the Indonesian government in 2020 imposed restrictions on community activities, including teaching and learning activities in educational institutions. Therefore, the impact of the enactment of the regulation causes a phenomenon of declining social attitudes in students. This is seen from teaching and learning activities that are only through digital and virtual in the sense that students do not have direct interaction between others, one of the flagship programs is P5- PPRA or the project to strengthen the Pancasila student profile and the rahmatan lil alamin student profile. At MTs Negeri 2 Sumenep, it has implemented an independent curriculum since 2022 and has implemented project-based lessons. Therefore, it is important to cultivate good social attitudes, especially through project activities to strengthen the Pancasila student profile and the rahmatan lil alamin student profile. The research conducted at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 2 Sumenep uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive type of research. This research was conducted to describe how to cultivate social attitudes through the Pancasila profile strengthening project program at MTS Negeri 2 Sumenep.

IgG neutralization potential of COVISHIELD™ vaccinated individual’s sera after booster vaccination: Longitudinal and prospective cohort study

The novel SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has caused widespread human turmoil by posing challenges concerning infection prevention, disease diagnosis, and treatment. Several approved vaccines including Sinovac (CoronaVac), COVISHIELD™ (Oxford/AstraZeneca formulation), Janssen (Johnson &amp; Johnson), Sputnik V (Gamaleya), Covaxin (Bharat Biotech), Pfizer (BNT162b2), and others are being used to combat COVID-19. It is crucial to evaluate the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies to predict the possibility of reinfection and the longevity of vaccination protection. There is a lack of data on longitudinal humoral antibody dynamics following two and three doses of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccination ChAdOx1-nCOV (COVISHIELDTM) in Indians. Thus, concerns about the efficacy of current vaccines have been raised by a sharp rise in coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) cases caused by sub-variants of SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2) in communities that have received massive vaccinations. The relative immunogenicity and safety of various COVID-19 immunizations administered as a third (booster) dose are not well known. We examined the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the COVID-19 vaccine as a third dose after two doses of COVISHIELDTM to produce data to optimize the selection of booster vaccinations. After three doses of the COVID-19 vaccine, we evaluated the sera of COVISHIELDTM vaccine recipients for their ability to neutralize the virus. Primary immunization with two doses of COVISHIELDTM vaccine recipients provided significant protection against symptomatic disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 variants. A COVISHIELDTM vaccine booster vaccine recipient substantially increased protection. The immunization findings showed a significant difference (p ≥ 0.001) between the COVID-19 naive vaccine (n = 438) and the sera of COVID-19-positive recovered subjects (n = 371) who received three doses of COVISHIELDTM. Our findings reveal that anti-RBD antibodies persist over time, which may reduce the probability of reinfection. A three-dose vaccination (n = 53) increases defense against variations by noticeably increasing cross-neutralizing antibody titers. Particularly against variants with antibody escape mutations.

Understanding the Effects of Post-Covid-19 Challenges on Employee Job Satisfaction and Job Performance in Café- Restaurants, Islamabad Pakistan; a Phenomenological Study

Current research is about Understanding the effect of post-Covid-19 challenges on employee job satisfaction and job performance in cafe-restaurants in Islamabad, Pakistan. The purpose of this research is to explore the challenge on the job satisfaction and performance after Corona virus. The qualitative inquiry method used phenomenological strategies with a post-positivist paradigm. A semi-structured face to face interview tool with open-ended questions was used. Analyze these questions by using thematic analysis approaches. Interview held in Urdu Language. Data were collected from six different three- and four-star cafe-restaurants. 15 interviewees shared their thoughts and satisfied questions with their answers in Urdu. Finding highlighted 12 major themes including psychological Changes after COVID-19, operational changes, assistance by Organization, changes in Role, communication, novelty in working environment, change in performance level, employee remarks regarding satisfaction, survivor sickness, sustainer, work attitude and effects of media. Participants practiced and research observed that Covid challenged the satisfaction and relationship and found decline in satisfaction and improvement in performance. Employees of Café-restaurant are not satisfied with their working conditions but still struggle to enhance their performance. Employees shared their feelings and practice and noted that a satisfied employee is not always a good performer, there are some other reasons also.

Assessment of the Implementing The COVID-19 Health Protocol in Pandemic Situation at PT. Bank XYZ Tbk, Medan, Indonesia

Background: Large-scale social Restrictions were implemented in the workplace during the COVID-19 pandemic from March 2020 to February 2022. The government has imposed restrictions on the number of workers in the workplace by implementing COVID-19 protocols at the workplace and work-from-home. This research aims to analyze the implementation of the COVID-19 protocol at PT. Bank XYZ Medan office. Methods: Observational descriptive research provides a clear picture by observing the conditions that occur directly to see how the COVID-19 protocol is implemented at PT.Bank XYZ Medan office. Quantitative methods are used. The instruments are the provision of Health Protocols from the Indonesian Minister of Health Decree No. 328 of 2020 regarding Guidelines for Preventing Control of COVID-19 in Office and Industrial Workplaces to Support Business Continuity in Pandemic Situations. Results: The implementation of the COVID-19 health protocol in the PT. Bank XYZ Medan office has a "Very Good" level of achievement. Companies can maintain the implementation of existing COVID-19 protocols during the pandemic to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus in the company. Conclusion: PT. Bank XYZ is expected to maintain the implementation of the COVID-19 protocol if the pandemic has not been declared over by the government of the Republic of Indonesia, and in the future improvements can be made to prevent the transmission of other diseases. Employees must continue to follow the regulations set by the company.

ROLE OF FUNGI IN COVID-19 PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE IN RANI DURGAVATI MEDICAL COLLEGE, BANDA (FORMERLY GOVERNMENT ALLOPATHIC MEDICAL COLLEGE, BANDA 210001 (UP) INDIA.)

Background: Fungal infections of the lung have gained increasing recognition in the field of infectious disease and they are difficult to diagnosis. Advances in modern treatment like antibiotics corticosteroids, Immunosupressants and anticancer drugs have lead to increase in opportunistic fungal infections including bronchopulmonary Candidiasis and Bronchopulmonary aspergillosis has also increased, commonly occurs in COVID-19 patients of pre existing bronchial asthma. In India there is high prevalence of chronic lung diseases including bronchial Asthma, yet the diagnosis of aspergillosis and Candidiasis. An association between asthma and aspergillosis was noted and confirmed by isolation of Aspergillus species more commonly in sputum of Asthma patients (Lum et al., 2020 Singla, N. et al., 2019). Subject and Methods: To find out the role of fungi in 50 Corona virus (RTPCR test) positive patients of chronic lung disease (non tubercular) like COPD, Chronic Bronchitis with or without emphysema, Broncheichtasis, Bronchial Asthma were included. Patients were attended and admitted in Rani Durgavati Medical College (RDMC) and Hospital, Banda (UP) India, in a one year period was taken up from December 2020 till December 2021. The diagnosis of these cases v/as established by clinical features, radiological examination of chest, ECG, pulmonary function tests. Laboratory procedure for isolation and identification of fungi in bronchoalveoiar lavage. Each specimen of Bronchoalveloar Lavage (BAL) was subjected to various laboratory procedures for isolation and identification of fungi. Result: Different fungal species were cultured in 26% total cases. 20% isolates were positive for fungi alone whereas rest 6% cases showed both bacterial and fungal pathogens amongst fungi Candida was the predominant isolate in 16% cases followed by Aspergillus in 8% cases and Histopfasms capsulatum in just1(2%) case. Fungal isolates in bronchial aspirates were sensitive to Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, etc. Conclusion: COVID-19 Patients which are already containing chronic lung diseases especially COPD, bronchiectasis is more common in elderly males. The Bronchiectatic patients are also at risk of getting, fungal infections Patients of chronic lung disease who are on long-term antibiotic therapy, and or steroids are more predisposed to get these opportunistic infections. Another conclusion from it is clear that there is great need better and judicious use of antibiotics in patients to prevent drug resistance, to prevent further progression of the diseases.

Evaluation of Immuno-Hematological Parameters of Severe and Mild COVID-19 Cases in Babylon Province, Iraq

The hematopoietic system plays a very important role in contracting the corona virus infection. Hematology indicators are among the factors related to the clinical results of patients with covid-19 due to their cost-effectiveness, availability, speed and convenience of testing. The aim of this study was comparing hematological parameters including the number of Red Blood Cells (RBC), hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet count among mild and severe COVID-19 patients. Methods: The study was conducted on 100 Iraqi patients COVID-19 patients. Subjects were classified into two groups with mild (n= 50) and severe (n=50) COVID-19 infection symptoms based on the clinical criteria. The hematological parameters measurement included Red Blood Cell (RBC) count, Hemoglobin (Hb) levels, White Blood Cell (WBC) count, Platelet count (PLT), Hematocrit (HCT) levels, Platelet Distribution Width (PDW), and Mean Platelet Volume (MPV). An independent sample T-test was used to compare the means of hematological parameters between two groups. Results: The RBC count was significantly lower in severe group compared to mild group (P ≤ 0.05). HCT levels were significantly reduced in the severe group compared to mild group (P ≤ 0.05). The severe patients had a significantly lower PLT than mild patients (P ≤ 0.05). No significant difference in Hb levels was observed between severe and mild patients. The severe patients had a significantly higher PDW than mild patients (P ≤ 0.05). Additionally, the severe patients had a significantly higher MPV than mild patients (P ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that complete blood count measurements can be used as useful biomarkers to assess the severity of Covid-19. Early identification of severe COVID-19 patients using these markers can help to better manage and accelerate the treatment process for COVID-19 patients.

Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of Toll-Like Receptors 4 and 9 as Reliable Markers for Corona Virus Disease-19

Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of Toll-Like Receptors 4 and 9 as Reliable Markers for Corona Virus Disease-19

The Role of Nursing in Community Participation in Health Facilities

This study aims to the role of nursing in motivating the community to participate with health facilities, the impact of linking the community with health facilities for the benefit of tracking community participation and speeding up its resolution, the role of nursing with the community, especially in the presence of diseases and epidemics. , A questionnaire was prepared via Google Drive and distributed to the population aged 25-55 years, men and women, in the city of Mecca. As for the questionnaire, it was distributed via the social networking program (WhatsApp) for the purpose of distancing for fear of the presence of the Corona virus, 390 questionnaires were distributed, and 380 responses were obtained via email to the principal researcher.

Fabrication of mRNA encapsulated lipid nanoparticles using state of the art SMART-MaGIC technology and transfection in vitro

The messenger ribose nucleic acid (mRNA) in the form of Corona virus of 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines were effectively delivered through lipid nanoparticles (LNP) proving its use as effective carriers in clinical applications. In the present work, mRNA (erythropoietin (EPO)) encapsulated LNPs were prepared using a next generation state-of-the-art patented, Sprayed Multi Absorbed-droplet Reposing Technology (SMART) coupled with Multi-channeled and Guided Inner-Controlling printheads (MaGIC) technologies. The LNP-mRNA were synthesized at different N/P ratios and the particles were characterized for particle size and zeta potential (Zetasizer), encapsulation or complexation (gel retardation assay) and transfection (Fluorescence microscopy and ELISA) in MG63 sarcoma cells in vitro. The results showed a narrow distribution of mRNA-lipid particles of 200 nm when fabricated with SMART alone and then the size was reduced to approximately 50 nm with the combination of SMART-MaGIC technologies. The gel retardation assay showed that the N/P > 1 exhibited strong encapsulation of mRNA with lipid. The in vitro results showed the toxicity profile of the lipids where N/P ratio of 5 was optimized with > 50% cell viability. It can be concluded that the functional LNP-mRNA prepared and analyzed with SMART-MaGIC technologies, could be a potential new fabrication method of mRNA loaded LNPs for point-of-service or distributed manufacturing.

The CoV-Y domain of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp3 interacts with BRAP to stimulate NF-κB signaling and induce host inflammatory responses

Non-structural protein 3 (Nsp3) is the largest protein encoded by the coronavirus (CoV) genome. It consists of multiple domains that perform critical functions during the viral life cycle. CoV-Y is the most C-terminal domain of Nsp3, and it exhibits evolutionary conservation across diverse CoVs; however, the exact biological function of CoV-Y remains unclear. Here, we determined the crystal structure of CoV-Y of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Nsp3 using the single-wavelength anomalous diffraction method. We revealed the interaction between CoV-Y and the host BRCA1-associated protein (BRAP) using immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry experiments. This interaction was subsequently confirmed in cellular assays, and the precise binding-regions between these two proteins were clarified. We found that this interaction is conserved in SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Next, we demonstrated that CoV-Y enhances IκBα and IκBβ phosphorylation and promotes the nuclear translocation of the downstream NF-κB members p50 and p65 through binding to BRAP. The CoV-Y–BRAP interaction can upregulate the transcript levels of the host inflammatory cytokines. Overall, our findings illustrate the biological function of CoV-Y for the first time and provide novel insights into coronavirus regulation of host inflammatory responses, as well as a possible target for antiviral drug development.

COVID-19 vaccinations and their side effects: a scoping systematic review

Introduction: The COVID-19 virus has impacted people worldwide, causing significant changes in their lifestyles. Since the emergence of the epidemic, attempts have begun to prepare a vaccine that can eliminate the virus and restore balance to life in the entire world. Over the past two years, countries and specialized companies have competed to obtain a license from the World Health Organization for the vaccines that were discovered. After the appearance of vaccines in the health community, comparisons and fears of their side effects began, but people don’t get an answer to the question of which is the best vaccine. Methods: IEEE Xplore, ScienceDirect, the New England Journal of Medicine, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases were searched for literature on the COVID-19 vaccine and its side effects. we surveyed the literature on the COVID-19 vaccine’s side effects and the sorts of side effects observed after vaccination. Depending on data from the literature, we compared these vaccines in terms of side effects, then we analyzed the gaps and obstacles of previous studies and made proposals to process these gaps in future studies. Results: Overall, 17 studies were included in this scoping systematic review as they fulfilled the criteria specified, the majority of which were cross-sectional and retrospective cross-sectional studies. Most of the side effects were mild, self-limiting, and common. Thus, they usually resolve within 1–3 days after vaccination. Factors associated with higher side effects included advanced age, allergic conditions, those taking other medications (particularly immunosuppressive ones), those with a history of type II diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, COVID-19 infection, and female sex. Our meta‐analyses also found that mRNA vaccines looked to be more effective, while inactivated vaccinations had fewer side effects. Conclusion: This review shows that the COVID-19 vaccine is safe to administer and induces protection.

Juridical Analysis of the Mandatory Vaccination Program in Combating the Covid-19 Virus

Vaccination implementation became mandatory after the issuance of Presidential Regulation no. 14 of 2021 concerning amendments to Presidential Regulation no. 99 of 2020 concerning Procurement of Vaccines and Implementation of Vaccinations in the Context of Combating the 2019 Coroiva Virus Dtsease (Covid-19) Pandemic. 14 of 2021 concerning amendments to Presidential Regulation no. 99 of 2020 concerning Procurement of Vaccines and Implementation of Vaccinations in the Context of Overcoming the Covid-19 Pandemic. this is contrary to Law No. 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Produce in Article 4. The results of the research show that the Implementation of Vaccinations is mandatory. Conflict of regulations regarding Vaccine obligations based on Presidential Regulation. In this case the Regulations President No. 14 of 2021 concerning amendments to Presidential Regulation no. 99 of 2020 concerning Procurement of Vaccines and Implementation of Vaccinations in the Context of Handling the 2019 Coroiva Virus Disease (Covid-19) Pandemic, it is the opposite, however, due to the massive spread of the Covid 19 virus plus the declaration of a health emergency, it is based on the principle of Salus populi suprema est where the safety of the people is more important. What is meant in this case is that under the threat of situations and emergencies, the safety of the people must be the most important goal, including if the rule of law must be set aside.

Retraction Note: Association of the corona virus (Covid-19) epidemic with environmental risk factors.

Retraction Note: Association of the corona virus (Covid-19) epidemic with environmental risk factors.

StackGridCov: a robust stacking ensemble learning-based model integrated with GridSearchCV hyperparameter tuning technique for mutation prediction of COVID-19 virus

StackGridCov: a robust stacking ensemble learning-based model integrated with GridSearchCV hyperparameter tuning technique for mutation prediction of COVID-19 virus