COVID-19 Transmission Rates Research Articles

Surveillance Metrics and History of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Central Asia: Updated Epidemiological Assessment.

This study updates the COVID-19 pandemic surveillance in Central Asia we conducted during the first year of the pandemic by providing 2 additional years of data for the region. The historical context provided through additional data can inform regional preparedness and early responses to infectious outbreaks of either the SARS-CoV-2 virus or future pathogens in Central Asia. First, we aim to measure whether there was an expansion or contraction in the pandemic in Central Asia when the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the end of the public health emergency for the COVID-19 pandemic on May 5, 2023. Second, we use dynamic and genomic surveillance methods to describe the history of the pandemic in the region and situate the window of the WHO declaration within the broader history. Third, we aim to provide historical context for the course of the pandemic in Central Asia. Traditional surveillance metrics, including counts and rates of COVID-19 transmissions and deaths, and enhanced surveillance indicators, including speed, acceleration, jerk, and persistence, were used to measure shifts in the pandemic. To identify the appearance and duration of variants of concern, we used data on sequenced SARS-CoV-2 variants from the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID). We used Nextclade nomenclature to collect clade designations from sequences and Pangolin nomenclature for lineage designations of SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we conducted a 1-sided t test to determine whether regional speed was greater than an outbreak threshold of 10. We ran the test iteratively with 6 months of data across the sample period. Speed for the region had remained below the outbreak threshold for 7 months by the time of the WHO declaration. Acceleration and jerk were also low and stable. Although the 1- and 7-day persistence coefficients remained statistically significant, the coefficients were relatively small in magnitude (0.125 and 0.347, respectively). Furthermore, the shift parameters for either of the 2 most recent weeks around May 5, 2023, were both significant and negative, meaning the clustering effect of new COVID-19 cases became even smaller in the 2 weeks around the WHO declaration. From December 2021 onward, Omicron was the predominant variant of concern in sequenced viral samples. The rolling t test of speed equal to 10 became entirely insignificant for the first time in March 2023. Although COVID-19 continues to circulate in Central Asia, the rate of transmission remained well below the threshold of an outbreak for 7 months ahead of the WHO declaration. COVID-19 appeared to be endemic in the region and no longer reached the threshold of a pandemic. Both standard and enhanced surveillance metrics suggest the pandemic had ended by the time of the WHO declaration.

Assessment of Patients' Referral Patterns with Complaints of Self-harm and Aggression in the COVID-19 Era

Background: Due to the high transmission rate of COVID-19, the high prevalence of the disease, the high mortality rate, and its effects on mental health, we aimed to assess the current status of psychiatric symptoms. Methods: In this observational study, we have assessed various psychiatric presentations and disorders before and after the COVID-19 pandemic within the same time limit. Data have been obtained from the psychiatric interview performed by an attending physician in psychiatry. Results: The following features have been observed after the pandemic: increased depressed mood, irritability, crime trend, physical violations, personality disorders along with improved family support, and decreased suicidal ideation. No significant difference has been observed in the rate of response to psychotherapy and psychiatric medications before and after the time of the pandemic. Conclusion: Increased physical threat and aggression, substance use, and symptoms of psychosis were more frequently observed in the time of the pandemic. The physical threat was mainly committed by younger patients with psychiatric illnesses.

Unravelling the Web: The Internet’s Double-Edged Impact on COVID-19 Dynamics

AbstractThe intricate relationship between Internet access, freedom, and the spread of COVID-19 during the pandemic remains a crucial topic, important both for understanding what happened and for improving the response to future crises. This study investigates the impact of the share of Internet users, and its relationship with Internet freedom, on the COVID-19 transmission rate, addressing research questions regarding the interplay between these factors. Analyzing a panel dataset of 60 countries during the first wave, hybrid F-GLS models reveal that an increased number of Internet users correlates with a larger number of new daily COVID-19 cases. Conversely, the interaction between Internet users and net freedom attenuates the positive relationship between users and case counts, implying that the latter has a moderating role. These findings emphasize the multifaceted nature of the Internet’s influence on pandemic dynamics, and highlight how it acts both as a facilitator and a constraint.

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Mask Usage Among Patients in a Tertiary Dental Care Center.

The study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitude, and practice related to mask use among patients visiting a tertiary dental care clinic through a structured self-administered questionnaire. The cross-sectional study comprised dental outpatients at Government Medical College, Thrissur, Kerala. The questionnaire contained demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practice questions about COVID-19. Data analysis included Chi-square testing and descriptive statistics. A 99% response rate was achieved with 495 responses. There were 241 (49%) men and 254 (51%) women. The study had the most respondents aged 21 to 40 years (n = 220; 44.4%), followed by people older than 40 years (n = 204; 41.2%) and younger than 20 years (n = 71; 14.3%). There were statistically significant differences in age, education, and occupation with knowledge and significant differences in attitude and practice by occupation. This study suggests that dental patients are knowledgeable about health issues and disease prevention strategies. Positive attitudes toward infection prevention in dental clinics with higher levels of prevention practices against COVID-19 transmission rates were reported.

Parameter Uji Yang Berhubungan Dengan Penerimaan Vaksin Covid-19 Pada Masyarakat di Kecamatan Jangka Kabupaten Bireuen Tahun 2022

Covid-19 Vaccination as a government policy program worldwide aims to reduce Covid-19 transmission, lower morbidity and mortality rates due to Covid-19, achieve herd immunity in society, and protect the public from Covid-19 so that they remain socially and economically productive. The purpose of this study is to identify the factors related to Covid-19 vaccine acceptance among the community in Jangka Subdistrict. This study was conducted using a quantitative method with a cross-sectional approach. The population in this study consisted of 364 individuals from Jangka Subdistrict. A sample of 85 respondents was selected using random sampling, specifically the simple random sampling technique, with the Slovin formula used to determine the sample size. Data collection was carried out over 10 days. Data analysis employed both univariate and bivariate methods using the chi-square test. The results of the study, based on univariate analysis, show that out of the 85 respondents, 36 respondents (42.4%) had received the full Covid-19 vaccine, while 49 respondents (57.6%) had not received the full Covid-19 vaccine. Variables related to Covid-19 vaccine acceptance include knowledge, attitude, occupation, and stigma (P=0.000). However, variables that were not related include gender (P=0.967), information sources (P=0.154), and comorbidities (P=0.996).

Design of Smart IoT Health and Social Distancing Monitoring System

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, many companies have started to work from home. As the pandemic recovers, companies slowly start to adapt to the situation by making the workers work from the office. This is an effort to reduce the risks of spreading diseases in the workplace during the endemic of COVID-19. An effective solution is urgently needed to reduce and control the transmission rate of COVID-19. This has motivated us to design an Internet of Things (IoT) Health and Social Distancing Monitoring System (IHDS). This system aims to support that initiative and introduce a system that can control the risks of infection among workers due to a worrying spike in the number of cases in the workplace. The proposed system monitors the health condition of the users and controls social distancing at the workplace by using IoT technology and machine learning. Extensive experiments were conducted to assess the performance of the proposed system. Four critical health metrics were closely monitored: body temperature, pulse rate, blood oxygen saturation, and cough detection, achieving impressive accuracy rates of 99.91%, 94.32%, 99%, and 80.5%, respectively. The proposed system initiates the assignment of red boxes to couples who are separated by less than 1 meter, while it designates green boxes for couples who maintain more than a 1-meter distance from each other.

Modeling outbreaks of COVID-19 in China: The impact of vaccination and other control measures on curbing the epidemic

ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the development trend of COVID-19 in China and propose a model to assess the impacts of various prevention and control measures in combating the COVID-19 pandemic. Using COVID-19 cases reported by the National Health Commission of China from January 2, 2020, to January 2, 2022, we established a Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Asymptomatic-Quarantined-Vaccinated-Hospitalized-Removed (SEIAQVHR) model to calculate the COVID-19 transmission rate and Rt effective reproduction number, and assess prevention and control measures. Additionally, we built a stochastic model to explore the development of the COVID-19 epidemic. We modeled the incidence trends in five outbreaks between 2020 and 2022. Some important features of the COVID-19 epidemic are mirrored in the estimates based on our SEIAQVHR model. Our model indicates that an infected index case entering the community has a 50%–60% chance to cause a COVID-19 outbreak. Wearing masks and getting vaccinated were the most effective measures among all the prevention and control measures. Specifically targeting asymptomatic individuals had no significant impact on the spread of COVID-19. By adjusting prevention and control parameters, we suggest that increasing the rates of effective vaccination and mask-wearing can significantly reduce COVID-19 cases in China. Our stochastic model analysis provides a useful tool for understanding the COVID-19 epidemic in China.

Does urban particulate matter hinder COVID-19 transmission rate?

Does urban particulate matter hinder COVID-19 transmission rate?

The analysis of a novel COVID-19 model with the fractional-order incorporating the impact of the vaccination campaign in Nigeria via the Laplace-Adomian Decomposition Method

This study underscores the crucial role of COVID-19 vaccinations in managing the pandemic, with a specific focus on Nigeria. Employing a fractional-order mathematical modeling approach, the research assesses vaccination efficacy, minimum effectiveness, and duration. The model’s numerical solution is derived through the Laplace Adomian Decomposition Method (LADM), utilizing rapidly converging infinite series. Simulation results illustrate the impact of COVID-19 transmission and vaccination rates. The study concludes that implementing a vaccination strategy in an integer order proves to be the most effective approach to controlling the spread of COVID-19. These findings have significant implications for researchers, policymakers, and healthcare workers. They emphasize the central role of fractional calculus in facilitating vaccine implementation in the ongoing battle against COVID-19. The study calls for global efforts to maximize vaccination implementation for the overall benefit of public health.

Novel Study of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Post-Reperfusion Liver Biopsies after Transplantation Using COVID-19-Positive Donor Allografts

The utilization of COVID-19-positive donors has expanded the donor pool for transplantation since the initiation of COVID allograft utilization protocols. However, the biopsy-proven PCR transmission rate of COVID-19 from these allografts has not been well documented. In August 2021, an institutional COVID-19-positive allograft protocol was implemented for liver and kidney transplants. Post-reperfusion liver biopsies were obtained intra-operatively to evaluate for COVID-19 RNA, and post-operative day 7 nasopharyngeal reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) swabs were collected. The primary endpoints evaluated included COVID-19 RNA on biopsy and COVID-19 detected via nasopharyngeal RT-PCR swab on post-operative day 7. A total of 20 vaccinated recipients underwent transplantation (17 liver only, 3 simultaneous liver and kidney) with whole liver allografts from 20 COVID-19-positive deceased donors between August 2021 and April 2022. 95% (19/20) of donors were asymptomatic at the time of donation. On post-reperfusion liver allograft biopsies, COVID-19 RNA was found in 10% (2/20) of the samples. All the recipients were COVID-19-negative on post-operative day 7 nasopharyngeal RT-PCR, showing a 0% transmission rate of COVID-19 from the positive allografts. The use of COVID-19 allografts appears to be a safe practice, with no PCR-detectable transmission of COVID-19 despite 10% of the liver allografts having COVID-19 RNA present on post-reperfusion biopsy.

Community Partnership to Co-Develop an Intervention to Promote Equitable Uptake of the COVID-19 Vaccine Among Pediatric Populations

Community Partnership to Co-Develop an Intervention to Promote Equitable Uptake of the COVID-19 Vaccine Among Pediatric Populations

Long-Term Prediction of Large-Scale and Sporadic COVID-19 Epidemics Induced by the Original Strain in China Based on the Improved Nonautonomous Delayed Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Dead and Susceptible-Infected-Removed Models

Abstract The COVID-19 virus emerged abruptly in early 2020 and disseminated swiftly, resulting in a substantial impact on public health. This paper aims to forecast the evolution of large-scale and sporadic COVID-19 outbreaks, stemming from the original strain, within the context of stringent quarantine measures in China. In order to accomplish our objective, we introduce a time-delay factor into the conventional susceptible-infected-removed/susceptible-infected-recovered-dead (SIR/SIRD) model. In the nonautonomous delayed SIRD model, the finite difference method is employed to determine that the transmission rate in a large-scale epidemic area exhibits an approximately exponential decay, the cure rate demonstrates a linear increase, and the death rate is approximately piecewise constant with a downward trend. We employ an improved delayed SIR model for sporadic epidemic regions characterized by extremely low or nearly zero mortality rates. In these regions, the transmission rate is estimated through a two-stage exponential decay function with variable coefficients, while the rate of removal aligns with the recovery rate in the previously mentioned SIRD model. The results of this study demonstrate a high level of concordance with the actual evolution of COVID-19, and the predictive precision can be consistently maintained within a margin of 3%. From the perspective of our model parameters, it is observed that under strict isolation policies, the transmission rate of COVID-19 in China is relatively low and has been significantly reduced. This suggests that government intervention has had a positive effect on epidemic prevention in the country. Moreover, our model has been successfully utilized to forecast the outbreaks caused by the SARS virus in 2003 and the COVID-19 outbreak induced by the Omicron virus in 2022, showcasing its broad applicability and efficacy. This study enables the prompt implementation of measures and allocation of medical resources in different regions, ultimately contributing to the mitigation of economic and social losses.

A Fuzzy Logic Inference Model for the Evaluation of the Effect of Extrinsic Factors on the Transmission of Infectious Diseases

COVID-19 is a contagious disease that poses a serious risk to public health worldwide. To reduce its spread, people need to adopt preventive behaviours such as wearing masks, maintaining physical distance, and isolating themselves if they are infected. However, the effectiveness of these measures may depend on various factors that differ across countries. This paper investigates how some factors, namely outsiders’ effect, life expectancy, population density, smoker percentage, and temperature, influence the transmission and death rate of COVID-19 in ninety-five top-affected countries. We collect and analyse the data of COVID-19 cases and deaths using statistical tests. We also use fuzzy logic to model the chances of COVID-19 based on the results of the statistical tests. Unlike the conventional uniform weighting of the rule base in fuzzy logic, we propose a novel method to calculate the weights of the rule base according to the significance of the factors. This study aims to provide a comprehensive and comparative analysis of the factors of COVID-19 transmission and death rates among different countries.

Spatio-temporal clustering analysis of COVID-19 cases in Johor

At the end of the year 2019, a virus named SARS-CoV-2 induced the coronavirus disease, which is very contagious and quickly spread around the world. This new infectious disease is called COVID-19. Numerous areas, such as the economy, social services, education, and healthcare system, have suffered grave consequences from the invasion of this deadly virus. Thus, a thorough understanding of the spread of COVID-19 is required in order to deal with this outbreak before it becomes an infectious disaster. In this research, the daily reported COVID-19 cases in 92 sub-districts in Johor state, Malaysia, as well as the population size associated to each sub-district, are used to study the propagation of COVID-19 disease across space and time in Johor. The time frame of this research is about 190 days, which started from August 5, 2021, until February 10, 2022. The clustering technique known as spatio-temporal clustering, which considers the spatio-temporal metric was adapted to determine the hot-spot areas of the COVID-19 disease in Johor at the sub-district level. The results indicated that COVID-19 disease does spike in the dynamic populated sub-districts such as the state's economic centre (Bandar Johor Bahru), and during the festive season. These findings empirically prove that the transmission rate of COVID-19 is directly proportional to human mobility and the presence of holidays. On the other hand, the result of this study will help the authority in charge in stopping and preventing COVID-19 from spreading and become worsen at the national level.

SARS-CoV-2 infection and seropositivity among household contacts of laboratory confirmed cases of COVID-19 in residents of Delhi, India

The transmission of respiratory pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, is often facilitated through household contact. To better understand the transmission rate of COVID-19 among households and factors that affect viral clearance and seroconversion, a case-ascertained community-based prospective study was conducted between December 2020 and June 2021 on the urban population of the national capital region of India. The study collected nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR on the 1st, 7th, 14th, and 28th day, and blood samples for antibody detection on the 1st, 14th, and 28th day from household contacts (HCs) of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases. The study monitored the demographic data, symptoms, and outcomes of 417 participants, including 99 index cases and 318 contacts, for a period of 28 days. The results of the study showed that SARS-CoV-2 was easily spread within households, with a secondary infection rate of 44.3 %. In fact, almost 70 % of the contacts got infected within 1–2 days of identification of the index case, while 34 % remained asymptomatic. Sero-conversion was found in 35.6 % of the participants while 22.9 % did not produce antibodies after 28 days of infection. The study also revealed that females, spouses, older members, and primary care providers were at higher risk of getting infected in a home setting. However, approximately one-third of individuals in the younger age group managed to avoid infection. The study demonstrated that most infected individuals became RT-PCR negative within two weeks, although viral clearance was delayed in older patients and those with lower cycle threshold values in RT-PCR.

High-income ZIP codes in New York City demonstrate higher case rates during off-peak COVID-19 waves.

Our study explores how New York City (NYC) communities of various socioeconomic strata were uniquely impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. New York City ZIP codes were stratified into three bins by median income: high-income, middle-income, and low-income. Case, hospitalization, and death rates obtained from NYCHealth were compared for the period between March 2020 and April 2022. COVID-19 transmission rates among high-income populations during off-peak waves were higher than transmission rates among low-income populations. Hospitalization rates among low-income populations were higher during off-peak waves despite a lower transmission rate. Death rates during both off-peak and peak waves were higher for low-income ZIP codes. This study presents evidence that while high-income areas had higher transmission rates during off-peak periods, low-income areas suffered greater adverse outcomes in terms of hospitalization and death rates. The importance of this study is that it focuses on the social inequalities that were amplified by the pandemic.

Dynamical analysis of COVID-19 and tuberculosis co-infection using mathematical modelling approach

<abstract><p>Both tuberculosis (TB) and COVID-19 are infectious diseases with similar clinical manifestations, which mainly affect the lungs. Clinical studies have revealed that the immunosuppressive drugs taken by COVID-19 patients can affect the immunological functions in the body, which can cause the patients to contract active TB via a new infection or reinfection, and the co-infection of the two diseases portends a clinical complexity in the management of the patients. Thus, this paper presents a mathematical model to study the dynamics and control of COVID-19-TB co-infection. The full model of the co-infection is split into two submodels, namely, the TB-only and the COVID-19-only models. The equilibria of the disease-free and endemic situations of the two sub-models are shown to be globally asymptotically stable when their control reproduction numbers $ R_{o}^{TV}, R_{o}^{CV} < 1 $ and $ \tilde {R}_{o}^{TV}, \tilde {R}_{o}^{CV} > 1 $, respectively. However, the disease-free equilibrium of the co-infection model was found to lose its global stability property when the reproduction number $ R_{o}^{F} < 1 $, therefore exhibiting a backward bifurcation. Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis of the associated reproduction number of the full model has been performed by using the Latin hypercube sampling/Pearson rank correlation coefficient (LHS/PRCC) method. The rate of transmission of COVID-19 and the proportions of individuals vaccinated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and against COVID-19 were found to be highly significant in the spread and control of COVID-19-TB co-infection. Furthermore, the simulation results show that decreasing the COVID-19 transmission rate and increasing the proportion of people vaccinated with BCG and against COVID-19 can lower the number of cases of COVID-19-TB co-infection. Therefore, measures to reduce the transmission rate and the provision of adequate resources to increase the proportions of people vaccinated against TB and COVID-19 should be implemented to minimize the cases of co-infection.</p></abstract>

Analytical insights of the effects of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions on SRAS-CoV-2 Dynamic with Application to West African Data

The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by the rapid spread of a new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) worldwide. COVID-19 pandemic mitigation measures caused significant social and economic disruption, especially in regions with weak economic and fragile healthcare systems like West Africa. Therefore, accurate knowledge of the impact of these measures on its dynamics is important in decision-making. In this study, we formulated and used a deterministic compartmental model, considering two sub-classes of susceptible individuals (S1 and S2), where S1 is the population living around the epicenter of the epidemic and S2 is the population living far from the epicenter of the epidemic. The aim was to (i) theoretically assess the impact of measures reducing the transmission rate of the disease (ψ) on the epidemic dynamics and (ii) analyze the impact of measures reducing the probability of contact between infected and susceptible individuals (detection and isolation rates, θap, θs) on the epidemic dynamics. We determined the expressions of the basic and control reproduction numbers and studied the sensitivity and elasticity of the control reproduction number with respect to ψ, θap, θs, and heterogeneity factor, k(S1/S2). Application to the COVID-19 first-wave data from West Africa revealed that the basic reproduction number was 1.85. Moreover, the results indicated that a 50% reduction in the transmission rate of COVID-19 or the detection and isolation of 10% of infected individuals per day should help to reach the peak of the epidemic. Furthermore, a 100% increase in the heterogeneity factor induces a 16% increase in the control reproduction number when θap = 0.15 and a 14% increase in the control reproduction number when θap = 0.6. These conclusions could help design control measures to curtail future epidemics.

COMPLIANCE LEVEL ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 HEALTH PROTOCOL AMONG KARANG TARUNA MEMBERS AT PANDANLANDUNG VILLAGE, MALANG

Introduction: One of the keys to success in efforts to overcome the COVID-19 pandemic is to comply with health protocols. The COVID-19 health protocol compliance level is known to be low in the adolescent age group. The low level of compliance is related to the role of Karang Taruna as a village-level organization in providing education and examples to their peers, namely adolescents. Aims: This study was conducted to describe the level of compliance of Karang Taruna members in Pandanlandung Village, Wagir District, Malang Regency to the COVID-19 Health Protocol. Methods: The design used in this research is cross sectional with a quantitative descriptive method. This research was conducted in March-October 2021 with the number of respondents as many as 24 members of the Karang Taruna Pandanlandung Village who were selected using a total sampling technique. Results: This research study found that the compliance level of members of the Karang Taruna Pandanlandung Village was in the "Good" category, especially in the aspects of "Using Masks" 70.83%, "Washing Hands" 79.17%, "Avoiding Crowds" 50% and "Limiting Mobility" 50%. Conclusion: from this study is that, in general, the implementation of the COVID-19 health protocol is good, but the implementation of health protocols in daily life must still be improved by reminding fellow members of Karang Taruna to continue to carry out the health protocol because the pandemic is not over so as to reduce the transmission rate of COVID-19.

Peranan Camat dalam Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) di Kecamatan Gido, Kabupaten Nias

Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) is an epidemic that has an infectious nature. Covid - 19 first appeared in the city of Wuhan, Hubei Province, China and has spread to 190 countries in the world including Indonesia. Officially, WHO as the world health agency named this virus as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus-2 (SARS_CoV-2) or Corona Virus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). The Covid-19 virus outbreak is known to have clinical symptoms in human respiration, even to the point of severity causing death. On March 14, 2020 the Indonesian government declared the Covid-19 outbreak a national disaster. As a result of the Covid-19 outbreak, the Indonesian government took strategic steps to prevent wider cases by issuing PSBB and PPKM policies. This policy aims to break the transmission rate of Covid-19. As an issue and problem, Covid-19 has also not escaped the attention of the Gido District government, so this study aims to find out the role of the sub-district head in preventing and controlling Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) in Gido District, Nias Regency and to find out the obstacles experienced by the Head of Gido subdistrict in the prevention and control of Corona Virus Disease (Covid-19) in Gido District, Nias Regency. This researcher uses a qualitative method that is descriptive in nature, namely to provide a clear picture of the problem under study. Data collection techniques used are observation, interviews and documentation. The results showed that the role of the sub-district head in prevention and control was effective. This is marked by the activeness of the camat in providing advice and outreach and collaborating between various parties such as the Koramil and puskesmas as well as village government officials to jointly prevent the transmission of Covid-19 and provide health facilities for the community such as masks and hand sanitizers. The sub-district head also took firm action against immigrants to self-isolate. The sub-district head also plays a role in monitoring the process of recusing village funds to be diverted to communities affected by Covid-19 so that people can receive social assistance evenly. The inhibiting factor experienced by the sub-district head is that there are still many people who do not understand the dangers of Covid - 19 and the solution for this is that the sub-district head cooperates with the puskesmas to participate in explaining about Covid-19 and how it is transmitted as well as ways to prevent and overcome it.