COVID-19 Pandemic In Brazil Research Articles

‘This is just a little flu’: analysing medical populist discourses on the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil

This paper explores the concept of medical populism to examine how Brazil has responded to the Covid-19 pandemic. Recognising the centrality of discourses in framing health policy, we employ Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to identify and analyse (1) what were the main discursive frames that characterised medical populism in Brazil’s Covid-19 crisis? and (2) how were these frames constructed, legitimated and reproduced in discursive meanings, structures and schemes of argumentation? Our study is an effort to inform the literature about medical populism and, more broadly, public health policymaking, administration and governance of health crises. Specifically, we seek to uncover the underlying discursive features of medical populism and expose how they frame public health policy. Our case study shows ample evidence that the main discursive frames underpinning medical populism during the Covid-19 crisis in Brazil reflected the most widely agreed attributes of populism as a strategic political discourse, notably an antagonistic depiction of the health problem, overpoliticisation and moral interpretation of political actors. However, our findings challenge some theoretical assumptions of extant conceptualisations of medical populism, thus providing greater insights into the concept of medical populism by demonstrating how this type of political discourse may incorporate different discursive meanings, structures and schemes of argumentation into its populist repertoire. This can help us anticipate patterns of action and narratives for preparing responses to future public health emergencies in an era of increasing post-truth politics, as populist discourses seem likely to influence public policy and governance for some time.

Level of Trust of the Population in the Unified Health System in the Midst of the COVID-19 Crisis in Brazil.

to assess the level of trust in health services during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. A cross-sectional study, carried out between 2020 and 2021, among Brazilians over 18. Nonprobabilistic sampling was used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied, using the local bivariate Moran's technique to verify the existence of spatial dependence between the incidence and mortality of COVID-19 and trust in health services. Furthermore, multinomial regression was also used to analyze the factors associated with the confidence level, with the calculation of the odds ratio and with a confidence interval of 95%. A total of 50.6% reported trust in hospital services, while 41.4% did not trust primary health care services. With the application of the local bivariate Moran, both for the incidence and mortality of COVID-19, the trust in tertiary care and primary care services showed a statistically significant spatial association predominant in the Midwest (high-low) and North (low-high) regions of Brazil. The level of trust was associated with education, religion, region of the country and income. The level of trust in hospital services, more than primary health care services, may be related to the population's culture of prioritizing the search for hospital care at the detriment of health promotion and disease prevention.

Impact of Anxiety on Health-Related Quality of Life and Symptoms of Burnout in Multi-Professional Residents in Brazil During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

We aimed to determine the prevalence of anxiety and to identify associated factors among multi-professional residents in Brazil during the early days of the COVID-19 pandemic. A cross-sectional study included a sample of 752 multi-professional residents selected by snowball technique. Symptoms of anxiety were measured by the Beck anxiety inventory scale (≥ 16 cut-off). We used WHOQOL-BREF to access the health-related quality of life and the Maslach Burnout Inventory to measure the burnout syndrome. PR and respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using the Poisson regression model. The prevalence of anxiety was 41.2% (310/752). Some variables were strongly associated with anxiety: afraid of getting COVID-19; extra work demand during COVID-19 pandemic; sweating/wheezing/increased heart rate during work; feeling safe when using personal protective equipment at work, and psychological support from residence preceptors. Residents with symptoms of anxiety showed high emotional exhaustion at work (36.6 ± 9.6 vs. 24.7 ± 10.7, P = 0.001) and depersonalization (8.9 ± 6.0 vs. 5.6 ± 4.9, P = 0.001). Correlations coefficients between emotional exhaustion versus Physical WHOQOL-BREF and between emotional exhaustion versus Psychological WHOQOL-BREF were significantly lower among residents without anxiety (P = 0.027 and P = 0,03, respectively). The prevalence of anxiety was high and strongly associated with several variables, particularly with being afraid of getting COVID-19, the perception of workload, somatization (sweating, wheezing and increased heart rate during work), feeling unsafe when using personal protective equipment, and lack of psychological support from residence preceptors. Anxiety was associated with increased emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and low health-related quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Low WHOQOL-BREF environment domain, and high emotional exhaustion MBI domain increased the chances of presenting symptoms of anxiety.

Clinical forms and diagnosis of tuberculosis in children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The present study aimed to describe the clinical forms and the time taken to diagnose new tuberculosis cases and to statistically analyze the isolated and combined forms of the disease in children and adolescents treated at a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study that used retrospective data on children (0-9 years old) and adolescents (10-18 years old) with pulmonary (PTB), extrapulmonary (EPTB), and combined tuberculosis (PTB + EPTB) followed up at the outpatient clinic from January 2019 to March 2021. Categorical data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and expressed as frequency and proportions. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square test, and numerical variables using Student's T-test. A total of 51 cases were included, 63% (32/51) of which comprised patients in the year of the pandemic (group A), while 37% (19/51) were patients attended in previous years (group B). In group A, 19% (6/32) of the patients presented PTB, 59% (16/32) had EPTB, and 31% (10/32) had PTB+EPTB. In group B, 42% (8/19) of the patients presented PTB, 42% (8/19) had EPTB, and 16% (3/19) had PTB+EPTB. Our study revealed more tuberculosis cases in the first year of the pandemic than in the same period of the previous year, with greater variation of sites affected by the disease, including rarer and more severe forms.

Social distancing and changes in drug use: Results from a cross-sectional study during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 19 has led to measures of social distancing and quarantine worldwide. This stressful period may lead to psychological problems, including changes in substance use. In addition, sociodemographic factors are linked to changed levels of drug use and abuse observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, which are also associated with increased anxiety, depression, and other disorders. Thus, the aim of the study was to investigate (i) changes in drug use during the COVID-19 pandemic associated with social distancing, and (ii) to verify factors associated with those changes. A web-based cross-sectional observational survey was completed by a self-selected adult general population in Brazil (N = 2,435) during September/October 2020 (first wave) before and throughout the pandemic. Key outcomes: social distancing, self-reported drug use (ASSIST), and emotional states (DASS-21). High social distancing was associated with fewer chances (prevalence ratio) of increased drug use for alcohol (0.71, CI95%: 0.64-0.80), tobacco (0.72; CI95%: 0.60-0.87), cannabis (0.65; CI95%: 0.55-0.78), and others. Low social distancing presented a higher DASS-21 score for anxiety (P = 0.017). Concerning covariates analysis by a general linear model, men (alcohol: 1. 71; cannabis: 3.86), younger age (alcohol: 0.97), less education (alcohol, tobacco, cannabis and cocaine/crack comparing several lower schooling categories vs. higher education), lower income (alcohol: 0.42; tobacco: 0.47; and cannabis: 0.36), and higher depression DASS-21 score (alcohol: 1.05; tobacco: 1.08; cannabis: 1.07; and cocaine/crack: 1.07) were associated with higher use prevalence of several drugs. Individuals reporting low social distancing increased the use of most drugs during the pandemic, while high social distancing significantly decreased drug use. Anxiety and depressive states and several sociodemographic factors (men; lower income; less education) were associated with higher drug use patterns.

Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach during COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (EETA) is a well-established technique for sellar tumor resection. However, this route causes aerosol dispersion from the nasal cavity. In the context of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, new measures were taken aiming at the safety and protection of patients and health-care professionals. Herein, we present a Brazilian experience with EETA during COVID-19 pandemic. This study was based on the review of medical records and observation in the operating room of the patients undergoing endoscopic surgery in the period from May 2020 to July 2022. All patients were tested by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) COVID-19 before and after surgery. Since September 2021, it has been mandatory to present vaccination cards for adults (over 18 years old). This case series included 28 patients and 35 surgical procedures using the EETA, who presented of nonfunctioning macroadenomas (19 cases - 67.8%), GH-secreting tumor (three cases - 10.8%), ACTH-secreting tumor (three cases - 10.8%), meningiomas (two cases - 7.1%), and Rathke's cleft cyst (one case - 3.5%). There were eight cases of diabetes insipidus (28.5%), five cases of cerebrospinal fluid leak (17.8%), and one case of meningitis (3.5%). Three patients died due to meningitis (one case), carotid occlusion (one case), and COVID-19 complications (one case). A simple protocol was established to perform EETA during the COVID-19 pandemic. The pituitary surgeries were maintained to treat critical cases. To date, the protocol should be continually updated to improve the procedure's safety.

Gender and Food insecurity in the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: hunger through women's voices.

This paper presents the results of the research nested in the international project "Gender and COVID-19", which includes several topics related to the impact of the pandemic on the lives of women and their families, including food insecurity and hunger. Semi-structured interviews were conducted from December 2020 to November 2021 with 49 women living in two urban conglomerates, Cabana do Pai Tomás (Belo Horizonte, MG) and Sapopemba (São Paulo, SP), and two rural quilombola communities, Córrego do Rocha (Chapada do Norte, MG) and Córrego do Narciso (Araçuaí, MG). The analyses were based on the following categories: hunger-related feelings and terms; reduced food amount and quality; lack of food and nutrients; difficulties producing food, receiving emergency aid or food donations; governments evaluation and support networks. The respondents' reports show the challenges they experienced, their coping methods, and criticism of the government's lack of responses. Besides presenting a gender perspective, women, especially the leaders who worked in the construction of solidarity networks, are fundamental voices in planning actions to prevent and mitigate the impacts of emergencies in their communities.

Resilience during times of enduring challenge: Brazilian Child Protection Professionals' resilience and psychological distress one year into the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundThe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Child Protection Professionals (CPPs) was widespread. Evidence regarding how those professionals dealt with the pandemic adversities and consequences for their wellbeing are scarce. ObjectiveWe sought to analyze whether predictors of resilience had changed one year into the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Specifically, we explored the resiliency of CPPs as the stress of the pandemic evolved from an acute stressor to a more chronic and persistent stressor. Participants and setting263 CPPs from the five regions of Brazil engaged in this study. Participants had a mean age of 40 years and, on average, 13 years of experience in their field. MethodsCPPs were recruited between March and April of 2021 via professional social media outlets to complete an online survey. CPPs answered questions regarding their perceptions of their work conditions, psychological distress, and resilience. Survey questions were adopted from a prior survey distributed in 2020. ResultsWe replicated findings from our earlier study in the pandemic: A model of CPPs' resilient behaviors showed good indices of fit even one year into the pandemic. Despite this, paths related to individual importance for personal resilient behavior were not significant in this model. Unmet resilient needs significantly predicted general psychological distress. ConclusionsCPPs revealed some changing resiliency needs as the pandemic progressed. Results revealed that meeting resilience-related needs is key to decreasing the psychological distress of this population. This work adds to the literature on the understudied topic of CPPs' psychological distress and resilience during international challenges.

Deepening and widening the gap: The impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on gender and racial inequalities in Brazil.

Shaped by inconsistent policy decisions, the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil has made structural gender and racial inequalities more acute. Black and low-income women are overburdened with unpaid domestic work, increased domestic violence, and more vulnerable due to informal and exploitative working regimes. These structural aspects are intensifying, since the pandemic has broadened inequalities at the intersection of gender, race, labor market, and social class. We examine pre- and during pandemic inequalities on three dimensions: (a) unpaid domestic and care work, (b) women's labor market participation, and (c) domestic violence. We link the care diamond model and racial stratification forwarding a feminist perspective by examining how the interlocking of race and gender in Brazil renders different socioeconomic dynamics to the detriment of Black and low-income women. Based on this evidence, we stress that a more equal future requires a better social protection and policies targeting the articulation of gender, race, and class.

Digital marketing of online food delivery services in a social media platform before and during COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil.

To describe the promotion of food and beverage and marketing strategies used by online food delivery services (OFDS) in a social media platform before and during the pandemic in Brazil. Publicly available data were extracted from OFDS Instagram accounts. Posts published 6 months immediately before and after the first case of COVID-19 in Brazil were randomly sampled. Two independent authors coded the posts' content. Food and beverage items featured in posts were classified according to the NOVA food system classification. Marketing strategies were coded according to protocols from previous studies. Top three OFDS Instagram accounts in Brazil. Posts published in the period studied (n 304). During the pandemic, the proportion of posts featuring at least one food item decreased from 71·6 % to 40·2 %, and the proportion of ultra-processed foods decreased from 57·6 % to 27·9 %. Before the pandemic, the most widely used marketing strategies were branding elements (80·7 %), product imagery (unbranded) (48·9 %) and partnerships/sponsorship (35·2 %). While during the pandemic, branding elements (62·2 %) continued to be the most applied, but were followed by the use of videos/graphics interchange format/boomerangs (34·1 %) and corporate social responsibility (31·7 %). The most frequent COVID-19 marketing strategies were 'social responsibility in the pandemic' (30·5 %), 'combatting the pandemic' (28·0 %) and 'accelerating digitalisation' (20·7 %). OFDS advertisements on a social media platform placed less emphasis on food items, but improved the nutritional quality of foods and beverages featured in posts. A COVID-washing approach was highlighted, especially through the use of social responsibility marketing during the pandemic.

Confronting trends of antibiotic resistance beyond the COVID-19 pandemic: insight from five worst hit countries

Antibiotic resistance is and has been a prominent obstacle prior to the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to the inability to efficiently treat the newly discovered coronavirus disease and the rise of bacterial co-infections in COVID-19 patients, the consumption of antibiotics increased drastically. Although the COVID-19 situation has somewhat contributed to reducing the spread of infections, the increment in antibiotic resistance is still a significant consequence. This emergence of increased rates is a global issue. The purpose of this review is to study the trend of antibiotic resistance before and since the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, China, India, Russia, and The United States of America. It was found that the most troublesome pathogens with the highest resistance rates in Brazil were Acinetobacter spp. The said bacterium species had developed peak resistance against meropenem, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and amikacin. Also, China had incredibly susceptible pathogens resistant towards macrolides, penicillins, and aminoglycosides; however, not much change was witnessed in the resistance rates of several pathogens. In India, increased usage of azithromycin led to the emergence of macrolide resistance among various bacterial pathogens, whereas the perpetual usage of doxycycline had not yet resulted in any tetracycline resistance. Although, the occurrence of fungal infections had enlarged, causing COVID-19-associated mucormycosis more frequent among the Indian population. While commonly present pathogens in Russia were extremely resistant to most antibiotic classes, Acinetobacter baumannii was the chief resistant bacterium reported. The United States of America was recognized with concentrated resistance against vancomycin, fluoroquinolones, and extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing antibiotics. This alarming rate of growing antibiotic resistance in world’s battle with COVID-19 is indeed a matter of concern.

Voice Therapy for Older Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil

ObjectiveTo characterize the clinical practice of Brazilian speech-language-hearing therapists regarding voice therapy for older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsCross-sectional survey conducted remotely. Data were collected through a form shared online with approximately 1.500 speech-language-hearing therapists. The form included voice therapy practice with older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was responded by 155 voice experts.ResultsMost respondents were females with over 21 years’ experience in vocal health care, working with both in-person therapy and teletherapy. Obtaining acoustic parameters and using therapy strategies for breathing and body training were the most reported changes in remote therapy during the pandemic. The main difficulties involved wearing masks in in-person therapy and assessing the voice in teletherapy. Patient adherence and goals reached were deemed positive by most participants. Associations were found between place and format of service; between patient adherence and goals reached; and between difficulties in teletherapy and use of complementary therapeutic resources.ConclusionThe COVID-19 pandemic led Brazilian speech-language-hearing therapists to change their clinical practice with older adults in both remote and in-person therapy. The main changes involved wearing masks in in-person therapy and assessing the voice in teletherapy. Remote therapy proved to be a safe and effective possibility.

Changes in Group B Streptococcus Colonization among Pregnant Women before and after the Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil.

Group B Streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal infections. The genitourinary and gastrointestinal tract of pregnant women are the main source of transmission to newborns. This work investigated the prevalence and characterized GBS from pregnant women in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, comparing the periods before (January 2019 to March 2020; 521) and during (May 2020 to March 2021; 285) the COVID-19 pandemic. GBS was detected in 10.8% of anovaginal samples. Considering scenarios before and during the pandemic, GBS colonization rate significantly decreased (13.8% vs. 5.3%; p = 0.0001). No clinical and sociodemographic aspect was associated with GBS carriage (p > 0.05). A total of 80%, 13.8% and 4.6% GBS strains were non-susceptible to tetracycline, erythromycin and clindamycin, respectively. Serotype Ia was the most frequent (47.7%), followed by V (23.1%), II (18.4%), III (7.7%) and Ib (3.1%). An increasing trend of serotypes Ib and V, as well as of antimicrobial resistance rates, and a decreasing trend of serotypes II and III, were observed after the pandemic onset, albeit not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The reduction in GBS colonization rates and alterations in GBS serotypes and resistance profiles during the pandemic were not due to changes in the sociodemographic profile of the population. Considering that control and preventive measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic onset have impacted other infectious diseases, these results shed light on the need for the continuous surveillance of GBS among pregnant women in the post-pandemic era.

A pandemia da Covid-19 e a constituição de uma audiovisualidade perversa

Based on a broad investigation of the appropriations of digital social networks in the mediatized daily life, this article seeks to investigate the use of audiovisual narratives to constitute fake news about the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil. The main objective is to identify the occurrence of audiovisual use by producers/spreaders of fake news on digital social networks, considering the entire narrative repertoire of disinformation on the subject (audiovisuals, texts, photographs/illustrations/prints, audios). The study on what is called perverse audiovisuality was carried out from the set of investigations carried out by the Comprova Project, to verify suspicious content that goes viral on the networks, formed by 40 Brazilian journalistic vehicles. The analyzes cover two years of work of this collaborative investigative journalism, from the first verification, on March 25, 2020, right at the beginning of the pandemic, to March 25, 2022, already with confrontation also made through vaccines. The methodology also included a literature review. The research identified the significant use of audiovisual narratives in order to disinformation about the pandemic, highlighting the context of a perverse sociability, one that, among other limitations, despises factual truth as a social bond.

Perceptions and practices of the Brazilian LGBT+ population toward blood donation

In May 2020, after years of demands by activists and in light of COVID-19-related blood shortages, the Brazilian Federal Supreme Court abolished the rules that demanded a 12-month celibacy period for men who have sex with men (MSM) to donate blood. The objective of this open web survey was to assess the perceptions and practices regarding blood donation and blood donation rules among members of the Brazilian LGBT+ community. The data collection was conducted between October 2019 and March 2020, before the changes in the rules for blood donation and before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. A total of 1639 adult individuals, self-declared as LGBT+ , participated (54.3 % MSM, 2.2 non-MSM, 43.5 % women). As expected, most of the study participants did not agree with the 12-month deferral period for MSM donate blood. Blood donation was already practiced by MSM, even before the abolition of the restrictions on donation. Among MSM and women, 38.7 % and 41.0 % have already donated blood, respectively. A significant number of participants reported lying in screening interviews at blood banks in order to be able to donate, and many said they knew people who were MSM and disobeyed the rules for donation, even though they knew them. Therefore, the practice of blood donation was already present among these people, even before the restriction policy change, confirming the need for revised rules for blood donation.

Screening for Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in the initial and middle stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in a university’s community in the Mid-West Brazil, 2020

Objective: To measure the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress levels in a university community during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional exploratory-descriptive study was implemented in two stages, in the initial and middle stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, with a sample of a university community in emergency remote learning. Results: The prevalence of high scores (Extremely severe) for depression, anxiety and stress, respectively, were 27.34 (25.30-29.47), 27.12 (25.08-29.25) and 19.38 (17.59-21.30) in the initial stage and 25.79 (24.11-27.82), 26.01 (24.33-28.05) and 17.18 (15.76-18.98) in the middle stage of the pandemic. Conclusions: The prevalence of high scores for the screened psychological disorders were high in both stages of the pandemic. We recommend preventive and care actions for the university community in periods of crisis such as the pandemic. Future studies can look at the trend in prevalence rates over time as social distancing measures, the pandemic and emergency remote learning are slowing down.

Providing support to underprivileged people during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: the role of the Trust Group and women leaders in São Paulo’s favelas

RESUMEN São Paulo fue uno de los epicentros de la pandemia de COVID-19 en Brasil y su impacto fue severo entre las poblaciones más desfavorecidas, especialmente en los residentes de favelas. Este documental relata la creación del Grupo Confianza, compuesto en su mayoría por mujeres líderes comunitarias en favelas de São Paulo y cómo sus acciones inspiraron políticas públicas en Brasil; sus lecciones son ejemplos de gobernabilidad y solidaridad en tiempos de crisis y pueden servir de modelo para otras ciudades de Latinoamérica. El documental describe la historia contada por aquellas líderes comunitarios. Para ver el documental, por favor visite el siguiente link: https://youtu.be/61elJw0oqCY

Sustainability and the Social Representation of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Missing Link

The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance for countries to preserve a sustainable health system. Unfortunately, the emergency nature of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to economic and social disasters, putting global health at risk. Thus, through the Social Representation Theory, our aim is to replicate a previous study carried out in Brazil in mid-2020 on how Brazilian society has perceived the significance of the COVID-19 pandemic in order to investigate whether this perception changed almost a year after the publication of the former study. The results show that the perception of Brazilian society about the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil was, at the end of 2021, mainly shaped by the political polarization that existed at the time in the country. Thus, politics and government, social distancing, death, and fear were the categories that composed the central nucleus of the social representation of the COVID-19 pandemic. On the other hand, categories such as economy and employment and changes and the new normal were mentioned less. Surprisingly, the sustainability category was practically disregarded by Brazilians, thus constituting a missing link. In this way, with this research, we hope to contribute to a better understanding of this scenario, expanding the understanding of how society’s interpretation of the COVID-19 pandemic in an emerging country such as Brazil has changed over time. Finally, understanding the dynamics of society’s perception of the COVID-19 pandemic can contribute to better planning of local initiatives, both at a managerial and public levels, with the aim of mitigating this and other possible future pandemics in a sustainable way.

Postnatal women’s breastfeeding beliefs, practices, and support during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional comparative study across five countries

BackgroundWomen with COVID-19 experienced numerous concerns and doubts about the safety of breastfeeding their babies, and lack of support may have impacted breastfeeding practices. This study aims to compare breastfeeding beliefs, practices, and contact with healthcare professionals regarding the level of postnatal feeding support provided during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and the United Kingdom.MethodsA multi-country cross-sectional study was conducted with postnatal women in five countries. Women up to six months postpartum were invited to complete an online survey concerning the transmission of preventative measures, beliefs toward breastfeeding, infant feeding practices in the last 24 hours and experiences of postnatal infant feeding support between July to November 2021. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the association.ResultsOf the 3,253 eligible responses received, 39.5% of children were aged between one and two months, but in Taiwan (36%) and South Korea (42.8%) they were between three and four months. The mean of the belief score was significantly different among countries (p < 0.0001). Women in Brazil and the UK had a higher rate of breastfeeding at the breast (90.7% and 85.4%, respectively) compared to the three Asian countries (p < 0.0001) while feeding with expressed breastmilk in Thailand (59.9%), Taiwan (52.6%), and South Korea (50.4%) was higher than the others (p < 0.0001). Brazil and UK mothers (mean = 16.0 and 14.5 respectively) had a higher mean score for belief toward breastfeeding during the COVID-19 than the others. These results are inversely associated with breastfeeding but positively related to formula feeding practice. Postnatal feeding support during the COVID-19 pandemic was mainly provided by healthcare professionals (67.1%) and peers / family through face-to-face personal contact (51.6%) in all countries.ConclusionSome differences were found in breastfeeding beliefs during the COVID-19 pandemic in Asian countries. A positive breastfeeding belief was associated with the practice of breastfeeding at the breast. Women from all countries received postpartum infant feeding support from health professionals and peers / family through personal contacts. Governments need to emphasize and disseminate the importance of breastfeeding safety, especially in Asian countries.

Covid Data Analytics Repository: An interdisciplinary look into the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil

This article describes the construction and deployment of the Covid Data Analytics Repository, a source for interdisciplinary studies about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. We collected different types of data from official (IBGE, DATASUS) and non-official (Brasil.IO) sources, online social networks (Instagram, Twitter), and from a search engine analysis tool (Google Trends). We used these data to perform investigations aimed to understand the impacts of COVID-19 in the country, from economics to social behavior. At the moment of publication of this article, our repository contains 1,508 documents, classified into two main types: (i) databases and tables downloaded from the aforementioned sources; and (ii) papers, reports, maps and graphs resulting from the analyses that we performed. As a means to allow reproducibility and foster follow-up studies, we released our repository for public use.