COVID-19 Isolation Research Articles

Effectiveness of training on health care workers' knowledge, attitude and practice regarding COVID-19 infection prevention and control, Yemen, 2021.

Although several training courses for Health Care Workers (HCWs) on COVID-19 were conducted in Yemen, no evaluation has been done to assess the effectiveness of such training on the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice (KAP) of HCWs. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effectiveness of training on the KAP of HCWs toward infection prevention and control (IPC) for COVID-19, determine the relationship between the change in the KAP of HCWs, and identify the associated factors with the change in KAP. A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to December 2021. It was conducted among 186 HCWs working at COVID-19 isolation centers and caring for COVID-19 patients, in all Yemen's governorates. The data were collected one week before and immediately after the training session. SPSS version 26 was used for data entry and analysis. The median, interquartile range (IQR) and median difference were calculated. The Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test was used to estimate the significant difference between KAP pre- and post-training scores. Kurskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to assess the associated factors. Spearman's correlation coefficient test was used to assess the statistical relationship between the change in KAP. A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Out of 186 HCWs, 181 HCWs filled the pre- and post-assessment, with a response rate of 97.3%. The median difference (IQR) in the KAP scores were 3.0 (1.0 and 6.0), 1.0 (-1.0 and 4.0) and 2.0 (-1.0 and 5.0), respectively. However, there are statistical difference in the KAP scores between the pre- and post-training (p value = 0.000, 0.004 and 0.000, respectively). There are significant positive correlations between the change in knowledge, attitude and practice (all p values < 0.01). A significantly change in knowledge was found among those working in epidemiological surveillance (p value = 0.031). This evaluation concludes that the training program is effective in improving the KAP of HCWs toward IPC for COVID-19. It provides scientific evidence about the importance of training courses for HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further study is recommended to evaluate the retention of the KAP after a period of training.

Can self-testing be enhanced to hasten safe return of healthcare workers in pandemics? Random order, open label trial using two manufacturers' SARS-CoV-2 lateral flow devices concurrently and nested viral culture study.

Covid-19 healthcare worker testing, isolation and quarantine policies had to balance risks to patients from the virus and from staff absence. The emergence of the Omicron variant led to dangerous levels of key-worker absence globally. We evaluated whether using two manufacturers' lateral flow tests (LFTs) concurrently improved SARS-CoV-2 Omicron detection significantly and was acceptable to hospital staff. In a nested study, to understand risks of return to work after a 5-day isolation/quarantine period, we examined virus culture 5-7 days after positive test or significant exposure. Fully-vaccinated Liverpool (UK) University Hospitals staff participated (February-May 2022) in a random-order, open-label trial testing whether dual LFTs improved SARS-CoV-2 detection, and whether dual swabbing was acceptable to users. Participants used nose-throat swab Innova and nose-only swab Orient Gene LFTs in daily randomised order for 10 days. A user-experience questionnaire was administered on exit. Selected participants gave swabs for viral culture on days 5-7 after symptom onset or first positive test. Cultures were considered positive if cytopathic effect was apparent or SARS-CoV-2 N gene sub-genomic RNA was detected. Two hundred and twenty-six individuals reported 1466 pairs of LFT results. Tests disagreed in 127 cases (8.7%). Orient Gene was more likely (78 cf. 49; OR: 2.1, 1.1-4.1; P = 0.03) to be positive. If Innova was swabbed second, it was less likely to agree with a positive Orient Gene result (OR: 2.7, 1.3-5.2; P = 0.005); swabbing first with Innova made no significant difference (OR: 1.1, 0.5-2.3; P = 0.85). Orient Gene positive Innova negative result-pairs became more frequent over time (OR: 1.2, 1.1-1.3; P < 0.001). Of individuals completing the exit questionnaire, 90.7% reported dual swabbing was easy, 57.1% said it was no barrier to their daily routine and 65.6% preferred dual testing. Respondents had more confidence in dual versus single test results. Viral cultures from days 5-7 were positive for 6/31 (19.4%, 7.5%-37.5%) and indeterminate for 11/31 (35.5%, 19.2%-54.6%) LFT-positive participants, indicating they were likely still infectious. Dual brand testing increased LFT detection of SARS-CoV-2 antigen by a small but meaningful margin and was acceptable to hospital workers. Viral cultures demonstrated that policies recommending safe return to work ~ 5 days after Omicron infection/exposure were flawed. Key-workers should be prepared for dynamic self-testing protocols in future pandemics. https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN47058442 (26 January 2022).

Psychological Manifestations and Coping Strategies in Argentinean Pediatric Population during the Covid-19 Pandemic

COVID-19 isolation has had diverse effects on child and adolescent populations. This study specifically analyzed the psychological dimension by considering the manifestations and coping strategies presented by children and adolescents from Buenos Aires aged 3 to 17 years. A total of 4,008 caregivers were surveyed online using a representative cluster sample from 83 schools. The most relevant results revealed that the prevalent psychological response was boredom, followed by restlessness/uneasiness. Furthermore, task-focused and avoidant coping strategies were associated with a smaller number of psychological manifestations, unlike those focused on emotion. The interest arises in investigating whether these psychological manifestations were configured during their evolution as persistent illnesses of greater scope.

Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on health and social professionals working with people with disabilities: A qualitative study.

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, protection and isolation measures established by the Canadian and Quebec governments have directly affected the work of health and social professionals (HSPs). These measures have added pressure on HSPs, complexified their work and added tasks to their already busy workload. However, few studies have explored in depth the impacts of the pandemic on HSPs working with people with disabilities. The objective of this study was to qualitatively explore the experiences of HSPs working among people with disabilities in the province of Quebec, Canada, during the COVID-19 pandemic (January and February 2021), including the impact on their work, the relationships with their colleagues, and on their immediate social and familial environment. HSPs participated in a semi-structured interview. A mixed thematic analysis approach, combining inductive and deductive coding, was carried out using N'Vivo 12. Fifty-five HSPs participated in the interviews (mean [SD] age, 42 [9]). They mostly identified as women (91%). Three main themes representing the impacts of the pandemic were identified, including 1) Health and Well-being; 2) Family and social networks including the subthemes; 2.1) Fear of being a vector of contamination for their loved ones; 2.2) Work-family balance; 2.3) Social Network, and finally 3) Work, highlighting, including 3.1) Workload and adaptative strategies developed; 3.2) Relationship with colleagues; 3.3) Perceived support received at work, and 3.4) Services offered to patients. These findings highlight the importance of closely tracking and supporting the well-being of HSPs.

Exploring student teachers' stressors in teaching practice in the COVID-19 era in Masvingo District, Zimbabwe

This study explores student teachers' resilience in teaching practice in the COVID-19 era in Masvingo District, Zimbabwe. More specifically, the study was intended to gain insights into the significant teaching practice COVID-19-induced teaching practice stressors. This research study contributes new knowledge to the ongoing discourses about student teachers' resilience in teaching practice in the COVID-19 era. To explore student teachers' resilience on teaching practice in COVID-19 era, the study employed a qualitative social constructivist approach through a phenomenological research design. Data were generated through focus group discussions and in-depth semi-structured interviews. One teachers' college was conveniently sampled, and twenty-one student teachers and six student teachers' mentors were purposively sampled from three primary schools in Masvingo District, Zimbabwe. Data were analysed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis. The thematic findings revealed that student teachers teaching practice in the COVID-19 era are subjected to teaching practice stressors induced by the COVID-19 pandemic, such as fear of contracting the COVID-19 virus, illness, isolation, stigmatization and death, anxiety, uncertainty, hopelessness, economic hardships, prolonged teaching practice period, school closures, transference of face-to-face teaching to online learning. Finally, thematic results revealed that the capacity for resilience can be developed during initial teacher preparation, so the study recommends that the teacher education curriculum include a module on resilience.

"Out and about": relationships between children's independent mobility and mental health in a national longitudinal study

ABSTRACT Children's independent mobility (CIM) represents their freedom to travel in their neighborhood without adult supervision. Secular declines in CIM coincided with a major increase in mental health problems among children. We investigated relationships between two indicators of CIM and parent-perceived child distress in a national longitudinal study involving 2,291 Canadian parents of 7- to 12-year-olds at baseline (December 2020) with up to four follow-ups, every six months. We assessed mobility licenses (i.e. children's permission to do certain activities on their own) with 6 items, and home range (i.e. how far [in minutes] children can roam with friends and/or siblings) with a 4-point item. We used generalized estimating equations controlling for children's age and gender, household income, study wave, school attendance, and COVID-19 isolation in the week preceding the survey. At each successive time point, 51.8%, 44.0%, 43.2% and 42.4% of children experienced clinically elevated distress. Compared to children allowed to roam for 15 minutes (OR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.51-0.72) had lower odds of elevated distress. However, CIM licenses were not associated with distress. Our findings underscore the need to support extending children's home range.

Assessing Covi-19’s Effects on Mental Health in Nursing Students During E-Learning in Pandemic

Introduction: Covid-19 declared by WHO as a pandemic, from the time of experiencing it for the first time until now has caused many deaths all over the world. As a consequence of this pandemic, all public and private institutions tried to adapt life and work. Academic institutions in this period choose to continue with online platforms. This sudden switch from face to face to online learning has caused not only problems during lessons but also in mental and physical health of the students. Objectives: The study aims to evaluate the level of anxiety among nursing students who study at public nursing faculty in Tirana, Albania. Methods: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was performed in April- May 2023 at Faculty of Technical Medical Science Tirana, Albania. The study involved nursing students in their third year of Bachelor and first year of Professional Master and Master of Science because only these students have taken online lessons. They were 278 in total. Results: The students responded (n = 278) to a questionnaire following GAD7 and HAM-A with some other basic information. Our findings showed that the level of moderate, severe and very severe anxiety range 30.53%, 3.38% and 1. 53% respectively. A significant relationship was found between gender, age and psychological impact (p=.057; p=.001). The most dominant symptoms were headache (192, 69.10%) and eye irritation (191, 68.70%). 137,49.30% of the respondents think that the lockdown had moderate impact on study. Conclusions: By applying different methods of assessing the level of anxiety, we found that our nursing students experienced anxiety caused on by the COVID-19 pandemic and isolation just like other nursing students around the world. Designing and consolidating strategies (mental health services or psychological counseling) by faculty members to face similar pandemic situations in the future, would help reduce anxiety among students because they will be professionals tomorrow, thus it is important to take care for their mental health.

Use of wearable ventilation for reducing the infection risk of healthcare workers in isolation wards: A numerical study

This study investigates the protective effectiveness of a novel head-mounted air supply (HAS) system on healthcare workers (HCWs) in COVID-19 isolation wards. The study employs computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to explore the effectiveness of the HAS and the infection probability for HCWs during constant exhaling and coughing of patients. It also studies the effect of air changes per hour (ACH) and exhaust outlet locations in the isolation ward on the infection probability of the HCW. Additionally, the effectiveness between the HAS and various types of common masks is compared. Results indicate that when the flow rate of the HAS reaches 10 L/s with supplying clean air, the infection probability of the HCW can be reduced from approximately 30 % without protection to below 0.18 %. Patients' coughing increases the infection probability of the HCW by approximately tenfold within a short period, and wearing the HAS can effectively reduce the effect of patients’ coughing on the HCW. When ACH increases, the infection probability of the HCW decreases. Wearing the HAS can mitigate the effects of changes in ACH, with an infection probability below 0.18 % at 9 ACH or above. Ceiling-level exhausts are more effective than floor-level exhausts in removing pollutants from the ward. Under experimental settings, HAS with suitable parameters may be more effective than commonly used masks in terms of reducing the infection probability of the wearer. These findings provide valuable references for the application of wearable ventilations in hospital environments.

Examination of the COVID-19 fear levels of nurses and their compliance to isolation.

It is very important for healthcare professionals to know the isolation precautions and apply the isolation rules correctly in COVID-19 process. This study was conducted to determine the COVID-19 fear levels and isolation compliance levels of nurses. This descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study was conducted between December 2020-February 2021 with 217 nurses working in a public hospital in Istanbul/Turkey. Data were collected using the Sociodemographic-Form, the COVID-19 Fear Scale, and the Compliance with Isolation Measures Scale. Statistically significant difference was found between the level of compliance with the isolation measures and the education level of the nurses (p = .011), as well as their professional position (p = .026) (p < .05). A positive, low-level significant relationship was determined between the COVID-19 fear of nurses and their compliance with isolation measures (r = 0.168; p = .015). It was determined that nurses' compliance with Isolation Precautions and their level of fear were high during the COVID-19 pandemic. It was observed that nurses' fear levels and isolation adaptation levels were related.

Postdigital Bodies: Young People’s Experiences of Algorithmic, Tech-Facilitated Body Shaming and Image-Based Sexual Abuse during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic in England

In this paper, we draw upon a study exploring how COVID-19 and social isolation impacted young people’s (aged 13–18) experiences of online sexual and gendered risks and harms in England during nationwide lockdowns and upon their return to school. We explore the complexities, tensions and ambiguities in youth navigating algorithmised feeds on social media apps such as TikTok and content featuring idealised cis-gendered, heterosexualised feminine and masculine embodiment. Young people repeatedly witness hateful and abusive comments that are algorithmically boosted. We argue that this toxic content normalises online hate in the form of body shaming and sexual shaming, developing the concept of the postdigital to analyse the offline, affective, embodied and material dimensions of online harm, harassment and abuse. We also explore young people’s direct experiences of receiving harmful comments, including girls’ and gender and sexuality-diverse youth’s experiences of body and sexual shaming, as well as boys’ experiences of fat shaming; which, in many instances, we argue must be classified as forms of image-based abuse. Using our postdigital lens, we argue that the ways heteronormative, cis-gendered masculine and feminine embodiment are policed online shapes behaviour and norms in young people’s everyday lives, including in and around school, and that better understanding and support around these issues is urgently needed.

CO2 Concentration Assessment for Infection Monitoring and Occupancy Analysis in Tanzanian COVID-19 Isolation Centers

Monitoring of IAQ is one of the foundations of the preventative actions prompted by the worldwide recognition of COVID-19 transmission. The measurement of CO2 has emerged as one of the most popular, dependable, and easy ways to indirectly evaluate the state of indoor air renewal. Reducing the risk of respiratory diseases transmitted by aerosols is attainable through implementing and validating prevention measures made possible by CO2 control. Isolation centers are like health facilities in that they are linked to IAQ, and the presence of natural ventilation can significantly improve the circulation of fresh air, which speeds up the removal of contaminants. This is true even though healthcare facilities are among the environments with the highest rate of COVID-19 propagation. Our investigation revealed, however, that no substantial critical data on air quality in Tanzanian isolation centers is presently available. The process of metabolic CO₂ creation and accumulation within health isolation center cubicles was investigated in this study. Crucially, we suggest comparing settings under various conditions using the indicator ppm/patient. In this research, we experimentally assessed the value of changing a few HVAC system characteristics. We looked at the data to see how well the filtration system worked concerning the submicron particle concentration. Study recommendations for CO2 detectors and ways to reduce infection risk in shared isolation center cubicles are provided. We also show the correlation between particle size and CO2 concentration, the correlation between CO2 concentration derivatives and air volume presented per patient in isolation cubicles, the correlation between patient occupancy and CO2 concentration levels in isolation cubicles, and how to improve air quality by adjusting the patient’s bed position. The study also found that for exposure lengths of two to three hours, a typical hospital cubicle with fifty to one hundred people should have an average interior CO₂ value of less than 900 ppm. Carers’ length of stay in the hospital substantially impacted the permissible CO2 concentration. By establishing a connection between indoor air monitoring and healthcare goals, this study will aid in determining the feasibility of establishing regulations for interior CO2 content depending on occupancy settings, strengthening preventive efforts against COVID-19. In the post-pandemic era, it will be essential to find ways to make health facilities air cleaner so that infectious diseases cannot spread in the future.

Sense of Purpose, Reduced Stress, and Connection as Protective Factors for Longevity: An Exploration of Barriers

ABSTRACT Background Utilizing the Blue ZonesⓇ framework and the nine lifestyle factors that promote well-being with longevity, an interdisciplinary team of researchers examined protective factors and barriers to engaging in each of the nine lifestyle factors. Purpose To report on protective factors and barriers to improving three of the nine lifestyle factors – sense of purpose, stress, and connection. Methods Using a mixed-method approach, 185 residents living in a rural community in the mid-southern part of the USA participated in this study via e-mail and social media. Results Notable demographic factors including age were significantly associated with fewer obstacles to achieving purpose, reduced stress, and leaving the home regularly. Qualitative responses link disruptions from the COVID-19 pandemic and isolation to feelings of disconnect. Discussion Work, hobbies, and resilience were protective factors to achieving purpose, low stress, and connections. Translation to Health Education Practice Barriers (isolation and disruption) were salient during the pandemic. However, direct human interactions mattered in promoting belonging, having a sense of purpose, and reducing stress. Technologies should also be promoted as a necessary alternative in periods like COVID-19, to help communities and senior residents feel engaged and less lonely. Likewise, hobbies, and the resilience of local residents should be highlighted as sources of inspiration to promote healthy lifestyle practices that achieve low stress levels, good relationships, and a sense of purpose.

The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdowns on Adult Mental Health

Background Lockdowns and restrictions were introduced worldwide by governments in 2020 and 2021 in a bid to contain the spread of COVID-19. Lockdowns restricted the movement of people, whereby they could only leave their homes for essential reasons. There is yet to be a systematic review that integrates existing quantitative literature on the impact of lockdowns on mental health globally. Aim The purpose of the current study was to assess and synthesise current quantitative research on the global impact of COVID-19 lockdowns and isolation restrictions on adult mental wellbeing. The target group was adults aged 18 years and over internationally. Method Findings from 16 quantitative cross-sectional surveys and questionnaire studies from peer-reviewed journals were synthesised in this systematic literature review. Results Themes that emerged from the findings included increased depression, anxiety symptoms, and stress, and reduced social interaction and sleep quality. Conclusion The impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on mental health was evident through the shared experiences of insomnia, loneliness, physiological changes, and reduced sleep quality. An increased prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms was common in younger adults and more so in women than men.

ARIMA Analysis of PM Concentrations during the COVID-19 Isolation in a High-Altitude Latin American Megacity

The COVID-19 pandemic precipitated a unique period of social isolation, presenting an unprecedented opportunity to scrutinize the influence of human activities on urban air quality. This study employs ARIMA models to explore the impact of COVID-19 isolation measures on the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in a high-altitude Latin American megacity (Bogota, Colombia). Three isolation scenarios were examined: strict (5 months), sectorized (1 months), and flexible (2 months). Our findings indicate that strict isolation measures exert a more pronounced effect on the short-term simulated concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 (PM10: −47.3%; PM2.5: −54%) compared to the long-term effects (PM10: −29.4%; PM2.5: −28.3%). The ARIMA models suggest that strict isolation measures tend to diminish the persistence of the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations over time, both in the short and long term. In the short term, strict isolation measures appear to augment the variation in the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations, with a more substantial increase observed for PM2.5. Conversely, in the long term, these measures seem to reduce the variations in the PM concentrations, indicating a more stable behavior that is less susceptible to abrupt peaks. The differences in the reduction in the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations between the strict and flexible isolation scenarios were 23.8% and 12.8%, respectively. This research provides valuable insights into the potential for strategic isolation measures to improve the air quality in urban environments.

THE DESIGN INNOVATION WITH A BIOPHILIC APPROACH TO SUPPORT THE TEMPORARY CONVERSION OF STUDENT DORMITORY AS A COVID-19 ISOLATION SHELTER

The increasing number of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) cases in Bandung, Indonesia, in July 2021 resulted in a higher hospital bed occupancy rate. The conversion of two student dormitory buildings into isolation shelters is expected to accommodate COVID-19 patients who do not have rooms in the hospital. This requires specific planning and innovation, particularly for materials. This study has two objectives: first, to evaluate how long coronaviruses can remain active on different material surfaces. The data collection strategy was carried out through Systematic Review. The second research objective was to design a COVID-19 isolation room that uses materials that facilitate the healing process. Field surveys and traditional literature reviews were conducted for this purpose. This study found that the virus did not survive long on the surfaces of cotton and cardboard. Thus, the room design uses these materials and is considered a biophilic design. This study is expected to provide insights for academics and researchers in interior design and architecture regarding the knowledge of furniture materials that prevent viruses from surviving longer. In addition, it is expected to inspire interior designers to design rooms that can help the healing process using a biophilic approach.

Solutions to Overcome Burnout Symptoms in Nurses in the Covid-19 Isolation Room

The Covid-19 pandemic has left healthcare workers working in uncertain and stressful situations to care for all patients with disabilities. The second wave of the Covid-19 pandemic that swept across the world caused many nurses in health facilities to experience fatigue in carrying out their duties. This study aims to determine the cause of burnout symptoms in isolation room nurses in the Covid-19 pandemic. The study was conducted at X Hospital in September-October 2021. The design of this study was descriptive analysis. Observations were made on the service system, data, and environment of the Covid-19 isolation room at X Hospital. Interviews and discussions were conducted with the head nurse, the head of the occupational safety and health committee, and the head of nursing medical services related to nurse burnout in the isolation room. 67.74% experienced emotional exhaustion in the medium and high categories in isolation room nurses in the second wave of the Covid-19 pandemic caused by a lack of staffing. The solution to detect and overcome burnout is to conduct mental health checks and regular medical check-up programs for further treatment by considering the comfort factor and high functional value.

Representativeness of a national, probability-based panel survey of COVID-19 isolation practices-United States, 2020-2022.

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) received surveillance data on how many people tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, but there was little information about what individuals did to mitigate transmission. To fill the information gap, we conducted an online, probability-based survey among a nationally representative panel of adults living in the United States to better understand the behaviors of individuals following a positive SARS-CoV-2 test result. Given the low response rates commonly associated with panel surveys, we assessed how well the survey data aligned with CDC surveillance data from March, 2020 to March, 2022. We used CDC surveillance data to calculate monthly aggregated COVID-19 case counts and compared these to monthly COVID-19 case counts captured by our survey during the same period. We found high correlation between our overall survey data estimates and monthly case counts reported to the CDC during the analytic period (r: +0.94; p < 0.05). When stratified according to demographic characteristics, correlations remained high. These correlations strengthened our confidence that the panel survey participants were reflective of the cases reported to CDC and demonstrated the potential value of panel surveys to inform decision making.

Review article: Telecare in gastroenterology-Within the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

Telehealth is a growing model of care, greatly accelerated with the demands of the COVID-19 pandemic. Telecare is a synchronous audio-visual or audio-only format of health delivery. To evaluate the existing literature on telecare within adult gastroenterology subspecialties to determine if outcomes are comparable to traditional in-person consultations and to highlight the Pokapū Network, a local initiative in the Lakes Region of New Zealand, amongst these international findings. We completed an OVID MEDLINE search using the terms gastroenterology, endoscopy, digestive system, inflammatory bowel disease, functional, hepatology, liver, telemedicine, telehealth, videoconferencing, remote consultation, video clinic and telephone clinic. Patients showed positive attitudes towards telecare and, in several reports, would elect to have telecare consults in the future. Telecare reduces travel time and out-of-pocket costs for patients and the need for patients to take time off work. Generally, patients engaging with telecare show equivalent health outcomes to patients engaging with traditional models of care. Patients from ethnic minority groups or lower socio-economic backgrounds, or who are older, are less likely to complete a 'successful' telecare consult. Telecare is a useful model of care to allow gastroenterology centres to function within the context of COVID-19 isolation and beyond. It has significant benefits for patients who face geographical and financial barriers to accessing healthcare. Telecare models such as the Pokapū Network hold promise in reducing inequities for gastroenterology patients. Such models must be introduced with consideration of digital disparities that exist amongst patients to avoid worsening the digital divide.

Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran Hotel dalam Meningkatkan Angka Okupansi: Studi Kasus Hotel Yasmin Karawaci Pasca pandemi Covid-19

Life after the Covid-19 pandemic has started since the middle of 2022. The impact of the Covid-19 pandemic has brought losses to business people, one of which is hotel services, which can be said to be the first to be affected by the Covid-19 pandemic and experience delays in recovering it. This research aims to find out the marketing communication strategy carried out by Hotel Yasmin Karawaci in increasing the occupancy rate after the Covid-19 pandemic. Having been used as a quarantine place for Covid-19 isolation patients for 2 years, the Yasmin Karawaci Hotel had to rise again to increase hotel occupancy rates and convince guests and potential guests that the hotel was free from the spread of Covid-19. To explain this situation, researchers use qualitative methods. The results obtained are that Yasmin Karawaci Hotel has carried out a good and effective marketing communication strategy in increasing hotel occupancy rates which refers to the "marketing communication mix". By implementing this strategy to attract guests and potential guests who want to stay at the hotel, it is evident that the number of guests has increased gradually. To overcome the obstacles experienced in implementing the post-pandemic Covid-19 marketing communication strategy, Hotel Yasmin Karawaci always conducts evaluations with hotel staff and employees.

The effect of malnutrition on adult Covid-19 patient's ICU admission and mortality in Covid-19 isolation and treatment centers in Ethiopia: A prospective cohort study.

A new coronavirus was first identified in Wuhan, China in December 2019. Since the times of the 1918 influenza pandemic, malnutrition has been known as a risk factor for severity and mortality from viral pneumonia. Similarly, the recently identified SARS-Cov2 infection (COVID-19) and related pneumonia may be closely linked to malnutrition. Therefore, this study will contribute to new knowledge and awareness of the recording and evaluation of each COVID-19 patient's nutritional status by assessing the effect of malnutrition on ICU admission and death of COVID-19 patients in developing countries. We conducted a prospective cohort study in adult COVID-19 patients admitted to selected COVID-19 Isolation and Treatment Centers, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Baseline data of the patients were collected using interviewer-administered structured questionnaire and data on the adverse outcomes of follow up were extracted from follow up chart. The main clinical outcomes (ICU admission and death) were captured every week of follow up. We ran a multivariate Cox's regression analysis to determine the relationship between malnutrition at admission and its effect on ICU admission and death. A total of 581 COVID-19 patients were enrolled. From the total of recruited patients, 346 (59.6%) were males and 235 (40.4%) were females. The mean age of the respondents was 55 years (16.45) years. The Cox proportional hazard model controlled for sex, age group, number of co-morbidities, and number of medications found that malnutrition at admission was associated with ICU admission and death. When compared to well-nourished patients, the rate of ICU admission was significantly associated and found to be higher among underweight [(adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) = 10.02, 95% CI: (8.64-12.10)] and overweight [(AHR = 7.7, 95% CI: (6.41-9.62)] patients. The rate of survival probability was significantly associated and was found to be better among well-nourished patients (AHR = 0.06, 95% CI : (0.01-0.44) when compared with malnourished COVID-19 patients. Malnutrition at the time of admission was shown to increase the risk of ICU admission and mortality among COVID-19 patients. Therefore, it is vital to evaluate patients' nutritional condition early in their admission and provide timely intervention to minimize the effects on patients and the healthcare system.