Fault Coverage Research Articles

Quality attributes of test cases and test suites – importance & challenges from practitioners’ perspectives

The quality of the test suites and the constituent test cases significantly impacts confidence in software testing. While research has identified several quality attributes of test cases and test suites, there is a need for a better understanding of their relative importance in practice. We investigate practitioners’ perceptions regarding the relative importance of quality attributes of test cases and test suites and the challenges that they face in ensuring the perceived important quality attributes. To capture the practitioners’ perceptions, we conducted an industrial survey using a questionnaire based on the quality attributes identified in an extensive literature review. We used a sampling strategy that leverages LinkedIn to draw a large and heterogeneous sample of professionals with experience in software testing. We collected 354 responses from practitioners with a wide range of experience (from less than one year to 42 years of experience). We found that the majority of practitioners rated Fault Detection, Usability, Maintainability, Reliability, and Coverage to be the most important quality attributes. Resource Efficiency, Reusability, and Simplicity received the most divergent opinions, which, according to our analysis, depend on the software-testing contexts. Also, we identified common challenges that apply to the important attributes, namely inadequate definition, lack of useful metrics, lack of an established review process, and lack of external support. The findings point out where practitioners actually need further support with respect to achieving high-quality test cases and test suites under different software testing contexts. Hence, the findings can serve as a guideline for academic researchers when looking for research directions on the topic. Furthermore, the findings can be used to encourage companies to provide more support to practitioners to achieve high-quality test cases and test suites.

Protecting Dynamically Obfuscated Scan Chain Architecture from DOSCrack with Trivium Pseudo-Random Number Generation

Design-for-test/debug (DfT/D) introduces scan chain testing to increase testability and fault coverage by inserting scan flip-flops. However, these scan chains are also known to be a liability for security primitives. In previous research, the dynamically obfuscated scan chain (DOSC) was introduced to protect logic-locking keys from scan-based attacks by obscuring test patterns and responses. In this paper, we present DOSCrack, an oracle-guided attack to de-obfuscate DOSC using symbolic execution and binary clustering, which significantly reduces the candidate seed space to a manageable quantity. Our symbolic execution engine employs scan mode simulation and satisfiability modulo theories (SMT) solvers to reduce the possible seed space, while obfuscation key clustering allows us to effectively rule out a group of seeds that share similarities. An integral component of our approach is the use of sequential equivalence checking (SEC), which aids in identifying distinct simulation patterns to differentiate between potential obfuscation keys. We experimentally applied our DOSCrack framework on four different sizes of DOSC benchmarks and compared their runtime and complexity. Finally, we propose a low-cost countermeasure to DOSCrack which incorporates a nonlinear feedback shift register (NLFSR) to increase the effort of symbolic execution modeling and serves as an effective defense against our DOSCrack framework. Our research effectively addresses a critical vulnerability in scan-chain obfuscation methodologies, offering insights into DfT/D and logic locking for both academic research and industrial applications. Our framework highlights the need to craft robust and adaptable defense mechanisms to counter evolving scan-based attacks.

Understanding the cost-utility of implementing HIV self-testing with digital-based supports

IntroductionHIV self-testing (HIVST) is an innovative strategy that has been shown to increase uptake of HIV testing compared to conventional facility-based testing. HIVST implementation with digital-based supports may help facilitate testing accessibility and linkage to care after a reactive self-test. Economic evidence around community-based implementation of HIVST is growing; however, economic evidence around digital-based HIVST approaches remains limited.MethodsWe used previously published cost and efficacy data from HIVST interventions, with the specific intervention model differing between scenarios. Digital-based interventions included text messaging campaigns and online websites that promoted uptake and linkage to HIVST care. Community-based interventions included door-to-door distribution, peer-incentivized distribution, and mobile testing units. Using data obtained from the literature, we parameterized a combined Markov and decision analytic model to evaluate the cost-utility of digital-based HIVST implementation across Malawi, South Africa, and Brazil compared to both community-based HIVST and facility-based testing.ResultsWe found that HIVST was cost-effective compared to facility-based testing in all settings investigated. Our scenarios predicted that digital-based HIVST was associated with an incremental cost in the range of $769–$17,839/DALY (disability-adjusted life year) averted compared to facility-based testing across Malawi, South Africa, and Brazil. Digital-based HIVST cost savings had an incremental cost of $7,300/DALY averted compared to community-based HIVST. The main drivers of cost-utility included HIV test and treatment costs, HIV test-positivity, rates of linkage to care, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation rates. Digital-based supports were associated with an increased cost compared to facility-based testing, but they also had increased utility, which led to favorable cost-utility estimates.DiscussionHIVST with digital supports has the potential to be a highly cost-effective approach, with the potential to make HIV testing more available and accessible, thereby increasing overall uptake and coverage of HIV testing. Digital supports can also support linkage to care, which we have identified as a major driver of cost-utility. Strategies to improve cost-utility include reducing testing costs, targeting key populations with increased rates of HIV test-positivity, and ensuring strong support for linkage to care.

Polydopamine-Mediated, Centrifugal Force-Driven Gold Nanoparticle-Deposited Microneedle SERS Sensors for Food Safety Monitoring Theoretical Study of the SERS Substrate Fabrication.

Microneedle (MN) sensors have great promise for food safety detection, but the rapid preparation of MNs for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors with tunable and homogeneous nanoparticles remains a great challenge. To address this, a SERS sensor of gold nanoparticles@polydopamine@poly(methyl methacrylate) MN (AuNPs@PDA@PMMA-MN) was developed. The extended-Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory was applied to calculate the interaction energy between AuNPs and PDA. It was confirmed that an appropriate centrifugal force could be utilized to overcome the electrostatic repulsion between AuNPs and PDA. Together with the adhesion force of PDA, AuNPs can therefore be uniformly and densely deposited on the MN substrate. The AuNPs@PDA@PMMA-MN had an enhancement factor of up to 1.74 × 106 for R6G. Furthermore, a MN sensor for the selective detection of putrescine and cadaverine was successfully constructed by modifying 4-mercaptobenzaldehyde (4-MBA) on AuNPs@PDA@PMMA-MN substrates. This sensor could quantitatively detect putrescine and cadaverine in meat. It has been successfully applied to the in situ detection of putrescine and cadaverine in real meat samples. The AuNPs@PDA@PMMA-MN SERS sensor has the advantages of facile fabrication, high sensitivity, high specificity, and online, in situ detection capability. It is expected to have applications in food quality testing, environmental monitoring, and disease diagnosis.

Optical image quality testing and correction of a 250-mm freeform telescope

Designing with freeform optics makes it possible to correct imaging systems to high-performance levels in a compact format. To justify the extra challenges inherent in the design, fabrication, metrology, and assembly of systems utilizing freeform optics, engineers need a realistic understanding of the performance that can be expected. The real-world performance of these systems has remained under-explored in the literature, a factor that may dissuade the adoption of freeform optics. In this work, the MTF of an F/3, 3° diagonal full FOV, 250-mm aperture freeform telescope is characterized at multiple field angles using an off-axis parabolic collimator. The freeform optic components required minimal alignment steps and no post-polishing. Twenty-seven sub-aperture tilted knife-edge tests were conducted to evaluate the correlation between form error and image quality. The telescope’s image quality was determined to be consistent with the design specification, which was 30% MTF at 76 lp/mm (70% of the sensor-array Nyquist frequency) across the entire field.

Optimization of Capillary Electrophoresis by Central Composite Design for Separation of Pharmaceutical Contaminants in Water Quality Testing

Many pharmaceutical active compounds are prepared as hydrochlorides for quick release in the gastrointestinal tract upon oral administration. Their inadvertent escape into the water environment requires efficient analytical separation for accurate quantitation to monitor their environmental fate. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate how best to optimize a capillary electrophoresis method for the separation of four model pharmaceutical hydrochlorides. Concentration of sodium dibasic phosphate in the background electrolyte solution, pH adjustment with HCl or NaOH, and applied voltage across the capillary were the three key factors chosen for optimization. The peak resolutions and total migration time were examined as the response indicators to complete a central composite design in response surface methodology. The examination revealed that CE separation was driven significantly by a linear regression model and minimally by a quadratic regression model, based on the coefficient of determination, the lack of fit, the total sum of squares, and the p values. Under optimal conditions of the background electrolyte concentration of 75 mM, pH 9, and the applied voltage of 10 kV, the model hydrochlorides were separated within five minutes in the migration order of metformin (first) > phenformin > mexiletine > ranitidine (last). The limits of UV detection/quantification attained under optimal CE conditions were 0.015/0.045, 0.020/0.060, 0.142/0.426, and 0.017/0.051, respectively.

Application of QuEChERS for analysis of contaminants in dairy products: a review.

The safety of dairy products is intrinsically linked to consumer health, and the exceedance of risk indicators, such as pesticide and veterinary drug residues, constitutes one of the primary issues affecting their quality and safety. To assess the safety of dairy products, it is crucial to develop accurate and reliable analytical methods for their detection. Food safety testing involving important indicators such as pesticide residues, veterinary drug residues, mycotoxins and unapproved additives has become a pivotal requirement in the industry field. The QuEChERS (Quick、Easy、Cheap、Effective、Rugged、Safe) method is widely acknowledged as a food safety analysis method currently. This method can effectively extract a wide range of compound classes from diverse matrices in food safety testing, thereby enhancing the accuracy of detection. Additionally, when combined with chromatographic-mass spectrometry techniques, it can simultaneously analyze hundreds of target analytes, rendering it widely applicable in the quality and safety testing of dairy products. Although QuEChERS has rapidly developed in the field of dairy product quality and safety analysis due to its efficiency and speed advantages, certain shortcomings remain, presenting considerable room for improvement. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the utilization and research advancements of the QuEChERS technique in dairy products, with the aim of providing more precise, expeditious, and reliable methods for the safety assessment of dairy products.

Capsaicin content in chillies (Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum frutescens L., Capsicum chinense Jacq.) of Northeast India by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)

Capsaicin is the primary bioactive constituent in chillies, responsible for its incomparable pungent taste and many health advantages. In the current study, 32 samples of three different species of Capsicum (Capsicum annuum L., Capsicum frutescens L., Capsicum chinense Jacq.) from various geographical regions in Northeast India were evaluated for their total capsaicin content by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). An excellent separation of capsaicin (Rf = 0.268 ± 0.02) was obtained using toluene and ethyl acetate as mobile phase at a 7:3 (v/v) ratio. The calibration curve was described by the equation Y = 5.661 × 10−9X + 1.225 × 10−4 with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.99894. The percentage of capsaicin was found to range from 1.99 to 24.48% w/w. The linearity range for the curve for capsaicin was found 200–1000 ng per spot. The limit of detection and quantification were determined to be 45.98 and 97.70 ng, respectively. The proposed validated HPTLC method may be used for routine quality testing and quantification of capsaicin in chilli samples.

High degree of variability and lack of transparency among private insurers for coverage of comprehensive patch testing

High degree of variability and lack of transparency among private insurers for coverage of comprehensive patch testing

Aptamer-molecularly imprinted polymer sensors for the detection of bacteria in water.

Bacteria pose a significant threat to human health as they can cause diseases and outbreaks; therefore rapid, easy, and specific detection of bacteria in a short time is crucial. Various methods such as polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay have been developed for bacteria detection. However, most of these methods require sample preparation, trained personnel, and 2-4 days for identification. In this study, an electrochemical sensor has been developed in which a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and aptamer were used together as a bioreceptor for the multiplexed detection of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Non-Faradaic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to assess bacterial detection. Sensor performance was assessed in buffer solution, deionized water and spiked tap water. Aptamer-molecularly imprinted polymer (Apta-MIP) based electrochemical sensors demonstrate high sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of S. aureus and E. coli, with limits of detection of 4CFU/mL and 2CFU/mL, respectively. Additionally, these sensors exhibited a broad dynamic range from 1CFU/mL to 108CFU/mL. The Apta-MIPs performance surpasses those obtained for Aptasensors alone and MIPs alone, demonstrating the high efficiency of the double recognition effect that originates from the affinity between aptamer and bacteria and target-specific cavities on the polymer. This is the first study in which aptamers and imprinted polymers were used as a hybrid bioreceptors for multiplexed detection of bacteria. The Apta-MIP sensors produced in this study can be used as a point-of-care diagnostic tool for bacteria-related diseases and test of water quality.

Parametric optimization and sensitivity analysis of the integrated Taguchi-CRITIC-EDAS method to enhance the surface quality and tensile test behavior of 3D printed PLA and ABS parts.

3D printing is a popular and cost-effective method for producing lightweight engineering parts with enhanced characteristics and detailed prototypes. Nevertheless, the quality of the print can be diminished by the selection of improper parameter settings. This investigation explored the impact of printing factors on the tensile behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) specimens. Experimental investigations were conducted to investigate the effects of infill pattern (grid, 2D, and 3D honeycomb), layer thickness (0.10, 0.15, and 0.20mm), infill percentage (30%, 50%, and 70%), and printing material on surface roughness and tensile characteristics where an irregular dependency was identified. In this scenario, the Evaluation based on Distance from Average Solution (EDAS) Method was integrated with Taguchi and Criteria Importance through Inter-criteria Correlation (CRITIC) to prevent inconsistent judgments with a minimal number of experiments. PLA printed parts with 2D honeycomb design, 0.10mm layer thickness, and 50% infill provided the optimum results within the declared boundary conditions. The robustness and sensitivity of the employed MCDM method were assessed through a comprehensive analysis. The weights determined through other techniques, including the equal method, principal component analysis (PCA), and Entropy, were subsequently compared to CRITIC. The results indicated a stronger correlation between PCA and CRITIC. Furthermore, the Pearson correlation matrix results indicated that EDAS was significantly correlated with the MOORA method in comparison to the other methods (ARAS, WASPAS, GRA, COPRAS, and CODAS).

3D CORNEAL MORPHO-GEOMETRIC PARAMETERS IN HEALTHY PATIENTS MEASURED WITH AN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHER AND A SCHEIMPFLUG TOMOGRAPHER: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

The increasing advancement of ophthalmic procedures such as refractive surgeries, phakic lens implantations, and the management of corneal diseases has emphasized the critical nature of obtaining precise measurements of morpho-geometric parameters associated with the anterior eye segment, particularly the cornea. Despite the availability of numerous devices capable of measuring these parameters, none of them can be designated as a “gold standard”, making it particularly important to objectively characterize the differences in measurement between different devices, and the potential causes that generate them. This study seeks to evaluate possible interchangeability between measurements of the same morphological parameter in human corneas taken with two distinct technologies: the Scheimpflug Sirius tomographer and the Optical Coherence Tomographer (OCT) MS-39, both manufactured by CSO Italy. Ten healthy eyes from five adult males were selected for the study. Each eye underwent three tomographic measurements, with only those passing the devices' self-diagnostic quality test being recorded. Various morpho-geometric parameters related to the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces, as well as corneal volume, were then measured and extracted according to a validated method. Subsequently, a descriptive analysis was conducted to determine the distribution and variability of the data, followed by tests for normality and statistical comparisons. The findings suggest that while some parameters, such as anterior corneal area, demonstrate agreement between the devices, others such posterior corneal area or total corneal volume do not. In conclusion, results suggest possible interchangeably for some 3D morpho-geometrical parameters, but further study using a higher sample would be needed to confirm this evidence. Keywords: Volume, Elevation Maps, Thickness, Cornea.

Comparative Analysis of Deep Learning Architectures for Predicting Software Quality Metrics in Behavior-Driven and Test-Driven Development Approaches

The impact of software development methodologies on quality metrics is a crucial area of study in empirical software engineering. This research evaluates the performance of three deep learning architectures: Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), in predicting key software quality indicators, including maintainability index, test coverage, and code complexity, for projects developed using Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) and Test-Driven Development (TDD) approaches. Using a static tabular dataset containing software quality metrics, the models are evaluated based on Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and the R^2 coefficient. The MLP achieves the best performance, with the lowest RMSE (6.41) and MAE (6.34) and the highest R^2 value (−4.21), demonstrating its suitability for tabular data. The CNN performs moderately, while the LSTM underperforms due to its reliance on temporal dependencies absent from the dataset. These results emphasize the need for careful architectural alignment with dataset characteristics. The findings contribute to understanding the predictive power of deep learning models in software quality analysis and highlight the potential of MLP as a robust tool for such predictions. Future work can explore hybrid models and domain-specific feature engineering to enhance prediction accuracy.

Structural map coverage for game map testing

Structural map coverage for game map testing

Experimental Analysis on Optimum Use of Filler Materials of River Bed Sub Base Sample for Pavement

Composition of different layers to resist the traffic load as per design on the flexible pavement, among them subbase is one. This research carried out to optimization of filler sample on riverbed sub-base material whose plastic index is nil. The sub-base material plays a pivotal role in supporting the overlying pavement structure, and optimizing its properties is essential for enhancing overall pavement performance The observations through laboratory testing and trials ensure the modified sub-base material meets the necessary performance criteria. The study aims to contribute valuable insights into sustainable and effective pavement construction practices and presents an experimental analysis focused on improving riverbed sub-base material through the optimal utilization of filler materials. During laboratory trials all necessary requirement, like gradation, plastic index, specific gravity, maximum dry density and California bearing ration are observed. From laboratory trials 10% threshold appears to be a critical point where the material satisfies the specified requirements, define by Government of Nepal, Department of Road, Standard Specification for Road and Bridges-2073 (with second abdmanent-2078). Regular quality control and testing during construction are essential to confirm that the material consistently meets the desired specifications. Additionally, collaboration with geotechnical engineers and adherence to local standards and guidelines are crucial in ensuring the longterm performance of road constructions.

Testing of Usability and Correctness Aspects in Marketing and Ordering Information Systems

Purpose: This research systematically evaluates the quality of the web-based marketing and ordering information systems at UD. Percetakan Citra Satria by focusing on the aspects of usability and correctness, aiming to determine the effectiveness of the system in meeting user needs. Methods/Study design/approach: Data collection was conducted through observation and questionnaires. The observation aimed to identify issues during the use of the marketing and ordering information systems at UD. Percetakan Citra Satria, while the questionnaire, using a Likert scale, involved 8 employees and 70 customers to assess usability and correctness. The system was implemented and tested by allowing users to interact with it, with evaluations analyzed using the McCall model. The testing focused on usability, reflecting ease of use, and correctness, ensuring information accuracy, both critical for enhancing user experience and operational effectiveness. Result/Findings: The test results indicate that the overall quality of the web-based marketing and ordering information systems at UD. Citra Satria Printing achieved a score of 85% for the usability aspect and 85.3% for correctness. These scores are classified as very good according to the quality factor percentage scale. Novelty/Originality/Value: This study introduces novelty in applying quality testing for a web-based marketing and ordering information systems using the McCall method, focusing on two main aspects: usability and correctness. The novelty lies in its specific application context, namely in the printing industry (UD. Percetakan Citra Satria), as well as the use of questionnaires to directly incorporate the perspectives of employees and customers.

Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablets Containing Broccoli Extract (Brassica oleracea) Using Crospovidone and Ac-Di Sol as Superdisintegrants

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) is known to contain flavonoid and glucosinolate compounds that act as acetylcholine enzyme inhibitors to improve memory in humans. To be practical and easy to use, broccoli is made in tablet dosage form. This study aims to determine the effect of the super disintegrants concentration of crospovidone and Ac-Di Sol on the physical quality of the Fast-Disintegrating Tablet (FDT) of broccoli extract. A total of 3 formulas were made using the wet granulation method and different concentrations of crospovidone and Ac-Di Sol, namely formula 1 (crospovidone 5% : Ac-Di-Sol 2%), formula 2 (crospovidone 4.5% : Ac-Di-Sol 2.5%), and formula 3 (crospovidone 4% : Ac-Di-Sol 3%). Tablet quality testing included hardness, friability, disintegration time, wetting time, and determination of total flavonoid content of tablet. The results of tablets have a brownish white colour with black spots, are round with a flat surface, have a distinctive odour, and have a slightly bittersweet taste. ANOVA statistical analysis of tablet hardness (p > 0.05) showed that there was no significant effect of crospovidone and Ac-Di-Sol concentrations on tablet hardness. While other test results showed a significant effect of crospovidone and Ac-Di-Sol concentrations on tablet friability (p < 0.05), disintegration time (p < 0.05), and wetting time (p < 0.05). Formula 1 (crospovidone 5% and Ac-Di-Sol 2%) is the best formula based on the physical quality of tablets, with an average tablet hardness value of 2.23 kp, friability of 0.95%, disintegration time of 1 minute 37 seconds, wetting time of 1 minute 15 seconds, and total flavonoid content of 2.62 mg QE/g (101.83%).

TESTING OF WATER QUALITY AT LAKE ŠODERICA IN VARAŽDIN COUNTY

<p>The rapid growth of industrial, agricultural, and urban areas, along with rising living standards, invariably results in an increase in the amount of solid, liquid, and gaseous waste elements in water. Because of the variety of hazards that recreational waters pose to human health and well-being, a thorough evaluation of the sources and relative importance of the resulting health effects is necessary.  The testing of bathing water quality was conducted by determination of physical-chemical indicators at three locations in the lake Šoderica in Varaždin county. Lake Šoderica is an artificial lake formed by quarries and also used as a swimming area. The results demonstrated that the water was suitable for swimming and that all examined criteria agreed with the legislation. The results of the analyzed physical-chemical parameters show that the bathing water is satisfactory, but it is also necessary to determine the microbiological parameters. <strong><br /></strong></p>

Artificial Intelligence in Consumer-driven Contract Testing of Distributed Systems

This article explores the case of the usage of artificial intelligence (AI) for optimizing the process of covering distributed systems with consumer-driven contract test, analyzing the pros and cons of this approach. Considering the complexity of development of modern distributed systems, like microservices, and the need to ensure the system components interactions keep reliable as long as the system keeps evolving this study is focused on finding the most effective way to introduce the contact testing into such systems to maximize the contracts tests coverage while minimizing development costs. The contract testing has its challenges: steep learning curve, impact on the delivery lifecycle, spreading the approach consistently across the organization. These challenges often lead to teams sacrificing the benefits of the approach and using more traditional ways of testing, like end-to-end (E2E) testing, which however does not fit well into distrusted system. The described methodology includes generating (by AI platform) the contract between the parties (consumer and provider), generating the consumer test to verify the provider is compatible with the expectations the consumer has of it. It is proposed to use following inputs for AI as the source for generation: request-response pairs, OpenApi specification, consumer codebase. The research employs Pact as a tool that allows to define a contract between a consumer and a provider as well as verify that both sides adhere to this contract. NodeJS is used as a framework for consumer and provider development. PactFlow platform with its HaloAI executes contracts and tests generation. The proposed approach simplifies the road to introduce the contact testing into the distributed systems, increases the development team effectiveness in system implementation and a confidence in its stability

Development of electronic portfolios to assess concept mastery and creative thinking on project-based acid-based concepts

The purpose of the study was to develop an electronic portfolio instrument to assess concept mastery and creative thinking on project-based acid-base materials. The research participants are class XI, who will study acid-base materials. This research uses the 4D Research and Development model which are carried out up to stage 3 (Define, Design, and Development). On the define stage, a literature study, a field survey, material analysis, indicator analysis, and task analysis were conducted. The design stage designed grids and assessment rubrics, the preparation tasks consisting of four: making papers, practicum reports, posters, and concept maps. The design stage compiled an electronic portfolio instrument. The developmental stage conducts quality tests: initial development test, expert validity test obtained a CVR value of 1.00, reliability test with inter-rater obtained a Cronbach Alpha value between 0.652 and 1.000. After the electronic portfolio instrument was valid and reliable, a limited trial was conducted with N-Gain scores of task 1, task 2, task 3, and task 4, respectively: 0.17 (low), 0.13 (low), 0.46 (medium), and 0.32 (medium). The overall average of the pretest and posttest N-Gain scores is 0.90, with a higher category. This electronic portfolio instrument based on Project-Based Learning (PjBL) is expected to help teachers assess tasks on concept mastery and students' creative thinking on acid-based materials.