Coverage Of Security Research Articles

Rural Social Security System of China: Problems and Solutions

An all-round rural social security system of China has a very important strategic effect on the Chinese development of agriculture and country, along with Chinese modernization construction. After decades of efforts, construction of the rural social security system of China has got the obvious achievements. However, many problems of the rural social security system still exist, which evidently reflect those fields such as the narrow coverage of social security, the low social security level and the limited financing channels of social security funds. In the following development, many measures should be taken to perfect the rural social security system of China, including clarifying the construction emphasis of the rural social security system, increasing the governmental investment in the rural social security system, setting up the unified management system of social security, doing well the propaganda and service work of the rural social security, as well as perfecting the supervision system of the rural social security.

The Cost of Disability in China

We describe the degree to which household income is negatively associated with the prevalence of different types of disability (i.e., medical impairments) in China using data from the 2006 Second National Survey of Disabled Persons. We then calculate the extra costs of disability across different types of households and show how these costs differ by the type and severity of disability in both urban and rural areas. Finally, we use nationally representative panel data on persons with disabilities from 2007 to 2009 to examine the degree to which social security is reaching persons with different types and severity of disabilities in both urban and rural areas. We conclude that although the amount and coverage of social security for households with disabilities is increasing rapidly, it is still not enough to offset the income differential between households with and without disabled persons, especially when we account for the extra costs of disability.

E-Business Curricula and Cybercrime: A Continuing Error of Omission?

The growth of e-business has been accompanied by even faster increases in losses from security breaches, legal problems, and cybercrime. These unnecessary costs inhibit the growth and efficiency of e-business worldwide. Professional education in e-business can help address these problems by providing students with coursework aimed at them. The present study extends research begun in 2007 on course coverage of law, security, and ethics in e-business master's programs. Data were collected from university web sites in 2010 on 104 e-business master's curricula worldwide and compared with 2007 data. Results suggest no significant coverage changes and a majority of program curricula still lack courses in law, security, or ethics. Coverage of these topics did not apparently increase from 2007 to 2010 despite the rapid acceleration of cybercrime during the same period. However the change in coverage of topics related to cybercrime varied by region of the world in which e-business degree programs are based.

The relationship between climate change and energy security: key issues and conclusions

There has been considerable work on the politics of climate change and energy security as separate issues, but much less on the relationship between energy security and climate change. From studies of the relationships between these concepts in individual states and a comparison of media coverage of energy security in differing states, there appears to be little consistent connection between discourses on and policies for energy security and climate change. Climate change considerations appear to be constructed to promote elite and special-interest interpretations of energy security. It is concluded that efforts at a local, national, and global level should be oriented towards promoting climate change objectives to capture energy policy. Otherwise, nationally based conceptions of energy security are likely to predominate over climate-change objectives.

Social Security, Gender and Legal Plurality: Challenges to Harmonization in the Southern African Development Community

In the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the majority of people, especially women, continue to deal with the risks in their lives with limited state support. At the same time, women subsidize most of the formal social security systems despite exclusion and exploitation. Survival mechanisms operate within complex plural regulatory frameworks that engender social security and/or insecurity. A number of efforts in the SADC region are intended to harmonize the regulation of social security and to extend coverage of social security to excluded groups such as women. This article highlights the challenges to harmonization of the regulation of social security in the SADC region from a gendered perspective. By focusing on the Charter for Social Protection in SADC, the article discusses how efforts to harmonize the regulation of social security takes a legal centralist approach that fails to reflect the realities of the majority of women, thus not achieving the objective of transforming social security for the benefit of the majority. The article argues that unless the harmonization process reflects this reality, it will only perpetuate the gap between practice and rhetoric and the exclusion of women from social security systems. Harmonization efforts need to take account of the plurality of the legal and social security systems and their different impact on men and women.

Extending Social Security to the Excluded

Formal social security in developing countries has long been centred on employees in the formal sector of the economy. The majority of the population has been excluded. Since the 2000s international organizations have called for extending the coverage of social security. This article analyses a recent strategy of extending social security, social cash transfers (SCT) to the poor. The article traces the rise of SCT as a global issue, then describes and classifies SCT in the global South, and inquires into the `appropriateness' (J. Midgley) of SCT in a development context. We find that SCT have spread to all world regions and that SCT covers a highly diverse institutional landscape. Evidence on appropriateness is inconclusive at this early stage of SCT. As yet, the call for social security for all is largely `decoupled' (J.W. Meyer) from the realities of developing countries. But the semantics of `SCT' has opened up a new arena of consensus and conflict in global social policy.

Read between the lines

I've always believed that media coverage of information security – a discipline once understood by very few, and given very little of the general public's consideration – can only be a positive thing. Now, I'm not so sure.

Giants old and new: Promoting social security and economic growth in the Asia and Pacific Region

Abstract While the Asia and Pacific region is characterised by vast diversity, the region as a whole warrants attention. There have been great achievements in recent years in promoting economic growth, building social security and reducing poverty, but giant challenges remain, nine of which are identified. Five resemble problems prevalent in Europe 60 years ago: want; squalor; underemployment; poor education; and bad health. The four others, inequitable growth, discrimination, corruption, and ageing populations lessen the effectiveness of policies targeted on the other five. A fourfold responsive strategy is sketched that includes mechanisms to extend formal sector employment, expand coverage of social security within the formal sector and to the informal sector, and to establish and sustain social safety nets for those otherwise excluded from social protection.

The Role of the Press in Public Security

The sensational increase in violent criminality in recent years has placed the question of public security on the social agenda. Formerly a matter restricted to a few actors, now the topic of public security has become the center of discussion in an affl icted society in the midst of a notorious increase in violence and criminality. The result of the referendum on the prohibition of the sale of fi rearms and ammunition amplifi ed an obvious popular clamor demanding consistent, lasting and clear measures in the combating and prevention of crime. The media, perceiving the importance of this historic moment (and mainly the power to vocalize this demand of the middle class – their major consumer – has deepened the discussion on this issue, organizing in an increasingly more constant way coverage of public security.

Social security in a globalizing world

The main burden of the paper is to argue for enlarging both the concept and the coverage of social security, especially in developing countries, to address the twin problems of “deficiency” and “adversity”. The two parts of this enlarged concept of social security are Basic Social Security (BSS) and Contingent Social Security (CSS). To strengthen the argument, lessons have been highlighted from the historical experience of Western countries, where the State played a leading role. Having argued for the extension of BSS, the paper also deals with the extension of CSS. This is best done through the informal economy, which employs a large majority of workers in developing countries. While the primacy of the State has been highlighted, the paper develops a typology of various social security models that could be used to study and understand the existing arrangements as well as the potentialities for extension.

NUCLEAR SECURITY AND RADIOLOGICAL PREPAREDNESS FOR THE OLYMPIC GAMES, ATHENS 2004: LESSONS LEARNED FOR ORGANIZING MAJOR PUBLIC EVENTS

In light of the exceptional circumstances that arose from hosting the Olympic Games in Athens in 2004 and from recent terrorist events internationally, Greece attributes the highest priority to security issues. According to its statutory role, the Greek Atomic Energy Commission is responsible for emergency preparedness and response in case of nuclear and radiological events, and advises the Government on the measures and interventions necessary to protect the public. In this context, the Commission participated in the Nuclear, Radiological, Biological, and Chemical Threat National Emergency Plan, specially developed for the Olympic Games, and coordinated by the Olympic Games Security Division. The objective of this paper is to share the experience gained during the organization of the Olympic Games and to present the nuclear security program implemented prior to, during, and beyond the Games, in order to prevent, detect, assess, and respond to the threat of nuclear terrorism. This program adopted a multi-area coverage of nuclear security, including physical protection of nuclear and radiological facilities, prevention of smuggling of radioactive materials through borders, prevention of dispersion of these materials into the Olympic venues, enhancement of emergency preparedness and response to radiological events, upgrading of the technical infrastructure, establishment of new procedures for assessing the threat and responding to radiological incidents, and training personnel belonging to several organizations involved in the National Emergency Response Plan. Finally, the close cooperation of Greek Authorities with the International Atomic Energy Agency and the U.S. Department of Energy, under the coordination of the Greek Atomic Energy Commission, is also discussed.

Extending Social Security Coverage in Africa

Africa is the continent where the greatest proportion of the population does not have access to adequate health care and where the incidence of infant mortality is highest. These are only some of the social risks and adversities being faced in day to day life, but Africa is also the continent where the coverage of social security is at its lowest. Why is this? There is a clear deficit between social security needs and the capacity to meet those needs. And social security schemes have, in most countries, been unsuccessful in reducing this deficit. Many of these schemes are based on concepts, procedures and priorities which were imported by the former colonial powers. Many are aimed at providing social security to formal sector workers who already benefit from a higher level of support. Yet the extension of these schemes to the workers in the informal economy has had limited impact. This paper traces the development of social security in the continent and the links with colonial systems and concepts. It also identifies the elements which influence the development of social security and it highlights some country experiences which illustrate some level of success. The need for effective social security schemes which are both sustainable and relevant to social needs is now being pursued vigorously and has resulted in greater priority being given to on the one hand the participation of the social partners, and on the other hand to innovative approaches. The latter often involve community based initiatives which draw on African traditions of kinship and shared support. In this context, the International Labour Organization (ILO) and its tripartite constituents want to support the development of social security and has launched the Global Campaign on Social Security and Coverage for All in Africa.

Social Security, Poverty Reduction and Development

This paper is written as a think piece to strengthen the ILO's campaign to promote the extension of the coverage of social security. In so doing, the paper has attempted to put forward a number of arguments for enlarging both the concept and the coverage of social security especially in developing countries. It argues that social security should address the twin problems of deficiency and adversity. As such the concept of social security has been enlarged to include, what may be called, Basic Social Security (BSS) to take care of deficiency and Contingent Social Security (CSS) to meet contingencies. Without addressing BSS, it is unlikely to meet with success in the case of extending CSS. To strengthen the argument the lessons from the historical experience of western countries have been highlighted. The historical experience also shows that issues of social security have received the attention of the state much before industrialization and graduation into rich countries. There is also evidence to show that extension of social security has been possible mainly by state intervention of one kind or another. Having argued for the extension of BSS, the paper also deals with the extension of CSS. This is best done through the informal economy, which employs a large majority of workers in developing countries. While the primacy of the role of the state has been highlighted, the paper has developed a typology of various social security models that could be used to study and understand the existing arrangements as well as the potentialities for extension of social security in the developing countries. It is hoped that this typology could be used with reference to the specific context of countries and/or regions. Finally the paper has made a number of suggestions for the study of alternative models and analysis of public policies for extension of social security. The need for documenting best practices has been emphasized.

Derechos de propiedad, herencia de las esposas e igualdad de género: aspectos comparativos entre Brasil e Hispanoamérica

En América Latina durante el curso del siglo XX se lograron considerables avances para fortalecer los derechos de propiedad de la mujer casada. Sin embargo, se ha prestado atención limitada a los derechos de herencia de las esposas. La revisión de las normas legales en doce países permite argumentar que las viudas están a menudo en una posición de desventaja en comparación con las hijas/os de la pareja. Las normas sobre herencia no fueron diseñadas para dar a las viudas la posibilidad de autonomía económica, por medio del control de la finca familiar o los negocios. Si se tiene en cuenta la diferencia de género a favor de la mujer en la expectativa de vida y la cobertura limitada de las mujeres en la seguridad social (especialmente las rurales) en la mayoría de los países, las mujeres son particularmente vulnerables cuando enviudan. Es urgente que el movimiento de mujeres tenga en cuenta en su agenda el tema de los derechos de herencia, en razón de que su fortalecimiento es necesario para el logro de la redistribución de la propiedad y de una al igualdad de género

Low Public Expenditures on Social Welfare: Do East Asian Countries have a Secret?

This paper explores the sources of low public expenditures on social welfare in Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore. Six factors are analysed based on aggregate data: the public/private mix of welfare programmes, the age structure, the maturity of old‐age pension schemes, the population coverage of social security, the relative generosity of social security and the role of enterprises and families as alternative providers of welfare. The evidence allows putting some conventional statements about the virtues of East Asian welfare states into questions. Public expenditures on welfare are bound to rise a lot in Japan, Korea and Taiwan, while the level of protection in Hong Kong and Singapore is well below the standards of Western countries.

SOSYAL GÜVENLİK SİSTEMİMİZİN SORUNLARI VE ÖNERİLER

Social security is a system to protect individuals against both phvsiologic and vocational and socia economical risks. Social security is the goal and Services such as social insurance, social aids and social Services are instruments to reach the goal. The most important purpose of the social security systems is to give individuals a feeling of security and let them save themselves from anxiety figure. In time, the coverage of social security has heen considerably expanded. The expansion has heen realized in terms of both individuals and the risks compensated which resulled in an increase in the expenditures of social security systems. Our social security system has focused important problems and has entered into an economical crisis in 1990 's. The annual revenues of social security foundations are not enough to cover the expenditures and the deficits are increasing day by day. The deficits of the system has become an important reason of the public deficits. The reform of our social security system shall be one of the elements that will secure stability in economics.

The role of the state within social policy

This study gives an overview of the considerable modifications of the role of the state in the field of social policy since the 1980s. Social measures are more oriented towards economic considerations than in the phase of expansion of the welfare state in the postwar decades. The increased heterogenity of the labour market and in working conditions has increasingly been reproduced within social security. A shift between the three essential factors of social reproduction (state, market, family) is reflected by the shrinking coverage of social security and the increased risk of poverty within the welfare systems. Last, but not least, considerable changes at the procedural level of social regulation have focused on the decentralisation of regulation (collective agreements, enterprise level agreements, and individual agreements).

Labor Patterns and Trends

TO a large extent, Japan's modern economic development was based upon human exploitation and suppression of worker protest. Occupation policy therefore called for deliberate efforts to strengthen the economic status and political effectiveness of the wage earner. SCAP (Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers) enormously encouraged autonomous trade unionism as the chief means for expanding labor's share of national income and securing a voice for the worker equal to management's in setting terms and conditions of employment. Also, the reforms required raising of minimum labor standards in industrial undertakings and broadened the scope and coverage of social security and other protective labor laws. In certain ways, results have been spectacular. Labor unions, when allowed to exist before the war, embraced little more than 400,000 members at their peak (1936). They were virtually nonexistent at the time of the surrender, but within four years membership mushroomed to almost 7 million. Today, Japan boasts the largest organized labor movement among the nonCommunist nations of Asia and the

Current Comment

<h3>SELF-EMPLOYED PHYSICIANS AND THE SOCIAL SECURITY ACT</h3> Under H. R. 2893, physicians, lawyers and others who are self employed and carry on a "trade or business" would come within the provisions of the Social Security Act. As a result of action taken by the Ways and Means Committee of the House of Representatives a new bill (H. R. 6000) has been introduced in the House. The new bill specifically exempts physicians and certain other groups from the proposed broadened coverage of the Social Security Act. This bill has been approved by the Committee by a vote of 22 to 3. H. R. 6000 would not include in a "trade or business" the performance of service "by an individual in the exercise of his profession as a physician, lawyer, dentist, osteopath, veterinarian, chiropracter, or optometrist, or as a Christian Science practitioner, or as an aeronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, mechanical, metallurgical, or