Layer Coverage Research Articles

Tunica vaginalis or dartos as second layer coverage for distal and mid-shaft penile hypospadias, quo vadis?

PurposeTo compare between the dartos and tunica vaginalis flaps as covering layers in denovo distal or mid-shaft penile hypospadias underwent tubularized incised plate (TIP) repair.MethodsThis is a single-center, randomized trial was for denovo distal or mid-shaft penile hypospadias. Children with history of orchiectomy, orchiopexy and inguinal hernia repair were excluded. Eighty-eight patients were divided into two groups: the first used dartos flap (DF), while the second used tunica vaginalis flap (TVF). The primary outcome was to assess the incidence of urethrocutaneous fistula. The secondary outcome was to assess cosmetic outcome using paediatric penile perception score (PPPS) and hypospadias objective scoring evaluation (HOSE).ResultsBaseline demographic and clinical characteristics showed no statistically significant. Median operative time (IQR) was 100 (90, 120) and 145 (140, 150) minutes in in DF and TVF Groups, respectively (p < 0.001). Urethrocutaneous Fistula was detected in 9 (20.9%) in DF group and 2 (4.9%) in TVF group (p 0.029). Meatal stenosis occurred in 3 (7%) in DF group and 2 (4.9%) in TVF group. Penile torque was diagnosed in one (2.4%) in TVF group. There was no significant difference in total PPPS score (p = 0.076), however, there was a significant difference in total HOSE score in the favour to TVF group (p = 0.024). At 12 months, testicular ascent occurred in 0% and 3 (7.3%) in DF and TVF groups, respectively (p = 0.071).ConclusionCompared to dartos flap, tunica vaginalis flap significantly helps in reduction of fistula rate. However, it has significant more operative time.

Dimethyl Sulfoxide Mixed-Solvent Engineering for Efficient Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cell

The integration of perovskite with silicon for constructing tandem solar cells (TSCs) represents a promising route in photovoltaic technology. The hybrid sequential deposition (HSD) method, combining thermal evaporation and spin-coating, is crucial for developing perovskite films in textured perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. However, the process faces challenges due to incomplete reactions caused by the dense perovskite coverage layer (CPCL) formed from high-crystallinity precursors. The CPCL hinders the diffusion of organic salts into the bottom precursor layer, leading to performance degradation and accelerated device aging. Herein, this study explores several polar solvents as additives to n-butanol (nBA) solvent in order to enhance the permeability of organic salts through the CPCL, and we demonstrate that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as an additive solvent can effectively assist organic salts in rapidly diffusing through the precursor layer, thereby promoting the complete transformation of uniform perovskite crystals. The resulting perovskite films exhibited complete conversion, uniform crystallization, and improved quality. As a result, the target TSCs achieved an increased maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 29.12%. This study offers a robust pathway for depositing high-quality perovskite films on industrial-grade textured silicon substrates, laying a solid foundation for advancing perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells technology.

Solar Cells Manufactured Using Concentrated Solar Energy Toward Carbon Neutralization

AbstractThe high photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of solar cells and their environmentally friendly, low‐carbon manufacturing processes are crucial for advancing carbon neutrality goals. This study introduces Fresnel lenses to focus sunlight for the sintering of mesoporous titanium dioxide (m‐TiO2) layers as an innovative method for fabricating perovskite solar cells (PSCs), effectively circumventing the energy‐intensive and carbon‐emitting high‐temperature furnace sintering traditionally required. Through this concentrated solar annealing technique, an efficient and eco‐friendly sintering of the m‐TiO2 layer is successfully achieved by removing organic residues from the precursor film and enhancing the film's transmittance, electrical conductivity, and grain size. Consequently, this has led to improved coverage of the perovskite layer and enhanced overall photovoltaic performance of the solar cells. Experimental results indicate that the m‐TiO2 film subjected to 60 min of concentrated sunlight sintering (CSS) demonstrates optimal photovoltaic performance, with the fabricated compact‐layer‐free PSCs achieving an impressive photoelectric conversion efficiency of up to 17.69%. This research not only offers a novel, cost‐effective approach for the sustainable production of PSCs but also contributes tangible solutions for the green transformation of the photovoltaic industry and the achievement of carbon neutrality. This work points the way toward using solar energy to prepare solar power generation devices.

Intermediate-Controlled Synthesis of Quasi-2D (PEA)2MA4Pb5I16 in the 20-30% Relative Humidity Glovebox Environment for Fabricating Perovskite Solar Cells with 1 Month Durability in the Air.

Herein, quasi-two-dimensional (Q-2D) (PEA)2MA4Pb5I16 (prepared by a two-step process) and hole transport layer of a solar cell were fabricated in a high relative humidity (25 ± 5%) environment. The PSC behavior of most Q-2D perovskites is worse than that of three-dimensional perovskites owing to the horizontal alignment of the innate characteristic organic plates on the substrate. Using hybrid immersion solvents (HISs), we have improved vertical alignment in an appropriate ratio to enhance the efficiency of charge transfer and the high coverage of the first priming layer (first step). The grazing incidence X-ray diffraction pattern of the optimized structures revealed a preferential orientation for the vertical alignment of (111), which improved the charge transfer in PSCs and micrometer-level grain size growth. The second step was processed in a high-humidity environment (50 ± 5%) (methylammonium iodide solution embedded), and Q-2D (PEA)2MA4Pb5I16 demonstrated distinct grain boundaries. The power conversion efficiency (PCE, 13.09%) of the champion device of the first priming layer prepared using the HIS system increased by >55% compared to the single-immersion solvent (8.3%). The PCE of the ion-modified ETL PSCs was 16.02% (CsF-3) and 14.58% (CsCl-3) and demonstrated 22 and 11% improvement, respectively. The ion-modified electron transport layer (ETL) was deposited in the air, which reduced the power consumption of preparing perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Finally, all Q-2D PSCs were stored in the air, and three PSCs (DMF/DMSO, CsF-3, and CsCl-3) using HIS exhibited long-term stability for 1 month maintaining 80-88% of PCE, demonstrating the importance of the HIS system to improve the first step of growth orientation, which enhances the stability and photovoltaic properties of PSCs.

Surface Planarization-Epitaxial Growth Enables Uniform 2D/3D Heterojunctions for Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Modules.

Two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) halide perovskite heterojunctions are widely used to improve the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells. However, interfacial defects between the 2D and 3D perovskites and the poor coverage of the 2D capping layer still hinder long-term stability and homogeneous charge extraction. Herein, a surface planarization strategy on 3D perovskite is developed that enables an epitaxial growth of uniform 2D/3D perovskite heterojunction via a vapor-assisted process. The homogeneous charge extraction and suppression of interfacial nonradiative recombination is achieved by forming a uniform 2D/3D interface. As a result, a stabilized power output efficiency of 25.97% is achieved by using a 3D perovskite composition with a bandgap of 1.55eV. To demonstrate the universality of the strategy applied for different perovskites, the champion device based on a 1.57eV bandgap 3D perovskite results in an efficiency of 25.31% with a record fill factor of 87.6%. Additionally, perovskite solar modules achieve a designated area (24.04 cm2) certified efficiency of 20.75% with a high fill factor of 80.0%. Importantly, the encapsulated uniform 2D/3D modules retain 96.9% of the initial efficiency after 1246h operational tracking under 65 °C (ISOS-L-3 protocol) and 91.1% after 862h under the ISOS-O-1 protocol.

Preparation of double-layer REBa2Cu3O7−δ tapes for enhancing engineering current density by Ag-diffusion bonding

Second-generation high-temperature superconducting (2G-HTS) tapes with high engineering critical current densities (Je) are widely used in engineering and technology applications. This study introduced a twisting device that successfully layered two REBa2Cu3O7−δ films onto a single substrate. Heating the twisting device to above 600 °C induced Ag-diffusion bonding at the interface between the two tapes. A thin film pressure sensor detected a silver layer pressure of about 6.5 MPa. After the oxygen annealing treatment, a current increase of 81.7 A was observed using the four-probe method, which was a 1.5-fold enhancement over the original tape current, and the Je was increased from 560 A/mm2 to 790 A/mm2 at 77 K. The use of reverse bending annealing effectively improved the flexibility of the DHOS conductors. Through microanalysis, it was observed that the bonding between MgO and Y2O3 in the buffer layer was weak, resulting in the detachment of LaMnO3 and MgO together with the superconducting layer. The exfoliated buffer layer prevented oxygen penetration, adversely affecting the performance of the double HTS layers on one substrate (DHOS). Moreover, the coverage of the buffer layer increases with the number of layers complicating the complete peeling of the superconducting layer. Further detailed studies point out the direction of improvement for future work in preparing multilayer conductors.

Comparative Study Between Autologous Platelet-rich Fibrin Membrane and Local Flaps as Intervening Layer in Management of Distal Hypospadias

Background/PurposeThe most frequent complication following hypospadias correction is fistula formation. Recently, fibrin glue has been employed as a 2nd layer covering the urethroplasty resulting in a reduction in the incidence of fistulas. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is an autologous growth factor-rich source. Although the authors recommend the use of additional layers in hypospadias correction, there remains a controversy. In a trial to address this issue, our research was conducted to compare the accessibility of urethroplasty coverage using PRF to traditional local flaps, aiming to prevent fistula formation in hypospadias repair. Patients and methodsThis is a prospective single-blinded randomized controlled study that involved 60 hypospadias cases admitted to Mansoura University Children Hospital's Pediatric Surgery department between March 2021 and March 2023. These 60 cases were randomly divided into 2 equal groups: (group A platelet-rich fibrin coverage membrane & group B local dartos flap as an additional layer). Both groups were compared regarding the rate of complications. All cases were evaluated regarding age at repair, type of hypospadias, urethral plate width, length of urethroplasty, and size of the 2nd layer. The blood loss and operative time were documented and post-operatively; the cases were assessed for the repair intactness, shape, and size of the neo-meatus, existence of any post-operative problems such as urethral fistula, urethral stricture, meatal stenosis, failure of the repair, or diverticulum. Statistical analysis was carried out following data collection. ResultsThe median length of the 2nd layer in group A was 20 mm (range 15–23 mm) and in group B was 22.5 mm (range 19.5–25 mm) and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (p = 0.012∗), while its median width in group A was 10 mm (range 10–11 mm) and in group B was 15 mm (range 10–18 mm) and also there was statistically significant difference (p = 0.001∗). The mean operative time in group A was 95.73 ± 11.9 min and in group B was 102.33 ± 10.32 min and there was a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The length of hospital stay in group A was 5.47 ± 1.11 days and in group B was 5.47 ± 0.89 days. The urethral fistula was detected in 4 cases of group A (13.3%) and 3 cases of group B (10%). The failure of repair was similar, one case of each group (3.3%). The meatal stenosis was reported in only one case of group A (3.4%) and 7 cases of group B (24.1%) (P = 0.02∗) and the difference was statistically significant. There were no reports of urethral strictures among the cases in either group over the follow-up period (mean 9 months, range 5–17 months). ConclusionPRF patch may be employed as a coverage layer over the urethroplasty in repair of the distal hypospadias, especially in cases without accessible vascular flap with comparable outcome to traditional local flaps. Type of studyA prospective single blinded randomized controlled trial (computer-generated numbers method). Level of evidenceLevel 2.

Research on the bonding behavior and durability of cement-asphalt mortar acted as repair and protective layer

In order to enhance the durability of cementitious materials, cement-asphalt mortar (hereafter shorted as CA mortar) acted as a coverage of protective layer on the surface of cementitious materials was employed to block the migration of water and ions in this investigation. The results demonstrated that the ratio of flexural strength to compressive strength increased as the increase of asphalt emulsion to cement ratio (A/C), while the fracture energy of CA mortar arrived a peak value at the A/C of 0.15, corresponding to the optimal toughness of CA mortar of 83.16 J/m2. The bonding strength between CA mortar and substrate mortar decreased gradually from 1.55 MPa to 1.26 MPa as the increase of A/C from 0 to 0.45, which could still satisfy the requirement of repair and protective mortar. The electrical flux of CA mortars with A/C of 0.15, 0.3 and 0.45 decreased by 21.47 %, 26.68 % and 27.59 % in relative to the CA mortar with A/C of 0. As the rising of A/C, the resistance capacity of CA mortar on the sulfuric acid (pH=1) corrosion improved significantly. All in all, the durability of CA mortar under the chloride and acid environments was improved considerably as the A/C increasing. However, the frost resistance of CA mortars deteriorated gradually with the increase of A/C from 0 to 0.45 after the freeze-thaw cycles, that is, the application of CA mortars should be avoided in the cold condition.

Плотность всходов сосны обыкновенной в сосновых лесах под влиянием выбросов Карабашского медеплавильного комбината и лесных пожаров

We assessed the features of natural pine regeneration in forests with different ages of ground fires in the Southern Urals depending on the level of heavy metal pollution. Using the materials obtained from 81 sample plots laid in maturing, mature and over-mature pine forests of natural origin in three types of forest growth conditions (TFGC 1 – TFGC 3), the relationship between the density of pine seedlings and the state of forest stands (crown density, stand age, vital status index), with the characteristics of vegetation condition (total number of species, total projective cover of herb-shrub layer, projective cover of bryophytes layer), with external influences (pollution level, distance from emission source, duration of fire disturbance), and with the methodological features of the study (accounting year) was analyzed. The high variability of estimates of the density of pine seedlings did not allow us to identify the relationship between the density of seedlings and the level of pollution and/or fire disturbances. The density of seedlings is nonlinearly related to the protective cover of the herb-shrub layer. With increasing coverage of the herb-shrub layer, the density of seedlings increased in areas with high levels of pollution and decreased in areas with background pollution.

Early PSA-NCAM reduction in the dentate gyrus and impaired plasticity in the Alzheimer´s disease 3xTg-mice model

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer´s (AD) and physiological ageing are characterized by a decline in neurogenesis and in the polysialylated isoforms of neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) expression within the hippocampus and specifically in the dentate gyrus (DG). In the 3xTG-AD mouse model, which mimics the human disease in both pathological and behavioral features, this decline in PSA-NCAM is associated with the presence of Aβ plaques at 9 months and Tau tangles at 12–15 months. In this work we studied the presence of PSA-NCAM at early ages (1–6 months) in the same model. Our results demonstrated that even as early as the first month of age there is a strong decrease in PSA-NCAM dendritic tree mainly altering the molecular layer (MolL) coverage affecting the synaptic plasticity and furthermore confirmed by the reduction of PSA-NCAM area density (Sv) in the 3xTG-AD. Similar and more marked early changes were seen during aging in both NTG and 3xTg-AD animals. Our results demonstrate for the first time a precipitate decrease of PSA-NCAM cells at such very early phases of the disease. This result suggests an early effect of the disease in the progression of immature and pluripotent cells resulting in an ulterior and early diminution of neurogenesis and therefore an impaired hippocampal cellular and synaptic plasticity.

Surgical Evaluation of Autologous Platelet-rich Fibrin Membrane as a Coverage Layer in Repair of Urethrocutaneous Fistula after Hypospadias Surgeries: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

It has recently been reported that the use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) as an extralayer over the urethroplasty has been related to a considerable reduction in fistula rates. Due to the lack of evidence supporting the usage of PRF in urethrocutaneous fistula (UCF) repair, we conducted this study to evaluate the efficacy of PRF in patients with UCF. We conducted a randomized controlled study on patients with distal fistula after hypospadias repair. Patients were randomized into two groups, one with local dartos coverage and the other with PRF coverage layer. In the present study, we included 37 patients; 20 patients underwent local dartos coverage, and 17 patients underwent PRF. The mean age was 22.45 ± 4545 ± 4515 ± ±15.35 (range 11-56) months for the study group and 20.6 ± 66 ± 614 ± ±14.5 (range 6-45) months for the control group. The incidence of recurrent UCF was 11.8% in the treatment group (two patients), whereas the incidence was 30% (six patients) in the control group (P = 0.246). UCF surgery may benefit from the use of PRF as a supportive tissue that promotes wound healing, angiogenesis, and tissue restoration. We believe that the use of PRF as a new approach for UCF repair should be investigated further through clinical studies.

玉米植保无人机离心喷施系统设计与雾滴分布特性试验

Aiming at the problems of spraying pole-type plant protection machines difficult to get down to the field after row closure of maize in the middle and late stages, uneven droplet distribution of pressure nozzle-type plant protection drone, and difficult to change the droplet particle size, this paper designed a UAV centrifugal spraying system for maize planting protection through the designed centrifugal nozzle combined with a plant protection drone. A single nozzle parameter test was carried out to study the relationship between nozzle speed, flow rate and droplet size. The variable parameter flow rate is set in the range of 300 ml ~ 1000 mL / min, and the nozzle rotation speed is set in the range of 8000 ~ 18000 r / min gradient change. The test results show that the droplet size is related to the liquid supply flow rate and the nozzle rotation speed. According to the theory of optimal biological particle size, the centrifugal nozzle parameter is determined to select the liquid supply flow rate of 1000 mL / min and the nozzle rotation speed of 14000 r / min. The droplet distribution characteristics test under the actual operating conditions was carried out with this parameter, and the important index parameters such as droplet size, droplet density and coverage rate were analyzed to characterize the UAV aerial spraying operation. The experimental results show that the flight speed of the UAV has an important effect on the droplet deposition parameters, which significantly affects the droplet coverage, droplet density and deposition amount of the bottom layer of maize, and the droplet coverage and the droplet deposition amount of each sampling layer tends to decrease with the increase of flight speed, and the coefficient of variation (CV) value of the centrifugal spraying system was the smallest at the flight speed of 1.5m/s, and the effect of droplet deposition was the most uniform. at a flight speed of 1.5m/s. The effect of droplet deposition is the most uniform. This study can provide a reference basis for the optimization of parameters and the correct use of centrifugal plant protection UAV in the middle and late stage plant protection operations of tall crops such as maize.

The use of an autologous platelet-rich fibrin membrane in urethroplasty for cases of distal hypospadias

BackgroundAmong pediatric surgical procedures, hypospadias surgery is one of the most difficult. The most prevalent complication following hypospadias repair is urethrocutaneous fistula. Numerous procedures have been developed to prevent and resolve this issue. One such method is platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) membrane preparation, which is a straightforward process requiring only the patient’s serum. It has already been utilized successfully in plastic and reconstructive surgeries, where it significantly enhances the healing capacity and decreases the risk of infections. The purpose of this study is to assess the efficacy of an autologous PRF membrane in promoting healing and reducing fistula occurrence in cases of de novo distal hypospadias.MethodsForty patients with primary distal hypospadias underwent TIP repair, as a part of a prospective controlled randomized study from April 2017 to February 2018. The cases were randomly allocated into two categories. TIP repair done in all cases by the same surgeon. Twenty cases comprised group A, which utilized a preputial or local dartos flap as an additional protective layer over the urethroplasty. In contrast, group B comprised 20 cases in which the urethroplasty was covered with a PRF membrane. The initial follow-up duration was 6 months. Each group’s fistula incidence and other associated complications were documented.ResultsTwo groups were compared during the initial 6-month follow-up period. There were seven cases of urethrocutaneous fistula in group A, representing a 35% incidence rate. In group B, there were two cases that had fistula with an incidence of 10% in the early postoperative period. Two patients (10%) in group A developed meatal stenosis and only one patient in group B (5%) developed meatal stenosis. Glandular dehiscence occurred in one patient (5%) in group B. There was no skin wound infection in both groups.ConclusionThe PRF membrane may be a promising method as a coverage layer over the urethroplasty aiming to reduce the fistula rate after the repair. A larger comparative study is needed to evaluate the efficacy of PRF membranes in promoting wound healing.

Benefits and Limitations of Encapsulating Platinum Electrocatalysts with Niobium Oxide

The development of energy infrastructure based on renewable sources is vital to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. Technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells and water electrolyzers are able to bridge the gap between the intermittency issues associated with green energy sources such as wind and solar, and the demand for reliable electricity by being able to convert between electrical and chemical energy. Nanostructured and mesoporous platinum (Pt) prepared by electrodeposition or sputter coating have been shown to have increased performance in hydrogen fuel cells compared to the industry standard of Pt nanoparticles supported on carbon.1,2 Over the lifetime of a fuel cell Pt nanostructures and nanoparticles are, however, known to restructure and lose their surface area by mechanisms such as Ostwald ripening, dissolution, and coalescence. Previously, thin film Pt catalysts have been shown to be stabilized by a nanoscale film of niobium oxide.3 Herein, nanoscale thin films of niobium oxide are investigated as a stabilizing material through use by encapsulating nanostructured Pt catalysts.Nanostructured Pt catalysts were electrodeposited onto Pt-coated Si wafer substrates. Subsequently, niobium oxide films with thicknesses of 0.5 nm, 3 nm, and 4.5 nm were deposited onto the Pt catalyst using atomic layer deposition. X-ray fluorescence and conductive atomic force microscopy techniques were used to confirm the presence and coverage of the niobium oxide layer on the Pt catalyst. The performance of the encapsulated and un-encapsulated Pt catalysts as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts over the course of up to a thousand degradation cycles were evaluated using electrochemical techniques. The morphology of the catalyst before and after the degradation testing was also assessed using scanning electron microscopy techniques. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy indicated that increasing the thickness of the niobium oxide layer increased the resistance of the catalyst towards the oxygen reduction reaction. The combined results of the analyses performed by electrochemical techniques and electron microscopy measurements revealed a range of film thicknesses for the niobium oxide that successfully stabilized the electrochemically active surface area and surface morphology of the Pt catalyst. Paul, M. T. Y.; Gates, B. D. Mesoporous Platinum Prepared by Electrodeposition for Ultralow Loading Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Sci Rep 2019, 9, 4161.Debe, M. K. Tutorial on the Fundamental Characteristics and Practical Properties of Nanostructured Thin Film (NSTF) Catalysts. Electrochem. Soc. 2013, 160, F522.Eastcott, J.; Gates, B. D. Nanoscale Thin Films of Niobium Oxide on Platinum Surfaces: Creating a Platform for Optimizing Material Composition and Electrochemical Stability. Can. J. Chem. 2017, 96, 260–266.

Mechanism of sodium lauryl sulfate reducing froth stability of dodecylamine in hematite flotation: Experiments and molecular dynamics simulation

In this study, the influence of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) on the stability of dodecylamine (DDA) froth during the reverse flotation of hematite was investigated due to the frequent issue of excessively viscous foam leading to suboptimal reverse flotation outcomes. The research involved conducting flotation tests and two/three-phase froth stability assessments to explore how a specific molar ratio combination of DDA and SLS could enhance the flotation performance while simultaneously mitigating froth stability. The investigation into the mechanism by which SLS reduces the stability of DDA froth was aided by molecular dynamics simulations. The findings revealed that in the collector system comprising DDA and SLS, several key changes occurred at the molecular level. These included a decrease in the thickness of the electric double layer at the interface, a reduction in the thickness of the gas–liquid interface layer, weakening of the interaction strength between the head group and water molecules, a decrease in the coordination numbers of water molecules in the first hydration layer, and an enhanced migration ability of water molecules. Furthermore, there was an increased inclination angle between the head groups or molecular chains of the collector and the Z-axis, resulting in a diminished interaction depth between the head group and water and a closer positioning of the molecular tail chain to the gas–liquid interface with a more pronounced curvature. Consequently, these molecular adjustments led to a sparser arrangement of DDA molecules at the gas–liquid interface, lower coverage of the interface adsorption layer, and increased gas permeation, ultimately reducing DDA froth stability. The aforementioned conclusions provide a comprehensive molecular-level analysis of the principal mechanisms that can effectively reduce foam stability, including the attenuation of molecular head group-water interactions, reduction in gas–liquid interface layer thickness, decrease in gas–liquid interface orderliness, and enhancement of water molecule migration capability. The implications of this research extend to providing theoretical insights for addressing foam control challenges in DDA flotation processes.

All-solution preparation of perovskite light-emitting diodes in ambient air through film-forming regulation of light-emitting layers based on dual-additive doping and oxygen plasma treatment

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are promising for optoelectronics owing to their high color purity, tunable bandgaps, and low nonradiative recombination rates. However, challenges such as rough surfaces and poor film-forming properties constrain the optoelectronic performance of light-emitting devices. Herein, the PEDOT:PSS film treated by oxygen plasma serves as the hole transport layer, while the formation of perovskite films is optimized by dual-additive doping of PEO and TPBi in ambient air. The results show that the PEDOT:PSS films with PSSH-rich after oxygen plasma treatment provide more nucleation sites, favoring the formation of the perovskite film. Meanwhile, the dual-additive prompts to form a dense and uniform film as well. The intrinsic mechanisms involve PEO as a binder to fill grain gaps and improve water-oxygen stability in the perovskite film, while TPBi acts as a passivator to stimulate uniform nucleation and dense crystallization, improving the grain coverage of the light-emitting layer. Under atmospheric conditions, all-solution processed perovskite devices reach a maximum luminance of 810.4 cd m−2 and a maximum current efficiency of 0.437 cd A−1. This work highlights the significance of using oxygen plasma treatment and additives to improve the performance of perovskite films and achieve superior PeLEDs.

Triboiontronics with temporal control of electrical double layer formation

The nanoscale electrical double layer plays a crucial role in macroscopic ion adsorption and reaction kinetics. In this study, we achieve controllable ion migration by dynamically regulating asymmetric electrical double layer formation. This tailors the ionic-electronic coupling interface, leading to the development of triboiontronics. Controlling the charge-collecting layer coverage on dielectric substrates allows for charge collection and adjustment of the substrate-liquid contact electrification property. By dynamically managing the asymmetric electrical double layer formation between the dielectric substrate and liquids, we develop a direct-current triboiontronic nanogenerator. This nanogenerator produces a transferred charge density of 412.54 mC/m2, significantly exceeding that of current hydrovoltaic technology and conventional triboelectric nanogenerators. Additionally, incorporating redox reactions to the process enhances the peak power and transferred charge density to 38.64 W/m2 and 540.70 mC/m2, respectively.

Universal Strike-Plating Strategy to Suppress Hydrogen Evolution for Improving Zinc Metal Reversibility.

The development of highly reversible zinc (Zn) metal anodes is pivotal for determining the feasibility of rechargeable aqueous Zn batteries. Our research quantitively evalulates how the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) adversely affects Zn reversibility in batteries and emphasizes the importance of substrate design in modulating HER and its associated side reactions. When the cathodic reaction is dominated by HER, the Zn electrode exhibits low plating/stripping efficiency, characterized by extensive coverage of a passivation layer that encompasses the electrochemical inactive Zn. Therefore, we propose a strike-plating strategy that modifies the pristine substrate by initiating Zn plating at a high current density for a short time. This straightforward and effective approach has been proven to suppress hydrogen evolution and transform the electrodeposition mode into one dominated by Zn reduction. Notably, Zn metal exhibits exceptionally high average reversibility of 98.80% over 200 h on a stainless steel substrate, which was typically precluded in aqueous electrolytes because of their favorable HER capability. Additionally, our strike-plating strategy demonstrates an appliable pathway to achieve high Zn reversibility on Cu substrate, showing an average efficiency of 99.83% over 540 h at a high areal capacity of 10 mAh cm-2 and high-performance Zn full cells with low N/P ratios. This research provides a foundation for future investigations into the underlying mechanisms of HER and strategies to optimize Zn-based battery performance.

The Evolution of Flow Structures and Coolant Coverage in Double-Row Film Cooling with Upstream Forward Jets and Downstream Backward Jets

The spatiotemporal evolution of the flow structures and coolant coverage of double-row film cooling with upstream forward jets and downstream backward jets, having a significant impact on film-cooling performance, is studied using the simplified thermal lattice Boltzmann method (STLBM). Moreover, the effect of the inclination angle of downstream backward jets is considered. The high-performance simulations of film cooling have been conducted by using our verified in-house solver. Results show that special flow structures, such as a sand dune-shaped protrusion, appear in double-row film cooling with upstream forward jets and downstream backward jets, which is mainly because of the blockage effect resulting from the coolant jet with backward injection. The interaction among structures results in the generation of an anti-counterrotating vortex pair (anti-CVP). The anti-CVP with the downwash motion can result in the attachment of coolant to the bottom wall, which promotes the stability and lateral coverage of coolant film. The momentum and heat transport are strengthened as the backward jet is injected into the boundary layer of the mainstream. Although the downstream evolution of the backward jet is not very smooth, its core attaches closely to the bottom wall due to the downwash motion of anti-CVP. Moreover, there is an obvious backflow zone shown in the trailing edge of the downstream backward jet with a large inclination angle. The obvious backflow makes the coolant attach to the bottom wall well. Therefore, the film cooling effectiveness is improved as the inclination angle of the downstream backward jet varies from αdown=135° to αdown=155°, with a constant blowing ratio of BR=0.5. In addition, the fluctuation of the bottom wall’s temperature is weak due to the stable coverage of the coolant layer under αdown=155°. The film-cooling performance with an inclination angle of αdown=155° is the best among all the cases studied in this work. This work provides essential insights into film cooling with backward coolant injection and contributes to obtaining a complete understanding of film cooling with backward coolant injection.

Augmentation of Polymer-FeCO3 Microlayers on Carbon Steel for Enhanced Corrosion Protection in Hydrodynamic CO2 Corrosion Environments.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) internal corrosion of carbon steel pipelines is a significant challenge and is typically managed by adding corrosion inhibitors. In certain operational conditions, a natural protective layer of iron carbonate (FeCO3) can form on the internal walls of the pipeline, offering inhibition efficiency comparable to that of standard surfactant inhibitors. However, incomplete coverage of the FeCO3 layer on carbon steel can sometimes trigger localized corrosion. Our previous research demonstrated that poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) can work synergistically with FeCO3 when the corrosion product partially covers X65 carbon steel surfaces in an aqueous CO2 corrosion environment. In this study, we utilize rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) tests along with electrochemical measurements to investigate the FeCO3-PAH hybrid structure in a dynamic environment. We characterize the general and localized corrosion behavior as well as the surface properties of both naturally formed FeCO3 and FeCO3-PAH hybrid layers using interferometry and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy.