Course Of Social Interaction Research Articles

Upaya Guru Meningkatkan Sikap Sosial Siswa melalui Metode Diskusi pada Mata Pelajaran IPS

In the teaching and learning process in schools it cannot be separated from the interaction process social, which is the main condition for the occurrence of social activities in the school environment. Activities teaching and learning related to social interaction, one of which is discussion. Attitude social is an act of someone to live in society like each other interact, help each other, respect each other, and so on. Social attitude is necessary developed because it can create a peaceful, harmonious, comfortable, and peaceful life atmosphere. When discussing Social Sciences lessons, the discussion method supports the course of social interaction by showing the social attitudes of each student. It was found at SMP Negeri 1 Balong according to the results of observations and interviews researcher, students of class VIII F in learning conditions, it appears that the students' social attitudes categorized as less good. As researchers found that students do not reflect honest attitude, courtesy, and lack of cooperation. As a first example, deviation of honest attitude is indicated when the teacher gives test questions or assignments then done individually, the result is that some children have cognitive abilities the less good and vice versa. The tendency of children with low cognitive performance actions that are less honest because they tend to rely more on students smart.

Psychical Process in Social Perception

The research features the theoretical construct of the psychical process in social perception in line with the integrative approach to human psychology and social interaction. The author believes that psychical processes can be described as an integrative phenomenon of social perception. The psychical process is a multi-level system of mental activity, determined by mutual awareness of people in the process of joint activity and communication. There are three levels of the psychical process in social perception: gnoseological, semiotic, and phenomenological. The gnoseological level is described through the categories "reflection", "representation", "expression", and "experience"; semiotic level is presented by the categories "sign", "value", "meaning", and "relation"; the phenomenological level is indicated by the categories "identification", "apperception", "interpretation", and "portrait". The methodological value of the construct of psychical process realizes the principle of integrity in the learning of human psychology. The author outlines some prospects for future studies of ways and methods of the human psychological qualities and their refraction in the human individual psychology in the course of social interaction. The paper illustrates the prospective use of the construct in interpersonal perception studies.

Fluctuating confidence: the dynamic consequences of true/false affirmatives and denials on how a listener appraises their personal past

ABSTRACTThe present study examined the mnemonic consequences of true/false denials and affirmatives on how a listener appraises their personal past. To this end, participants (listeners) rated the extent to which they were confident certain events occurred during their childhood. They rated these events both before and after a confederate (speaker) denied or affirmed the occurrence of four different childhood events each, for a total of eight “rehearsed” events. For each set (denials and affirmatives) of events, half were true and half were false. In turn, this created four types of events (two each): true denials, true affirmatives, false denials, and false affirmatives. Additionally, half of the participants were told that the speaker was provided independent information about the veracity of the event’s occurrence (“expert” condition). Overall, listeners were less confident in the occurrence of false denial events, but more so when they believed the speaker to be more knowledgeable of the listeners memories, more confident in false affirmative events and, counter intuitively, more confident in the occurrence of true denial events. These results underscore the importance of a nuanced approach to the mnemonic consequences of true and false denials and affirmations in the course of social interactions.

Cooperation and Competition with Hyperscanning Methods: Review and Future Application to Emotion Domain.

Cooperation and competition, as two common and opposite examples of interpersonal dynamics, are thought to be reflected by different cognitive, neural, and behavioral patterns. According to the conventional approach, they have been explored by measuring subjects' reactions during individual performance or turn-based interactions in artificial settings, that don't allow on-line, ecological enactment of real-life social exchange. Considering the importance of these factors, and accounting for the complexity of such phenomena, the hyperscanning approach emerged as a multi-subject paradigm since it allows the simultaneous recording of the brain activity from multiple participants interacting. In this view, the present paper aimed at reviewing the most significant work about cooperation and competition by EEG hyperscanning technique, which proved to be a promising tool in capturing the sudden course of social interactions. In detail, the review will consider and group different experimental tasks that have been developed so far: (1) paradigms that used rhythm, music and motor synchronization; (2) card tasks taken from the Game Theory; (3) computerized tasks; and (4) possible real-life applications. Finally, although highlighting the potential contribution of such approach, some important limitations about these paradigms will be elucidated, with a specific focus on the emotional domain.

Emotions, Development and Materiality at School: a Cultural-Historical Approach.

In the school context, feelings and emotions are generally perceived as obstacles to learning. Today, however, the introduction of complex real-world issues in lessons of Geography, History or civic education, such as international migration or cultural diversity, blurs the classic boundaries between emotions and cognition when they prompt students' personal opinions and experiences. In the frame of a research on teaching and learning practices in education for cultural diversity, this paper examines how students' personal emotions were elicited in the lessons, and how they were semiotized, transformed in the course of social interactions. We analyze empirical data gathered in 12 Primary and Junior school classrooms in Switzerland. 12 teachers and 232 students (from 11 to 16years old) participated. We adopt a cultural-historical perspective inspired by Vygotsky and his followers and show the interactional processes by which the emotions undergo semiotization and influence the unfolding of the students' psychological processes. In the sequences we analyze, using the Valsiner's schema (Human Development, 44, 84-97, 2001), we identify three different modalities of semiotization: 1) the students' feelings are simply verbalized and linked to the speaker's affective world; 2) the verbalized emotions are reframed and interwoven with factual information; 3) the verbalized emotions are linked to information and reframed with collective emotional experiences. These processes are described, illustrated and discussed. We shed light on the central role of the verbal interventions of the teacher (who supports but also hinders the processes sometimes) and of materiality, here photographs, which mediated the teacher-student interactions.

Predicting stress from the ability to eavesdrop on feelings: Emotional intelligence and testosterone jointly predict cortisol reactivity.

While emotional intelligence (EI) is recognized as a resource in social interactions, we hypothesized a positive association with stress in socially evaluative contexts. In particular, we expected emotion recognition, the core component of EI, to inflict stress on individuals in negatively valenced interactions. We expected this association to be stronger for status-driven individuals, that is, for individuals scoring high on basal testosterone. In a laboratory experiment, N = 166 male participants underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (Kirschbaum, Pirke, & Hellhammer, 1993). As expected, EI measured by the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT V2.0; Mayer et al., 2003) predicted higher cortisol reactivity, including slower recovery from stress. The effect was moderated by basal testosterone, such that the association was positive when basal testosterone was high but not when it was low. On the component level of EI, the interaction was replicated for negative emotion recognition. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that EI is associated with higher activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in contexts where social status is at stake, particularly for those individuals who are more status-driven. Thus, the effects of EI are not unequivocally positive: While EI may positively affect the course of social interactions, it also inflicts stress on the emotionally intelligent individuals themselves. (PsycINFO Database Record

Common Humanity and Shared Destinies: Looking at the Disability Arts Movement from an Anthropological Perspective

This article will bring together two strands of anthropological theories on art and artefacts, the disability arts movement and the phenomenological approach to the study of material things. All three of these different perspectives have one thing in common: they seek to understand entities – be they human or nonhuman – as defined by their agency and their intentionality. Looking at the disability arts movement, I will examine how the anthropology of art and agency, following Alfred Gell's theorem, is indeed the 'mobilisation of aesthetic principles in the course of social interaction', as Gell argued in Art and Agency. Art, thus, should be studied as a space in which agency, intention, causation, result and transformation are enacted and imagined. This has a striking resonance with debates within the disability arts movement, which suggests an affirmative model of disability and impairment, and in which art is seen as a tool to affirm, celebrate and transform rather than a way of expressing pain and sorrow. I will use case studies of Tanya Raabe-Webber's work and of artistic representations of the wheelchair in order to further explore these striking similarities and their potential to redefine the role of art in imagining the relationship between technology and personhood. I will finish by looking at Martin Heidegger's conceptualisation of the intentionality of things, as opposed to objects, and will apply this to some artwork rooted in the disability arts movement.

Threat processing in generalized social phobia: An investigation of interpretation biases in ambiguous facial affect

Facial affect is one of the most important information sources during the course of social interactions, but it is susceptible to distortion due to the complex and dynamic nature. Socially anxious individuals have been shown to exhibit alterations in the processing of social information, such as an attentional and interpretative bias toward threatening information. This may be one of the key factors contributing to the development and maintenance of anxious psychopathology. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether a threat-related interpretation bias is evident for ambiguous facial stimuli in a population of individuals with a generalized Social Anxiety Disorder (gSAD) as compared to healthy controls. Participants judged ambiguous happy/fearful, angry/fearful and angry/happy blends varying in intensity and rated the predominant affective expression. The results obtained in this study do not indicate that gSAD is associated with a biased interpretation of ambiguous facial affect.

Marketing ‘ethically questionable’ politics: the case of a xenophobic political party

The success experienced by the extreme right parties across Western Europe and the persistent loyalty of their voters has sparked the interest of academics and broader society. Some of their theses are controversial, if not unethical, but nevertheless increasingly successful in Western European democracies. This paper seeks to explain how extreme right parties address the voters and manage to overcome people's aversion for racism and xenophobia in their marketing communications. Neutralisation theory is applied as a useful theoretical framework for uncovering the ways through which racism and xenophobia are reframed and normalised, ultimately providing a political “product” which is dissociated from its ethically questionable features and becomes less problematic for voters’ consumption. Thematic analysis of communication material from a particularly successful extreme right party, i.e. the Vlaams Blok/Vlaams Belang, provides an early indication that neutralisation may indeed be a viable route for understanding the rhetorical processes at play when communicating politically controversial positions and other ethically questionable issues more broadly. Concurrently, neutralisation theory stresses that such techniques are learned in the course of social interaction and ultimately, they are negotiated and (de)legitimised within broader socio-cultural systems. As such, it represents an important step in understanding how political parties and marketers draw on available repertoires of social and cultural narratives with a view to facilitate morally neutral consumption.

Rethinking sociability in long-term care: An embodied dimension of selfhood

Sociability, interaction through which solitariness becomes togetherness or a union with others, has largely been explored without reference to the importance of bodily sources of agency. Encapsulated in the theoretical notion of embodied selfhood is the pre-reflective nature of selfhood deriving from the body's pre-reflective capacity for engaging with the world and the socio-cultural significance of the body. This paper argues for an expansion of the discourse on sociability in dementia to include embodied selfhood as a source of interactive practices. An 8-month ethnographic study of selfhood in dementia was conducted in a Canadian long-term care facility. The findings suggest that social and cultural habits, movements and other physical cues serve important communicative functions in the course of social interaction. This underscores how sociability is an embodied dimension of selfhood, which not only broadens the discourse on sociability in dementia but also offers important insights to inform person-centred dementia care.

Aspects of language use in design conversation

This paper investigates some episodes of the conversation between an architect and two clients' representatives in an architectural meeting. The analysis adopts an interpretative approach to design research and is guided by a qualitative research strategy. Designing is conceived as a social, interactive, interpretative process. The aim of the analysis is to reconstruct how participants interactively construct meaning in the design process and to describe practices they employ in the process. Sociological and sociolinguistic concepts and research results are deployed to analyse design conversation and designing in terms of contexts and frames. Analysis shows that participants often construct activities through simultaneous use of different kinds of semiotic practices in different media (such as language, gesture, and drawings) which mutually elaborate each other. Natural language is pervasively used in the observed design conversation. The inherent vagueness of natural language appears to serve several functions in designing such as introducing ‘interpretative flexibility’ (e.g. of requirements) and establishing social bond. The episodes investigated in this paper provide an example of how the problem ‘requirements’ emerge in the course of social interaction and of how clients' perspectives are interpreted or translated into design considerations.

CREATING ORGANIZATIONAL REALITY: THE PIVOTAL ROLE OF LEADERSHIP

: In this paper, we take a detailed look at how patterns of culture are created and sustained and how organizations are socially constructed realities. Culture is not something that can be imposed on a social setting. Rather, it develops during the course of social interaction. However, the leader's position of power may lend him a special advantage in developing corporate value systems and codes of behavior.

You must be looking at me: The nature of gaze perception in schizophrenia patients

Introduction. Accurately identifying gaze direction is an important component of successful social interaction. Preliminary research indicates that schizophrenia patients have deficits in gaze perception, but the nature of this deficit is still unclear. The current study investigates whether nonspecific perceptual abnormalities could explain gaze perception deficits and whether schizophrenia patients show a direct gaze bias in their judgement. Methods. Fifteen chronic schizophrenia patients and nineteen normal control participants made a direct gaze judgement for eyes in a face, and a centre judgement for a geometric shape in a scrambled face. Results. The data show that schizophrenia patients are as accurate as healthy control subjects at identifying direct gaze when it occurs but they are more likely to misinterpret averted gaze as directed at them. The pattern of results indicates that this tendency to endorse direct gaze is not a consequence of a perceptual deficit in judging angular displacement. Conclusions. Schizophrenia patients have a self-referential bias in judging the direction of gaze that could lead to the misinterpretation of another person's intentions during the course of social interaction.

Pregnant female guinea pigs adapt easily to a new social environment irrespective of their rearing conditions

For male guinea pigs, the social rearing conditions are crucial for the course of social interactions and endocrine stress responses in later life. While colony-reared males adjust easily to new social situations, high levels of aggression and extreme endocrine responses are found in males that were raised in pairs [Psychoneuroendocrinology 23 (1998) 891]. This study investigated whether the same finding also applies to females. Therefore, 8 females reared in mixed-sexed colonies of 8–10 males and 12–13 females (designated as CF) and 8 females reared in mixed-sexed pairs (designated as PF) were transferred to an unknown colony for 3 days. Control females remained in their respective housing conditions. Serum cortisol concentrations (CORT) were determined before, during and after the transfer. The behavior of the CF and PF was recorded on the first, second and third day of transfer. All females adjusted easily to the new social situation, but frequencies of some behavioral patterns were significantly different between CF and PF. In the new social situation, PF displayed social orientation as well as defensive aggressive and avoidance behavior more frequently than CF. On the day of transfer, resident males displayed courtship behavior more frequently towards PF than CF. CORT did not differ between PF and CF either before, during or after the transfer. Furthermore, the transfer to the new social situation did not result in significantly increased CORT 4 h later either in CF or PF. We conclude that—in contrast to male guinea pigs—females are able to adapt to unfamiliar conspecifics independently of their social rearing conditions.

Social Interaction Over Time, Implications for Stress Responsiveness

Behavioral interaction during social situations is a continuum of action, response, and reaction. The temporal nature of social interaction creates a series of stressful situations, such as aggression, displacement from resources, and the variable psychological challenge of adapting to dynamic social hierarchies. The ebb and flow of neurochemical and endocrine secretions during social stress provide a unique tool for understanding individualized responses to stress. Each social station is an adaptive response to a stressful social condition, resulting in unique neuroendocrine and behavioral responses. By examining the temporal changes of limbic monoamines and plasma glucocorticoids, aspects of mechanisms for adaptation emerge. The similarity of temporal patterns induced by social stress among fish, reptiles and primates are remarkable. Even different specific coping mechanisms point out the similarity of vertebrate stress responses. The lizard Anolis carolinensis exhibits a unique sign stimulus generated during social stress by the sympathetic nervous system that serves as a temporal landmark to distinguish neuroendocrine patterns. During social interaction dominant males have a shorter latency to eyespot darkening than opponents, inhibiting aggressive display. Eyespot coloration can be delayed using a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, causing dominant social status in many animals to be lost. Reversal of social status via serotonergic activation appears to mimic chronic serotonergic activity. The pattern of eyespot darkening, faster in dominant males, is coincident with that for serotonergic activity. The fundamental temporal relationship between dominant and subordinate limbic monoaminergic activity over a continuous course of social interaction appears to be a two-phase response, temporally specific to brain region, and always faster in dominant individuals.

Micro Social Orders

Micro Social Orders

‘The changes and chances of this mortal life’: aspects of ageing in the fiction of Stanley Middleton

Sociological research shows that individuals attempt to make sense of the meaning of the ageing process in the course of conversations with other people. The social construction of ageing is therefore an interactive process during which ideas and beliefs about ageing are negotiated and exchanged. Novels are a rich and easily accessible source of data on the social construction of the meaning of ageing during the course of social interaction and this paper explores the imaginative contribution of the English novelist Stanley Middleton to our awareness of these subtle processes. It is suggested that Middleton's fiction provides a particularly rewarding example of the contribution of the novelist to our understanding of the origins of the experience of growing older as a product of social interaction.

Pediatric speech and language disorders following TBI.

Pediatric speech and language disorders following TBI.

The Social Worlds of Caravaning: Objects, Scripts and Practices

This paper is about the part which objects play in scripting the practices and strategies of their users. Goffman uses the concept of script to make sense of the conventional ordering of social interaction and the definition and maintenance of social worlds. As adopted by Latour (1992), Akrich (1992)and others, the term describes the ways in which devices and non-human actors configure their users. Drawing upon a study of caravaning and caravaners, we link these interpretations together through the mediating concept of practice. We argue that the practice of caravaning involves the resolution of common dilemmas, related to the material characteristics of the activity, and that the manner of their resolution, which involves the differential use of apparently similar objects and devices, underpins the social ordering of caravaning communities. In this case, as in others, non- human actors do not simply script, they also set the stage for social differentiation. Equally, caravans and caravan sites are much more than props strategically deployed in the course of social interaction. Like other objects, they are also implicated in the constitution and definition of the challenges around which social distinctions revolve.

Personality, Nonverbal Behavior, and Interaction Quality in Female Dyads

Female dyads were videotaped while they took part in an initial social interaction. Participants subsequently evaluated their encounter along several qualitative dimensions. Independent observers also rated the interactions, and a variety of behaviors were coded from the videotapes. Dyad-level analyses revealed that agreeableness, openness, and extraversion predicted observers’ evaluations of interaction quality. Individual-level analyses further indicated that agreeableness and extraversion predicted participants’ perceptions of interaction quality. Links between personality and social behavior were revealed as well. Variations in visual attention and body position accounted for the relations found between dyads’ levels of agreeableness and independent observers’ evaluations of interaction quality. Visual attention further mediated the relation revealed between openness and observers’ ratings of quality. This work reveals that self-reports of personality can reliably predict the course of social interaction and identifies some specific behaviors though which this may occur.