Course Of Human History Research Articles

A Historical Analysis of Conflict, Decline, and Renewal

Abstract: Over the past five decades, the concept of civilization has been widely discussed among scholars, policy makers, and the general public. The academic community has published a great deal of research on topics such as the clash, decline, collapse and revival of civilizations. Many scholars believe that the interaction and conflict between different civilizations are important factors in the course of human history. At the same time, governments are faced with the challenges posed by the clash of civilizations over ethnic, regional and national issues, which often lead to social unrest and political instability. For most people, their standard of living, economic status, and level of education are greatly affected by the civilization in which they live. The study of civilization should not only be limited to specific people, times or places, but should also be examined in the broader historical process. This paper proposes that a more realistic and objective perspective can be obtained only through the in-depth study of the historical process of civilization.

Thoreau’s civil disobedience from Concord, Massachusetts: global impact

Major wars or battles, political revolutions, scientific breakthroughs, or profound social changes often constitute substantial historical turning points. The nineteenth century was a period of intense struggle for America, wrestling with its identity and unity, the quest for emancipation, and conflicts with Mexico. Amid these turbulent times, an initially inconspicuous essay, “Civil Disobedience,” penned in 1849 by a then-unknown Henry David Thoreau, proved to be a turning point that eventually changed the world. The essay provided the framework for a conscience-driven protest, which, when applied on a mass scale, gave the world an effective and non-violent method of war. The power of the voice rooted in conscience and courage, an approach sans violence, inspired “successful” movements across cultures, countries, and time. The essay Civil Disobedience laid the foundation for a conscience-driven, non-violent struggle against injustices that changed the course of human history and remains the best hope for fighting injustices in the future. While less recognized in the annals of popular culture than the political machinations of Machiavelli or the strategic doctrines of Sun Tzu, Thoreau’s essay on civil disobedience has wielded a far more profound influence. In a world still riven by conflict and injustice, Thoreau’s 1849 essay offered the most impactful turning point in humanity’s struggle against injustice. It remains as compelling as ever, offering a blueprint for confronting tyranny not with arms but with the power of human conscience. It serves as a reminder that revolutionary changes sometimes begin with the quietest voice.

Da Vinci Medal Address: A Centrifugal Maelstrom?

This revision of the da Vinci Medal Address, delivered at SHOT's annual meeting in Los Angeles on October 28, 2023, presents two valedictories. The first reviews fifty years in SHOT studying and teaching the history of technology and warfare. It argues that not only is technology a particularly useful category of analysis for understanding change in warfare over the course of human history, but warfare is an equally useful category of analysis for studying technological change. The second valedictory invites SHOT members to clarify what they mean by the term "technology." There is no need for a single definition, but the term is so widely and loosely used in contemporary discourse that it behooves SHOT members to explain what they mean by it.

The Challenge to Change: Leading Schools beyond COVID-19

This paper considers the articles presented in this Special Issue and argues that, in most developed education systems in Western countries, there have been four major shifts in how school education is understood and delivered over the course of human history, from a time when only the wealthy and privileged received an education to the present day. It tracks changes in school leadership since the 1980s, when a combination of efforts to improve the effectiveness of schools and efforts to decentralise schools led to self-managing schools and changed responsibilities for school leaders. It reflects on whether the recent impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on school communities may lead to a fifth major shift in school education. This article discusses four different school leadership approaches that have emerged in Western education since the 1980s, instructional leadership, transformational leadership, distributed leadership, and leadership for learning, and argues that of these four, leadership for learning would be the most appropriate leadership approach in a post-COVID-19 future.

Accessibility of Finding Tuberculosis Case Actively, Separate Safely and Treat Effectively (FAST) Strategy for Early Detection of Suspected and Symptomatic Tuberculosis Patients: A Hospital Based Quantitative Study

Introduction: Tuberculosis is a contagious disease which has always been a challenge over the course of human history. It is known to spread mostly from persons with undiagnosed and suspected tuberculosis cases. Diagnosing tuberculosis in an early stage with effective treatment is one of the best ways to reduce the burden of tuberculosis. Finding cases Actively, Separate safely and Treat effectively (FAST) Strategy in Nepal, is a rapid diagnostic tool for rapid tuberculosis case detection. Aims: To access tuberculosis case Actively, Separate safely and Treat effectively (FAST) strategy for suspected and symptomatic tuberculosis patients coming to the hospital for early case detection and also to identify patient’s health care behaviour, technical barrier during surveillance. Methods: An observational quantitative study of active cough surveillance was carried at an entry point of FAST corner of Nepalgunj Medical College Teaching Hospital, Banke from April 2023 to December 2023. Scrutinized data was obtained by purposive sampling method with sample size 128 from FAST corner. Results: Maximum cases belonged to the aged group 65 and above having lower middle to lower socioeconomic status. Most of them were from joint family with contact history of tuberculosis in 35 (27.3) % of total cases. Out of total cases, 72 (56.25) % were confirmed with tuberculosis. Among those confirmed tuberculosis cases, multi drug resistance TB was found in 6 (4.7) %. Uses of mask was found significant (P< 0.05) in our study although number of these health care behaviour were less appropriate. Pneumonia was a significant association 17 (P = 0.004) with tuberculosis patient. Insufficient volunteers, and limited Gene xpert machine were major barriers to implement FAST strategy screening in Hospital. Conclusion: FAST strategy is feasible tool in high tuberculosis burden healthcare settings in Nepal. However, the technical and behavioral factors should be managed to ensure an effective approach.

Update on Patient Self-Testing with Portable and Wearable Devices: Advantages and Limitations.

Laboratory medicine has undergone a deep and multifaceted revolution in the course of human history, in both organizational and technical terms. Over the past century, there has been a growing recognition of the need to centralize numerous diagnostic activities, often similar or identical but located in different clinical departments, into a common environment (i.e., the medical laboratory service), followed by a progressive centralization of tests from smaller laboratories into larger diagnostic facilities. Nevertheless, the numerous technological advances that emerged at the beginning of the new millennium have helped to create a new testing culture characterized by a countervailing trend of decentralization of some tests closer to patients and caregivers. The forces that have driven this (centripetal) counter-revolution essentially include a few key concepts, namely "home testing", "portable or even wearable devices" and "remote patient monitoring". By their very nature, laboratory medical services and remote patient testing/monitoring are not contradictory, but may well coexist, with the choice of one or the other depending on the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patient, the type of analytical procedure and the logistics and local organization of the care system. Therefore, this article aims to provide a general overview of patient self-testing, with a particular focus on portable and wearable (including implantable) devices.

A tutorial on the physics of light and image shading.

This paper provides an overview of the many different ways that light interacts with surfaces in the natural environment to provide useful information for visual perception. It begins with a discussion of how the concept of light has evolved over the course of human history. It then considers a wide variety of optical phenomena including Lambert's laws of illumination, the effects of microscopic surface structure on patterns of reflection, the bidirectional reflectance distribution function, the refraction of transmitted light, chromatic dispersion, thin film interference, sub-surface scattering, the Fresnel effects, indirect illumination from multiple reflections, caustics, and the structure of the light field. The primary goal of this discussion is to provide the necessary background information to help students and young researchers more easily understand the scientific literature on the perception of 3D shape and material properties from patterns of image shading.

Cartographies of warfare in the Indian subcontinent: Contextualizing archaeological and historical analysis through big data approaches

Some of the most notable human behavioral palimpsests result from warfare and its durable traces in the form of defensive architecture and strategic infrastructure. For premodern periods, this architecture is often understudied at the large scale, resulting in a lack of appreciation for the enormity of the costs and impacts of military spending over the course of human history. In this article, we compare the information gleaned from the study of the fortified cities of the Early Historic period of the Indian subcontinent (c. 3rd century BCE to 4th century CE) with the precolonial medieval era (9-17th centuries CE). Utilizing in-depth archaeological and historical studies along with local sightings and citizen-science blogs to create a comprehensive data set and map series in a “big-data” approach that makes use of heterogeneous data sets and presence-absence criteria, we discuss how the architecture of warfare shifted from an emphasis on urban defense in the Early Historic period to an emphasis on territorial offense and defense in the medieval period. Many medieval fortifications are known from only local reports and have minimal identifying information but can still be studied in the aggregate using a least-shared denominator approach to quantification and mapping.

Innovations in Treatment of Femoral Fractures Throughout History

Treatment for femoral shaft fractures throughout history was a particularly challenging problem with poor outcomes until recent times. Injury to the femur bone prior to reliable methods of stabilization and fixation meant nearly certain death or profound disability for the rest of the patient’s days. Physicians and surgeons over time devised various mechanisms for splinting, stabilizing and providing traction for nonoperative treatment. Eventually, surgical treatment became a safe and reliable method for addressing these injuries. Advancements in treatment for femur fractures was tackled by some of the great physicians throughout history, including Hippocrates and Galen. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the major milestones in care for femur fractures throughout the course of human history.

Plagues upon the Earth: Disease and the Course of Human History

Paul W. Rhode of University of Michigan and NBER reviews “Plagues upon the Earth: Disease and the Course of Human History” by Kyle Harper. The EconLit abstract of this book begins: “Explores the ways that human history has shaped disease ecology and pathogen evolution and how disease ecology and pathogen evolution have shaped human history in turn, detailing how the emergence, incidence, and consequences of disease in both individuals and populations are inseparable from a wider array of social and environmental factors.”

Literature Review: Exploring the Relationship Between Gender Cognition and Student Academics

In the course of human history, discussion regarding gender differences and sexual roles has never come to an end. In present-day society, cultural influences, together with the “discovered” physiological differences, have contributed to severe gender inequalities and bias that can be perceived in all aspects. Under this distressing situation, education should be an important aspect that must be paid attention to as it is a determining factor of societal development. Based on empirical research, it really should be concerned that the often biased gender cognition may have potentially contributed to educational impairment, for which the disparate attitudes, opinions, and assumptions that people hold about the two genders, based on sufficient empirical research, have strongly influenced students’ academic performance and have further facilitated the formation of inequalities in future learning opportunities, career path, etc.; it is fair to say that these series of connections have gradually formed a negative feedback loop worsening the current inequality situation. This paper will focus primarily on finding the connections between the tendentious beliefs on gender cognition and students’ academics; specifically, empirical research papers regarding how people’s gender cognition may affect different aged students’ academic performance and self-concepts at schools will be reviewed to look for possible relationships.

The Role of Environmental and Geographical Factors in the Education Process

In the course of human history, continuous learning has been a vital component of societal development, underscoring the crucial role of a standardized educational environment. The academic setting significantly molds students' learning experiences, necessitating a profound comprehension by teaching staff of environmental factors influencing this process. This article aims to investigate the impact of environmental and geographical factors on the educational process, exploring how these elements shape educational environments and conditions. The research employs a comprehensive approach, delving into the diverse characteristics of environmental elements and their role in creating meaning within learning spaces. The study also analyzes key factors such as classroom size and lighting, recognized for their critical impact on optimizing learning environments. Findings offer valuable insights into the influence of environmental and geographical factors on education, unveiling crucial contributing elements to the creation of optimal educational spaces. The study's outcomes provide a foundation for improving educational structures and enhancing learning experiences by emphasizing the need for tailored learning environments aligned with children's behavioral patterns.

Exploring the Influences of Metaverse on Education Based on the Neutrosophic Appraiser Model

The growth of information technology over the course of human history has resulted in an update to traditional schooling. The Metaverse is an innovative concept for social work that incorporates many different types of technology. These technologies include big data, interactivity, artificial intelligence (AI), game design, internet computing, the Internet of Things (IoTs), and blockchain. It is reasonable to anticipate that the utilization of Metaverse will contribute to the advancement of educational practices. However, the structures of the Metaverse in educational settings are not yet developed to the point where they are ready for use. When it comes to schooling and the Metaverse, there are a lot of questions that need answering. Considering this, the purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive analysis of the use of Metaverse in educational settings. This article provides an in-depth study of the use of the Metaverse in education, with a particular emphasis on contemporary technology, obstacles, and possibilities, as well as potential future paths. First, we provide a concise introduction to the use of the Metaverse in education, as well as an explanation of the rationale for including it. After that, we look at a few crucial aspects of the Metaverse's use in the educational sector, such as the individual's capacity to create their own personalized learning and teaching environments. The next step is appraising determined alternatives and criteria which related to utilize metaverse in education environment. Hence, entropy is supported with SingleValue Neutrosophic Sets (SVNSs) to analyze and valuation of criteria’s weights. Then Combined Compromise Solution (CoCoSo) is utilized under authority of SVNSs to rank alternatives related to deploying metaverse in educations. The results demonstrated that alternative 1 is the optimal otherwise alternative 3 is worst.

신체의 자유에 대한 기본권 체계와 신체를 훼손당하지 않을 권리

The sanctity of human life and the inviolability of the human body are inherent elements. In contemporary constitutional states, these two aspects are placed at the forefront of fundamental rights, serving as the foundation for various other rights. Consequently, the constitution not only addresses the right to life and bodily integrity in the context of personal autonomy as paramount but also dedicates considerable attention to safeguarding these values throughout the course of human history. Our constitution follows suit in this regard.
 However, the current constitution lacks explicit provisions regarding the right to life and the right to bodily integrity, leading to divergent opinions on their derivation and interpretation. While some perceive the implicit inclusion of these rights in the existing constitution, differing perspectives exist on the legal basis for such inclusion. Key references include Articles 10, 12, and 37(1) of the constitution, within the systematic understanding of these provisions lies the right not to be harmed in life and body.
 While the right to life has undergone a clear evolution in terms of its protected scope throughout historical development, the right not to be harmed in the body has not garnered significant attention within the structure of the current constitution. Even the Constitutional Court, when discussing the freedom of the body, has limited its arguments to general explanations without delving into profound discourse. Consequently, the right to bodily integrity has seen modest recognition in terms of its protective value and scope, often remaining latent and inadequately scrutinized in pertinent cases. This article aims to distinguish the protection domain of the right not to be harmed in the body from the freedom of bodily activity, emphasizing its distinct sphere and highlighting its utility as a criterion for judicial review.

Threats and Challenges to Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development in India: Implications for Agricultural Extension

Agriculture, rooted in ancient civilizations, has shaped the course of human history. India, currently holding the second global position in farm output, witnesses over 50% of its workforce engaged in agriculture, contributing approximately 17-18% to the GDP in 2018. The agricultural and allied sectors constituted 15.4% of the GDP in 2016. India stands as the largest producer of fresh fruits, including mango, guava, papaya, and lemon, as per FAO 2014 statistics. Moreover, it ranks second globally in the production of dry fruits, textiles, pulses, fish, and vegetables. Cash crops like coffee and cotton have also played a pivotal role, with India ranking fifth in their production in 2010. Undeniably, agriculture is a cornerstone of India's economy. Despite India's prowess as a major exporter, consumer, and advocate of agriculture, the sector grapples with multifaceted challenges, significantly impacting rural development initiatives. Pressing issues include water scarcity, poverty, challenges in natural resource management, and environmental concerns. The complex interplay of factors, such as population growth, lack of information and awareness, limited technological knowledge, and the suboptimal implementation of agricultural programs in rural areas, further compounds these challenges. This article endeavors to meticulously identify the agricultural sector's predicaments, explore viable farm management solutions, and underscore the critical role of effective agricultural extension services in attaining sustainable yields and fostering rural development in the nation.

Kyle Harper, Plagues Upon the Earth. Disease and the Course of Human History. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press 2021

Kyle Harper, Plagues Upon the Earth. Disease and the Course of Human History. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press 2021

The Definition, Methods and Other Related Issues of Intellectual History ——Also on the History of Martin Luther's Thoughts in China

Intellectual history, tracing the history of human thought, is the understanding and presentation of various thoughts and concepts that have appeared in human history. The Chinese term 思想史 is translated from the English terms “intellectual history” and “history of ideas”, which were once used interchangeably, especially in the 20th century, since at least two reasons: the definition of “idea” and the history of the development of academic disciplines. The use of English terms in confusion is undoubtedly a reflection of the phenomenon of different opinions on the definition of the connotation of the intellectual history. By enumerating the explanations about the meaning of intellectual history of Collingwood, Lovejoy, Isaiah Berlin, Skinner and many other famous, not only to show the ambiguity of what is intellectual history, but also to seek uniformities among the different definitions. It is that intellectual history points to the spiritual creation and experience of human beings, and can guide people to discover and reach the most real place of history. Based on their respective understanding on intellectual history, historians use various research methods to pursue the thoughts and concepts in the course of human history from the perspectives of pure history, philosophical history, social history, etc., in order to find something valuable and meaningful. On the basis of sorting out and analyzing the basic problems of intellectual history, this paper further illustrates the connotation and methods of intellectual history by taking the study of the history of Martin Luther and his thoughts in China as an example.

NTFP Contribution in Livelihood of Rural Area of Western Himalayan Region of Himachal Pradesh.

Non-timber forest goods (NTFPs) refer to the various goods obtained from plants and animals inside forest ecosystems, which possess tangible values that are often not accounted for in a nation’s fiscal records. Throughout the course of human history, these items have been utilized for a diverse range of reasons, including but not limited to sustenance, animal feed, textile production, traditional medicine, agricultural resources, household goods, construction materials, and similar applications. These products are often intertwined with several traditional beliefs and cultural practices. The current investigation was conducted in three districts within the Himachal Pradesh region of northern India, with the aim of comprehending the significance of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) in the everyday livelihoods of rural communities residing in the Himalayan area. A total of 700 participants were surveyed using a prepared questionnaire.

Animals as healers: A historical journey through the impact of animals on human health across the ages

Animals have had a profound impact on health throughout the course of human history. Beginning with zootherapy in the ancient world, where animals were used as sources of mystical healing, animals have been crucial in the scientific discovery of human health and disease. In the modern world, the therapeutic application of emotional support animals serves as recognition for the symbiotic relationship between animals and humans. Appreciating the continued application of animals in human health serves as a reminder of the connectivity between humanity and the animal kingdom.

An Analysis of Students’ Transition Rates, Drop-out Rates, and Retention Rate in Secondary Education in Odisha

Education is an essential element in the holistic development of individuals, encompassing both material and spiritual growth. Throughout the course of human history, education has continuously evolved, shedding light on various aspects of human progress. This paper develops into the examination of secondary school education status in Odisha, focusing on critical indicators such as enrolment, dropout rates, retention rates, and transition rates. The data used for this analysis is gathered from the Odisha Directorate of Economics and Statistics, specifically from the Educational Statistics and UDISE (Unified District Information System for Education) under the government of Odisha. The analysis of secondary education in Odisha reveals a declining trend in dropout rates from 2009-10 to 2014-15, with some stabilization or slight increases in later years. A gender gap in dropout rates, favouring boys initially, gradually narrowed. The significant dropout rates between 2014-15 and 2015-16 suggest effective policy interventions. Transition rates fluctuated slightly higher for girls but generally followed a similar trend. The highest transition rates were noted in 2011-12. While Gross Enrolment Ratio fluctuated, the Retention Rate remained high or improved, indicating good retention once students enrolled. This analysis highlights the need for ongoing efforts to reduce dropouts, enhance access, and address gender disparities in Odisha's secondary education.