Courier Services Research Articles

An Evaluation of Digital Addressing System Implementation in Ghana

Purpose: The research reviews the implementation of Ghana’s Digital Addressing System. Nearly six years into implementation and without an outward appearance of the meeting of the announced goals of the project, the research sets out to find out the likelihood of success or failure of the project and suggest remedial measures.
 Relevance: The implementation of digital addressing in Ghana holds and demonstrates promise for benefits relative to transportation, courier services, taxation, property ownership and title, among others. For policy makers, the findings of this work give direct pointers to what needs to be done to keep the concept useful. For researchers, the work has only opened the doors for further academic and technical introspection into digital addressing and its nuances especially in Ghana.
 Methods: Using a variety of quantitative and qualitative techniques the study assessed the implementation of the policy employing interviews, surveys, workshops and group discussion. It hinged on the Design-Reality Gap (DRG) model to identify the issues of interest with Ghana's digital addressing systems.
 Findings: We found out that the attempts, although well intended, fall short in several best practice aspects. The research found it difficult to confidently showcase any immediate successes arising out of the implementation of the Ghana Post GPS App and System and proceeds to point out specific areas in need of attention if Ghana’s Digital Addressing efforts are to meet the presumptive goals.
 Conclusion: The Digital Addressing System might be a partial failure unless action is taken to close design-reality gaps.

E-MARKETING OF PASTRY AND DOUGH PRODUCTS AND CONSUMERS’ SATISFACTION OF SERVICE QUALITY DELIVERY IN LAGOS STATE

The study determined e-marketing of pastry and dough products and customer satisfaction on Service Quality Delivery in Mainland Local Government Area of Lagos State. Four research questions guided the study. Descriptive survey design was adopted. Population for the study was 1,500 household members. Sample size for the study was 306 which comprised of household members in Mainland Local Government Area of Lagos State. Questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire was validated by three experts from the Home Economics Department, University of Lagos. Reliability of the instrument was determined through test-re-test method and a reliability co-efficient of 0.97 was obtained using spearman’s rank correlation method. Findings indicated that the pastry and dough products commonly purchased online included cakes, meat pies, fish pie, chin chin among others. The most commonly delivery method was the use of courier service. Findings also revealed that customers are satisfied with marketing vendors when food products ordered are delivered in good condition and when food products ordered are delivered timely. Results showed that the problem customers face in e-marketing of pastry and dough products delivery includes the delivering of product that are not of the same shape, size and quality with the particular products ordered. It was concluded that the right delivery method should be adopted to ensure that food product ordered are same as food products delivered. Among recommendations made were that e-marketing vendors should ensure that pastry and dough products ordered are same with products delivered.

Enhancing Loyalty in the Indonesian Post: Unraveling the Influence of Relational Benefits and Relationship Quality

The advancement of technology has led to the proliferation of e-commerce services, resulting in an increased demand for courier services in Indonesia. Pos Indonesia, a pioneer in courier services, now faces competition from industry players such as JNE, JT, SiCepat, and others, who employ strategies focused on providing relational benefits. These benefits include special discount facilities, free item pick-up, and establishing social relationships and trust through integrated technology. However, contrary to previous research findings, these built-in benefits do not necessarily contribute significantly to customer loyalty. This study examines the role of relational benefits, with relationship quality as a mediating variable, in enhancing customer loyalty within the context of Pos Indonesia's efforts to retain loyal customers through various innovations. The study used a quantitative method to sample 205 respondents who have used Pos Indonesia's services in the last 6 months. The PLS-SEM method was used to analyze the data. The study reveals that repurchase intention increases with high levels of trust and satisfaction, supporting the confidence and social benefits that have been built. Surprisingly, unique treatment benefits do not influence consumer loyalty behavior.

Solving the traveling salesman problem using reinforcement learning

The article considers the solution of the traveling salesman problem using reinforcement learning. This task is to find the optimal route that passes through the specified cities at least once and then returns to the original city. The traveling salesman problem belongs to the class of NP-hard problems, and therefore finding an exact solution for sufficiently large data sets using classical mathematical methods turns out to be impossible in a reasonable time. The aim of the work is to increase the efficiency and speed of solving the traveling salesman problem with a large number of vertices by using the reinforcement learning method. A variant of solving the traveling salesman problem using the Q-learning algorithm is considered, which allows the agent to learn the optimal behavior strategy in the process of interacting with the environment, which is a set of cities and roads between them, which are modeled as a graph. Within the framework of this study, a software package was developed to solve the traveling salesman problem using reinforcement learning. A series of experiments related to the appearance of unforeseen conditions complicating the work of a traveling salesman, such as the appearance of "problem" zones or zones, the passage through which gives a reduction in time. The results of the experiments showed the capabilities of the developed algorithm for adaptation to changes and obstacles of the environment. The resulting algorithm shows itself to be more stable and reliable compared to the algorithms obtained by classical solution methods. The solution of this problem can be used in practice in a variety of real situations, including optimization of deliveries or network routing, assistance in the work of logistics departments of various transport, postal and courier services.

The Acceptability, Feasibility, and Preliminary Effectiveness of a Courier HIV-Treatment Delivery and SMS Support Intervention for Young People Living With HIV in South Africa.

Young people living with HIV (YPLWH) experience poorer rates of virological suppression compared with adults. Differentiated service delivery models for YPLWH are urgently needed to address this disparity. Participants were recruited from an HIV treatment clinic near Cape Town, South Africa. We conducted a longitudinal pilot study to examine the acceptability, feasibility, and preliminary effectiveness of a courier ART delivery and SMS support intervention to retain YPLWH (13-24 years) in care during COVID-19. YPLWH had the option to enroll in the courier service and were randomized 1:1 to receive adherence support via a weekly SMS. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate the preliminary effectiveness of the courier intervention on viral suppression (HIV-1 RNA <200 copies/mL) at months 3 and 6. Among 215 participants, 82% elected to enroll in the courier ART service at baseline, 41% reported receiving a delivery in the past 3 months at month 3, and 49% reported receiving a delivery in the past 3 months at month 6. Among those who received a delivery, most (91%-100%) rated the intervention as acceptable. Participants who reported receiving a delivery in the past 3 months at month 3 were 1.26 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.54) times as likely to have a suppressed viral load at month 3 and 1.21 (0.99, 1.48) times as likely at month 6, controlling for potential confounders. Findings reveal high uptake and acceptability of a courier ART delivery intervention among YPLWH and promising evidence for its effectiveness in increasing the probability of viral suppression. A fully powered trial is warranted.

Analysis of Postal Agent Performance in Sidoarjo Seen from External and Internal Factors

The momentum of COVID-19 should be an opportunity for courier business owners because many people focus on their activities at home and rely on courier services to shop. Two big players such as JNE and JnT have shown an increase in transaction volume in 2020 and 2021. On the other hand, Pos Indonesia has experienced a 15% decrease in profit from usual. This phenomenon is also reflected in the scale of Postal Agents, one of the official partners of Pos Indonesia. Referring to data from the Central Post Office in Sidoarjo , the income of all Postal Agents in Sidoarjo decreased by around 15% during the pandemic, starting in 2020 Rp. 11.3 billion to Rp. 9.6 billion in 2021. This research was conducted to investigate the influence of aspects of external and internal factors on the performance of Postal Agents. All research data comes from questionnaires filled out by 30 respondents who are managers of Postal Agents in Sidoarjo. Then the data was analyzed using the SEM-PLS (Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square) method. The results showed that internal factors had a positive influence on the performance of Postal Agents with a T-statistic of 3.115 and a P-value of 0.002 (0.05). From these internal factors, it is known that finance and service products are the most influential aspects. Meanwhile, external factors did not have a positive influence on the performance of Postal Agents with a T-statistic of 0.123 and a P-value of 0.902 ( 0.05).

Q-rung square root interval-valued neutrosophic sets with respect to aggregated operators using multiple attribute decision making

This paper introduces the concept of multiple attribute decision making (MADM) using q-rung square root interval valued neutrosophic sets (q-rung SRIVNS). The interval valued neutrosophic set (IVNS) and the q-rung square root neutrosophic set (q-rung SRNS) deals with the q-rung SRIVNS. The purpose of this article is to provide an analysis of several aggregating operations. In this article, we discuss a novel idea for the q-rung square root interval valued neutrosophic weighted averaging (q-rung SRIVNWA), q-rung ortho square root interval valued neutrosophic weighted geometric (q-rung SRIVNWG), generalized q-rung SRIVN weighted averaging (q-rung GSRIVNWA) and generalized q-rung SRIVN weighted geometric (q-rung GSRIVNWG). Using Euclidean distances and Hamming distances is illustrated with examples. These sets will be subjected to various algebraic operations in this communication. By doing this, models will be more accurate and will be closed to an integer q. The four most important factors for courier services in India are reliability, turnaround time, payment options, and tracking capabilities. Expert judgments and criteria will determine the most appropriate options. Furthermore, several proposed and current models are compared to demonstrate their reliability and utility. A fascinating and intriguing conclusion can be drawn from the study.

Analysis of increased motorcycle accidents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a single-center study from Türkiye.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a unique set of circumstances, straining health-care systems and affecting the way of life in societies around the world. Measures such as social isolation, travel restrictions, and workplace closures have led to an increase in motorcycle use. Consequently, motorcycle accidents have become a significant problem during this period. This study presents detailed research conducted to examine motorcycle accidents during the COVID-19 pandemic and to understand the causes and consequences of the increase in these accidents. This research evaluated records from a single health examination and used various models to analyze motorcycle acci-dents within a specified time period. Additionally, retrospective analyses were conducted to examine associations between motorcycle use and crashes in our country before and after the pandemic. The records of 386 patients who were injured in motorcycle accidents and followed up, received treatment, and were recorded at Biruni University Hospital between November 2015 and April 2023 were retrospectively examined. Noted details included the victims' age, gender, injury mechanism, injury site, injury severity, helmet use, presence and location of fractures, time distribution of the accident, and the severity of other important tissue injuries. The relationship between the injury site, fractures, and accident details, and the "Injury Severity Score" (ISS) was also investigated. Among the 386 injured victims in motorcycle accidents, 333 were male and 53 were female. Of these, 168 (43.5%) were motorcycle drivers, 137 (35.5%) were motorcycle couriers, and 81 (21%) were pedestrians. A total of 186 (48%) injuries occurred before the pandemic (November 2015-March 2020), while 200 (52%) were sustained during the pandemic. The study indicates a noticeable increase in motorcycle injuries, particularly among motor couriers, especially during the pandemic quarantine periods. Post hoc analysis revealed that motor couriers had significantly lower ISS compared to other professions (p=0.009 and p=0.045, respectively). Motorcyclists who wore helmets were found to have significantly lower ISS than those who did not wear helmets (p<0.05). Furthermore, it was found that the ISS was positively correlated with the number of bone fractures, total soft tissue injury, and significant clinical characteristics (r=0.758, r=0.756, and p<0.001, respectively). This clinical study's findings demonstrate that the measures implemented during the pandemic to limit society's mobility have led to an increase in motorcycle accidents. Notably, there has been a significant rise in the number of accidents, particularly involving individual motorcycle use and motorcycle courier services.

Nasal high flow therapy in remote hospitals: guideline development using a modified Delphi technique.

In remote Australian hospitals there are no onsite paediatric intensive care units (PICUs), increasing the reliance on aeromedical retrieval to access tertiary care. Nasal high flow (NHF) therapy is an oxygen therapy used in tertiary hospitals to treat paediatric patients with respiratory conditions. In rural and remote Queensland, Australia, the use of NHF therapy is inconsistent and there are no guidelines on how this therapy should be implemented in practice. Therefore, three remote hospitals within the Torres Strait and Cape York commenced a project to improve consistent and equitable access to NHF therapy. Implementing NHF therapy in remote hospitals may improve health and social outcomes for children with acute respiratory distress. A clinical guideline for the use of NHF therapy in the three participating remote hospitals was published on 28 October 2021. This study aimed to develop a clinical guideline for the use of NHF therapy in three remote hospitals. A modified Delphi technique was used to develop the guideline. Remote medicine and nursing clinicians at the three study sites, retrieval experts, a receiving tertiary-based paediatrician, PICU specialists and NHF therapy experts made up the expert panel of participants. These experts participated in an iterative round table discussion to develop remote-specific guidelines for the use of NHF therapy. Prior to the meeting, panellists were provided with an executive summary of the current literature on NHF therapy implementation with key questions for consideration. Participants were able to add relevant issues ad hoc. A final guideline representing the panellists' recommendations was submitted to the Torres and Cape Health Service for ratification. Remote-specific decisions on the following topics were produced: environment of care, nasogastric tube usage, timings of chest X-ray, automatic approvals to arrange courier services for pathology, medication use, staff training; staff ratios, observations regimes, both tertiary and local medical consultation frequency and the experience level of the medical officer required to attend to these consultations, location of the on-call medical officer, documentation, escalation of care considerations and disposition of the patient in relation to retrievals. Decisions were made to mitigate two highly representative remote factors: delays in the workplace practices, such as time to arrange treatment locally and delays in retrievals; and burden of the lack of access to services, such as lack of access to trained staff, staffing levels on-shift, adequate oxygen and equipment/consumable supplies. The aim was to develop a clinical guideline that was contextualised to the remote hospital. This outcome was achieved by using a modified Delphi technique, with a panel of experts providing the decision-making for the guideline. Consistency and safety were addressed by reducing delays in workplace practices; examples were time to arrange treatment locally and mitigate delays in an unknown time to retrievals, access to trained staff, staffing levels, and communication between remote and tertiary teams.

E-Ticaret Hizmet Kalitesinin Yeniden Satın Alma Üzerindeki Etkisi

In the last decade, there has been a significant increase in the number of companies joining e-commerce platforms because more and more people shop online worldwide. This phenomenon has given the competition a more international flavor. Many companies sell products of the same price and quality. Therefore, customers have different expectations when they purchase products and services. The most important expectation is service quality and trust. Millions of consumers shop for their daily needs online and expect the goods to be delivered timely and safely onto their doorsteps, making logistics service quality more critical than ever. Therefore, companies interested in increasing their sales volume should pay attention to service quality. This study investigated the effect of e-commerce service quality (information quality, courier services, and privacy and security) on online shoppers’ trust and repurchase intention. The sample consisted of 612 e-commerce users. Data were collected using a survey. The data were analyzed using a structural equation model. The results showed that information quality, courier services, and privacy and security positively affected customer trust. The results also showed that courier services, customer trust, and privacy and security positively affected repurchase intention.

Designing A Purifiers Website for Motorcycle Washing and Selling Motorcycle Washing Products

In the contemporary era, numerous businesses offer motorcycle washing services and sell motorcycle cleaning products. However, many people still engage in manual transactions, with customers visiting the business premises in person. Purifiers is a business specializing in motorcycle washing services and the sale of motorcycle cleaning products. In conducting its operations, Purifiers facilitates transactions with customers who visit its business location. With the advancements in internet technology, this study aims to create a website to enable online motorcycle washing services and product sales through Purifiers. Customers can initiate transactions through the website, after which Purifiers will visit the customer's location to pick up the motorcycle for washing. Additionally, purchased motorcycle cleaning products will be dispatched either through a courier service or upon the return delivery of the motorcycle to the customer. This research focuses on the design of the Purifiers website for motorcycle washing services and the sale of cleaning products, utilizing the PHP programming language and MySQL database. The methodology employed for the development of this website follows the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) with the Waterfall method, encompassing stages such as analysis, design, coding, and testing. Based on the outcomes of the Black Box testing, all menus on the website, both from the admin and user perspectives, function well according to their intended purposes. Furthermore, the results of the Portability testing using various browsers indicate that the website operates smoothly, with all pages displaying correctly.

지역 기반 플랫폼노동 종사자의 잠재계층 유형과 관련 특성

The purpose of this study is to identify the types of latent classes among regional-based platform workers according to demographic, social, and economic characteristics, and to examine the job-related and psychosocial characteristics of each type. For this research, data from a survey on the living conditions of platform workers were used. The final analysis included data from 687 platform workers across the nation, including 151 designated drivers, 152 courier service drivers, 152 delivery service drivers, 132 passenger transport drivers, and 100 domestic workers. The analysis method involved conducting latent class analysis to identify the types of platform workers and using cross-analysis and one-way ANOVA to understand the factors associated with each type. As a result of the latent class analysis, four latent classes were identified: ‘Young male primary workers’, ‘Highly educated middle-aged female secondary workers’, ‘Low-educated middle-aged male primary workers’, and ‘Highly educated middle-aged male high-income workers’. Differences were observed in job-related and psychosocial characteristics among these types. Based on the analysis results, the study discussed policy and practical implications for each type of platform worker and proposed reviewing course content in the field of social welfare education for a better understanding and intervention for these workers.

Pos Aja Customer Segmentation at the Yogyakarta Post Office Using the RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary) Method

Every business must continue to innovate due to the industry's rapid evolution if it hopes to avoid being disrupted by innovations in the future. The Pos Aja! app, a revolutionary new offering from courier and logistics services provider Pos Indonesia, was introduced in 2020. With Just Post!, consumers can transact from anywhere without physically visiting the post office. Pos Aja! facilitates not just transaction processing for clients but also helps businesses better understand their clientele. The technique known as customer relationship management, or CRM, works to maintain and improve ties between businesses and their clients. Client segmentation is one method of investigating client profiles. Recency, Frequency, and Monetary analysis, or RFM, is the customer segmentation method employed in this study in order to identify the traits of Pos Aja! customers. Three types of Pos Aja! customers—Gold, with 857 clients; Silver, with 566 customers; and Bronze, with 688 customers—were obtained based on the RFM data. The RFM data were then sorted to determine the category of new Pos Aja! clients. The Random Forest, Decision Tree, and Support Vector Machine (SVM) classification techniques are employed. With an accuracy level of 96.69%, the SVM model emerged as the top performer among these three models. Therefore, the SVM model can be applied to determine new client groups.

Legal Defect of Verstek Decision with Invalid and Proper Summons in the Context of Civil Procedure Law

The summoning process delivered in the form of a summons to the parties involved is the initial stage of the trial which must be carried out legally and properly to ensure justice takes place. This research seeks to examine the new concept of procedural law related to the form as well as the validity and properness of a summons after the issuance of PERMA No. 7 of 2022 as well as the legal consequences of the decision of the panel of judges who have committed unprofessional conduct by deciding the verstek case Number 908/Pdt.G/2023/PA.Bkl even though the summons was not carried out valid and properly. This type of research is normative juridical using a case and legislative approach and primary legal material is taken from decisions and secondary legal material from literature and research journal articles. The results showed that cases filed electronically were summoned by registered letter through the intermediary of a courier service provider that could not only be received by the party concerned but could also be received by adults living in the same house, receptionists, and local security officers. If the registered letter is returned to the court with a statement that the address is not found, the next mechanism is carried out through a public summons. Therefore, Decision Number 908/Pdt.G/ 2023/PA.Bkl which was rendered by verstek is null and void due to a legal defect in the summoning process which was not carried out in accordance with number 10 of SEMA Number 1 of 2023 and does not meet the requirements to be declared verstek. All rights of the defendant must be protected through a carefully issued decision because not all parties can understand the legal process, especially since this decision will only be canceled if it is submitted for annulment by the defendant because this case is in the civil realm.

Influence of labor migration on rural household food waste in China: Application of propensity score matching (PSM)

Food waste has emerged as a critical global concern, with households identified as major contributors to this pressing issue. As the world grapples with sustainability challenges, addressing food waste in the context of rural labor migration is crucial for achieving broader sustainable development goals. However, there is still limited research regarding the relationship between labor migration and food waste. We utilized propensity score matching to analyze cross-sectional data collected from 1270 rural households in China. Labor migration led to significant increases of 37% in overall food waste and 35% in plant-based food waste, respectively. Furthermore, households with labor migration exhibited 29%, 31%, and 30 % higher energy, protein, and carbohydrate waste, respectively, compared to non-migration households. Regarding micronutrients, migration led to a 39% increase in iron waste, a 42% increase in zinc waste, and a 47% increase in selenium waste. The results of the categorical analysis indicate variations in the impact of labor migration on food wastage within rural households. Food wastage in rural households with chronic illness patients responds differently to labor migration. Moreover, labor migration predominantly affects households without courier services in villages, where dietary diversity plays a significant role. Understanding these variations is essential for crafting targeted interventions and policies to address food waste in different rural contexts. The policy implications of our study are crucial for addressing food waste and advancing sustainable development in rural China, where labor migration plays a significant role.

Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis on the Preference of Courier Service Providers with Analytic Hierarchy Process Model

The rising interest in E-commerce has increased the reliance on courier service providers in Malaysia. However, the logistical performances of the courier service providers in Malaysia still require improvement especially in the enhancement of information system adoption as the providers are suffering from bottlenecks in some hubs and centres which affect the satisfaction of clients and the reputation of the online retailers. Online retailers place high concern in the performances of the courier service providers as their services affect the sales and revenues of the online retailers. Therefore, the goal of this study is to propose a framework to determine and rank the factors that affect the selection of courier service providers among online retailers in Malaysia with Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model. This study found that real time notification, cost and timeliness are the three most important factors of consideration while GDEX is the highly preferred courier service provider among the online retailers. This study can serve as a guide to the courier service providers to improve based on the top factors that influence the selection of their services.

Hiding behind the platform: the myth of flexibility for gig workers in Indonesia

ABSTRACT Mainstream arguments hold that the digital gig economy has been a boon for countries with high levels of unemployment, and some have even deemed it the future of work. Online platform companies handling transportation, courier and food delivery services – such as Gojek, Grab and Maxim – have similarly built narratives that the drivers who become their partners will enjoy flexible working conditions. Using a structural analysis of flexible work mechanisms in the digital gig economy, this article explores the asymmetrical power of gig workers and online platform companies. Taking a post-positivist approach, the data in this research were collected through interviews with 290 platform drivers. The results show that the structural situation, wherein extensive reserves of labour exist and workers’ power is weak, has created a significant power asymmetry between gig workers and platform companies. The impact of this asymmetry of power makes the flexibility promised to gig workers a myth and actually increases precarity for workers.

Geruzz Courier's Social Contribution as an Online Courier, East Lombok District

In the digital era, there is rapid growth in online shopping activities. Buyers can easily transact with merchants located in various locations around the world. Furthermore, the transacted goods will be sent via online courier service. In the process of distributing goods, online couriers function as a means of communication between sellers and buyers in doing something transaction ordered goods through online courier. Online couriers make it very easy for public in do booking items that will be ordered by the same consumer. This paper aims to examine the social capital and instrumental motivation of online couriers in East Lombok Regency. A type of literature study known as qualitative research was used in this research. According to the research findings, online couriers contribute to employment, create many job opportunities, alternative activity to fill free time, economic independenceand, encourage social change through conflict. Online couriers create new, fairer competition and influence existing social structures to create a fairer and more inclusive system. The increase in online couriers and public recognition of this application encourages social commitment to the presence of online delivery.

Matlab sımulatıon of quadcopter dynamıcs and PID attıtude controller

Due to the ever-growing popularity of quadcopters, they are used in various fields such as surveillance, military, surveillance and courier services and are of great importance. Ideal handling of quadcopters is essential for safe maneuvering and high precision flight performance. This research provides simulation of quadcopter control in MATLAB software, development and review of various control principles.&#x0D; Dynamic development in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has led to the rapid spread of quadcopters in many fields, from airspace control to courier services. This research study investigates the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) attitude controller by simulating the quadcopter dynamic object in MATLAB software. The heart of this research is to create and develop a PID attitude controller, which is a critical component for accurate control of quadcopter.

Harm of Delivery Packaging on Environment and Improvements

In recent years, environmental problems caused by material production and consumption are attracting more attention. Express delivery packaging is a principal content of them since online shopping is getting more popular. The tendency of wasting resources on delivery packages should be taken seriously. This article summarizes different materials of the delivery package and the harm to the environment of them and accordingly raises several solutions. At present, plastics are the most prominent material of concern in terms of packaging for courier services, as their production and recycling procedures have the most significant negative influence on the environment. The impact of other types of courier packaging materials such as cardboard boxes, woven bags, and others should also not be overlooked. The production, use, and recycling processes of these materials can lead to issues such as microplastic pollution, excessive carbon emissions, and air pollution. Ways to improve and address these issues include using easily recyclable materials, replacing non-biodegradable materials with biodegradable green alternatives, reducing excessive packaging, and implementing relevant regulations and policies. The emphasis on decreasing the negative impact of delivery packages on the environment is significant for sustainable development.