County Of York Research Articles

Factors Associated With Relapse in Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder Receiving Suboxone in Rural Areas.

Opioid use disorder (OUD), including opioid misuse, abuse, and overdose, has evolved into a national crisis with a lasting effect on society, individuals, and health care systems. Although an office-based treatment of Suboxone combined with counseling is a viable option for individuals with OUD and has been shown to reduce utilization of medical services, the relapse rate among those individuals remains high. There is a need to investigate factors associated with relapse to tailor treatment programs in an effort to prevent relapse. This study aimed to examine factors associated with relapse in individuals with OUD receiving Suboxone. A convenience sample was recruited from an outpatient Suboxone facility located in a rural county of New York. Measures included urine drug testing obtained through the medical record, patterns of time to relapse as measured by the Time to Relapse Questionnaire, pain intensity, and a demographic questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, independent t test, and chi-square statistics were utilized for data analysis. Forty-six patients participated in the study. Length of time in a Suboxone program, scores in sudden and long delay relapse, and the type of treatment program were statistically associated with relapse. This study provided insight regarding factors contributing to relapse and different time-to-relapse styles that could be incorporated into clinical practice to help prevent relapse.

Steadily Attached to His Majesty? Varieties of Loyalism in Revolutionary New York

This paper responds to most recent works on the complexity of loyalist identities during the American Revolution. It forms a close reading of over 400 claims submitted by self-identified loyalist claimants from the former colony of New York to the Loyalist Claims Commission. Through a case study of three New York counties (the city and county of New York, Albany County and Tryon County), the paper demonstrates that the loyalist experience differed greatly between the three distinct geographic regions; different counties entered the war at different stages, while demonstrations of loyalism and the range of services provided by loyalists to advance the British cause varied considerably. The paper also outlines (and justifies the use of) the potential of three broad categories by which to analyze loyalist claimants: namely, ‘active’, ‘reluctant’ and ‘passive’. Ultimately, this paper concludes that the varying nature of loyalism was largely the product of local contextual circumstance.

“A True and Patriotic Band!”: Welsh Anglican Resistance to a Colonial Victorian Church

This essay examines the colonial relationship between the Anglican Church and the British Empire's Welsh subjects across the nineteenth century. Focusing on the small output of a group of exiled Welsh clergymen (known as The Association of Welsh Clergy in the West Riding of the County of York), I consider Welsh Anglican responses to the church's neglect of Wales (exemplified by no Welsh-speaking bishop being assigned to a Welsh diocese between 1727 and 1870, despite the majority of the population not speaking English). The association believed that preaching in a foreign language such as English constituted a perversion from proper church practice and that this both reflected hegemonic attitudes toward indigenous and non-English speaking populations and pushed the Welsh population toward dissent. In response, the association sought to combine church reform with Welsh nationalism by elevating Welsh speakers as the spiritual inheritors of the true and primitive British church. They promulgated their visions in annual reports published between 1852 and 1856 into which they channeled other contemporary voices speaking against tyrannical and “Romish” Anglican Church practices. Through an analysis of post-Reformation Welsh church histories and the reports’ usages of such terminology as “alienation,” “Catholicism,” and “patriotism,” I reveal how the Welsh national identity the association fashioned at once operated within and aspired to correct the Anglican Church.

THE ANCIENT CHAPEL OF ST HELEN, MALHAM IN CRAVEN: DISSOLUTION AND DISCOVERY

... late in our late Sovereyne Lorde King Edward the vjt reygne when with a grete nombre of men ... one John Lambert of Calton in the saide County of York gent a man beyn more forwarde in plucking ...

Yorkshire archives and a league of gentlemen: the Yorkshire Archaeological Society and record-collecting 1863–2013

The Yorkshire Archaeological Society, which celebrates its 150th anniversary this year, was established in 1863. For more than a century it has been the leading publisher of archaeological and historical research for the historic county of York. It has also maintained premises housing its library, archives, and other facilities in various locations in Leeds since 1896. The Society, a voluntary organization that relies on investments and the subscriptions of its members for its income, began to take historical documents into its safe keeping in the late nineteenth century. Its holdings increased significantly from the early twentieth century, in a period when there were few public institutions in Yorkshire collecting records, and none doing so on more than a local basis. This situation began to change radically after 1948, as major developments in publicly funded archive services in the three ‘Ridings,’ the administrative divisions of Yorkshire, left a progressively smaller role for the Society to fulfill. This article describes the principal factors that have influenced the Society's archive-collecting activities and its development into a regionally significant repository for archives in Yorkshire.

The Victoria history of the counties of England. A history of the county of York: East Riding, vol. VIII: East Buckrose: Sledmere and the Northern Wolds - By David Neave and Susan Neave. The Victoria history of the counties of England. A history of the co

The Victoria history of the counties of England. A history of the county of York: East Riding, vol. VIII: East Buckrose: Sledmere and the Northern Wolds - By David Neave and Susan Neave. The Victoria history of the counties of England. A history of the co

Mary Hutton and the Development of a Working-Class Women’s Political Poetics

is impossible for the truly generous mind to understand the small envyings that surround the daily path of an author, particularly a female one. Mary Hutton, Preface to Cottage Tales and Poems (1836) What do we know about the working-class women who wrote poetry the Victorian period? As so often happens in the study of non-canonical writers, their biographies exist in fragments, a miscellany of facts with very little cohesion. We may know that a writer was a factory girl or a domestic servant; however, we often know little of the circumstances in which she wrote, her family history, or the particularities of her work. It seems that the lack of extant working-class women's poetry lies in the historical (de)valuations surrounding their lives; the difficulties in recovering their texts is, in part, linked to the unavailability of biographical information. Perhaps deemed too unimportant by the establishment for a record of their lives to be kept, nineteenth-century working-class women poets all but disappeared from historical record, and we are only now in the process of rediscovering them. While male working-class poets have enjoyed a rebirth with the work of Michael Sanders, Ian Haywood, and Roy Vickers, (1) the study of working-class women writers is still in its nascent stages. Mary Hutton is one such writer who has been neglected until now in scholarship on working-class poetry. Hutton's rediscovery was first recorded in Ian Haywood's The Literature of Struggle: An Anthology of Chartist Fiction, in which Haywood names Hutton the only author of Chartist Fiction. (2) Recently, John Goodridge's Nineteenth-Century English Labouring-Class Poets: 1800-1900 (3) collected five of Hutton's poems, and Patricia Johnson gives a passing nod to Hutton in her study of the development of Ethel Carnie's Feminist Vision. (4) Florence Boos, whose work has reinvigorated the study of working-class verse, mentions Hutton in Class and Victorian Poetics and has done much to illuminate the possibilities within working-class women's writing. In her study of the resonances of working-class women writers, she works to belie critical assumptions that Victorian women's preoccupations with religion vitiated their verse. (5) Following the recuperative momentum of Boos's paper, I argue for Hutton's important role in the formation of a working-class political discourse in Victorian poetry. This study of Hutton's poetical negotiations of politics and class seeks to enrich the present initial discussion of a new discourse of poetic politics: that of the working-class woman of the 1830s and 1840s. In order to understand the politics underpinning Mary Hutton's poetry, we must attend to the ways in which her poems enter into the political discourses of the early 1830s--namely, issues surrounding the New Poor Law, poverty, and slavery. Boos has pointed out that most Victorian working-class women poets had little direct access to the Chartist movement and its cultural institutions (Boos, 'Nurs'd Up,' p. 153). Despite this fact, Hutton's poems on the Poor Law and poverty are strikingly aligned with the poetry of the Chartist movement in both her appropriations of images of slavery and her use of discourses on human rights and freedom. (6) In this paper I wish to show how Hutton engages with nineteenth-century class politics and how her use of simple diction and her engagement with themes that resonate with Chartist poetry earns her a place as a de facto Chartist poet in the canon of nineteenth-century working-class literature. What little we know of Hutton's life and work, we learn from two contemporary middle-class male sources. The first is William Cartright Newsam's The Poets of Yorkshire: Comprising Sketches of the Lives, and Specimens of the Writings of those 'Children of Song' who have been Natives of, or otherwise connected with the County of York (1845), and the second is the preface to Hutton's first work, Sheffield Manor and Other Poems (1831), written by John Holland. …

Structural Impediments to Condom Access in a High HIV/STI-Risk Area

As embarrassment is a known obstacle to condom acquisition, selling condoms from physically inaccessible places that require personnel assistance constitutes a barrier to access. This study investigates the extent of this barrier in the Bronx, a high HIV/STI prevalence county of New York. 75 of 320 listed Bronx pharmacies were sampled via computer randomization. Investigators coded condom placement and physical accessibility within these pharmacies and 140 surrounding stores. 91% of sites sold condoms. In 82%, condoms could not be accessed without assistance. Condoms were physically inaccessible in venues most encountered in the community: grocery stores versus pharmacies (OR=15; 95% CI, 5–48), independent versus chain pharmacies (OR=32; 95% CI, 6–235). They were physically inaccessible more in the lowest SES/highest HIV prevalence areas versus the highest SES/lowest HIV prevalence areas (OR = 4.3, 95% CI, 1.1–17). Findings can inform efforts to increase accessibility of condoms, distribute condoms in alternative settings, and prompt similar investigations in other high-risk communities.

De forest and the first electrosurgical unit.

In the United States, Lee De Forest, who patented the first triode vacuum tube (audion) in 1907 and 1908, was experimenting with a high-frequency spark-gap generator for use in surgery and filed a U.S. patent application describing his work on 10 February 1907, which was issued on 17 December 1907. This device was the first electrosurgical unit, and there are no better words than his own in his patent for describing it; he stated: Be it known that I, Lee De Forest, a citizen of the United States, and a resident of New York, in the county of New York and State of New York, have invented a new and useful improvement in Cauteries, of which the following is a specification. My invention relates to devices for producing burning effects by means of high-frequency electrical currents, and more particularly to cauteries employed in surgery. (A cautery is a heated rod used to cut and coagulate living tissue.) I have discovered that when a conductor is attached to any part of a high-frequency oscillating circuit, the high-frequency electrical current passing into a body, for example, a human body, will produce a heating or burning effect at the point of contact of the electrode conveying such currents to said body, and that the intensity of said heating or burning effect is inversely proportional to the terminal area of said electrode. If therefore the electrode ends in a fine point or cutting edge, or relatively small area of other shape, an extremely intense burning effect may be obtained.

Lead Poisoning Risk Determination in a Rural Setting

To determine the prevalence of elevated blood lead levels among children living in a rural area and to determine the effectiveness of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Lead Risk Assessment Questionnaire and additional questionnaire items in correctly identifying rural children having elevated blood lead levels. Comparison of results of a questionnaire that is intended to identify children as being at low or high risk for lead poisoning with children's blood lead levels. The three practice sites of the only pediatric group in a rural county of upstate New York. A consecutive sample of 705 children ages 6 to 72 months who were seen for health supervision visits between June and September 1993. Sixty-nine percent of the children were considered to be at high risk for lead poisoning by the CDC questionnaire. Overall, 8.4% of the children in the study had blood lead levels of 10 micrograms/dL (0.48 mumol/L) or higher, and 2.1% had blood lead levels of 15 micrograms/dL (0.72 mumol/L) or higher. No significant difference was noted between the percentages of high- and low-risk children who had elevated blood lead levels. To devise a more effective lead risk assessment tool for children in this setting, the two items from the CDC questionnaire and the two additional items that had the greatest predictive utility were combined to form a short alternative questionnaire. The alternative questionnaire thus consisted of items concerning whether the child has a sibling or playmate with lead poisoning, whether the child lives near an industry that potentially may release lead, whether the child lives in rented or owner-occupied housing, and whether the child has a parent who is a migrant farm worker. Children categorized as high risk with the alternative questionnaire were much more likely to have elevated blood lead levels than those who were categorized as low risk. The alternative questionnaire was very effective in correctly identifying children with elevated blood lead levels. Eighty-eight percent of children having blood lead levels of 10 micrograms/dL or higher and 100% of children having blood lead levels of 15 micrograms/dL or higher were classified as high risk by the questionnaire. Children classified as low risk were very unlikely to have elevated blood lead levels; 98% of low-risk children had blood lead levels of less than 10 micrograms/dL, and 100% had blood lead levels of less than 15 micrograms/dL. These results suggest that the CDC lead risk assessment questionnaire is of limited benefit in identifying rural children with blood lead levels 10 micrograms/dL or higher or 15 micrograms/dL or higher. An alternative questionnaire, however, seems to have marked clinical utility for identifying rural children with elevated blood lead levels.

Higher Education: an international dimension

Let me start by insisting that education is not an object of public expenditure. In the modem world education is the most vital form of social investment. As such it deserves both public and private financing, and the more of each the better. There was a time when wealth, welfare and power rested largely on land and produce, and a time when they rested largely on minerals and energy. That time is past. Today competitive advantage, and with it economic growth and therefore the potential for social security and a higher quality of life and of the environment, rest on the speedy practical application of knowledge. It was for the practical application of knowledge for the benefit of the County of York that leading citizens of Leeds banded together in 1874 to establish the Yorkshire College of Science

The Yorkshire Summary: A Domesday Satellite

SINCE THE PUBLICA nON of detailed studies by I. S. Maxwell and R. Welldon Finn in 1962 and 1972, it may seem that there is little more to be said about the making of the Yorkshire Domesday. 1Both writers, however, recognized the limitations of the standard editions of Domesday on which their analyses were based. The Latin text of the Yorkshire folios they used was printed for Parliament in 1783.2 While exhibiting a remarkable degree of precision and remaining the standard transcription to this day, the edition is not without its drawbacks for the historian, Abraham Farley, its editor, employed an ingeniously designed fount to convey the subtleties of form and hand, but the text inevitably fails to express all the variations, such as those occasioned by the postscriptal addition of material, that the manuscript contains. It was to remedy this problem that a facsimile was made in 1862.3 The process employed was dubbed 'photozincography', and the resulting image was a silhouette rather than a true half-tone reproduction. It adequately represents many of the changes in the appearance of the hand, but its failure to cope with density of ink led to a great deal of subjective retouching which often misrepresents the manuscript. Likewise, not without reservation, both Maxwell and Welldon Finn employed the place-name identifications and translation of William Farrer published in volume two of The Victoria History of the County of York in 1906.4 Although generally an improvement on the earlier editions of Bawdwen and Skaife,5 it is out of date and often idiosyncratic. All of these deficiencies were remedied with the publication of a new translation by Margaret

John Douglas Eshelby, 21 December 1916 - 10 December 1981

John Douglas Eshelby, or ‘Jock’ as he came to be known to a wide circle of scientists and engineers throughout the world, was born at Puddington in Cheshire on 21 December 1916 and died suddenly in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, on 10 December 1981. His father, Alan Douglas Eshelby, was a regular army officer who rose to the rank of Captain but was invalided out after rheumatic fever. As a major, he was the commanding officer of the local detachment of the Home Guard during World War II, when the family lived in Somerset at the Manor House, Farrington Gumey. He died in 1952 near Ballachulish in Scotland. Jock’s paternal grandfather was Henry Douglas Eshelby, F.S.A., of Birkenhead. He published privately in 1891 a small book entitled Genealogy of the family of De Eskelby or Exelby of the North Riding of the County of York , the first part of this work being a reprint of a paper he contributed to the Yorkshire Archaeological Journal in 1889.

The Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of the County of York, East Riding, VI: Beverley.

The Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of the County of York, East Riding, VI: Beverley.

K. J. Allison (ed.), The Victoria History of the County of York, East Riding, vol. v. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research, 1984. xvi + 222 pp. 38 illustrations. 25 maps. £60.00.

K. J. Allison (ed.), The Victoria History of the County of York, East Riding, vol. v. London: Oxford University Press for the Institute of Historical Research, 1984. xvi + 222 pp. 38 illustrations. 25 maps. £60.00.

The Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of the County of York, East Riding. Vol. V.

The Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of the County of York, East Riding. Vol. V.

Reviews

M. W. GREENSLADE (Ed.)‐ The Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of the County of Staffordshire.K. J. Allison (Ed.). The Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of the County of York, East Riding.Joan Thirsk. The Rural Economy of England: Collected Essays.Peter Clark (Ed.). The Transformation of English Provincial Towns, 1600–1800.T. M. Devine and David Dickson (Eds.). Ireland and Scotland, 1600–1850: Parallels and Contrasts in Economic and Social Development.E. F. Cato Carter. Order out of Chaos: A History of the Loss Adjusting Profession. Part 1. Evolution and Early Development.S. Chapman. The Rise of Merchant Banking.M. W. Kirby. Men of Business and Politics: The Rise and Fall of the Quaker Pease Dynasty of North‐East England, 1700–1943.H. I. Dutton. The Patent System and Inventive Activity during the Industrial Revolution, 1750–1852.Eric J. Evans. The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870.Lawrence H. White. Free Banking in Britain: Theory, Experience, and Debate, 1800–1845.Hugh McLeod. Religion and the Working Class in Nineteenth‐Century Britain.James A. Schmiechen. Sweated Industries and Sweated Labour: The London Clothing Trades, 1860–1914.Pamela Horn. The Changing Countryside in Victorian and Edwardian England and Wales.Elizabeth Roberts. A Woman's Place: An Oral History of Working‐Class Women, 1890–1940.Penny Summerfield. Women Workers in The Second World War.GENERAL William M. Reddy. The Rise of Market Culture: The Textile Trade and French Society, 1750–1900.J. P. de Korte. De Jaarlijkse financiele verantwoording in de VOC Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie.Michael Burleigh. Prussian Society and the German Order: An Aristocratic Corporation in Crisis, c. 1410–1466.Wilhelm Treue. Wirtschafts‐und Technikgeschichte Preussens.Wolfram Engels and Hans Pohl (Eds.) German Yearbook on Business History, 1983.Joan M. Frayn. Sheep‐Rearing and the Wool Trade in Italy During the Roman Period.John Rosselli. The Opera Industry in Italy from Cimarosa to Verdi: The Role of the Impresario.Paul R. Gregory. Russian National Income, 1885–1913.Alice Teichova and P. L. Cottrell (Eds.). International Business and Central Europe, 1918–1939.David A. Hounshell. From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States.David H. Breen. The Canadian Prairie West and the Ranching Frontier, 1874–1924.Clifton B. Kroeber. Man, Land, and Water: Mexico's Farmlands Irrigation Policies, 1885–1911.Suraiya Faroqhi. Towns and Townsmen of Ottoman Anatolia: Trade, Crafts, and Food Production in an Urban Setting, 1520–1650.Asok Sen, Partha Chatterjee, and Saugata Mukherji. Perspectives in Social Sciences 2. Three Studies on the Agrarian Structure in Bengal, 1850–1947.John Iliffe. The Emergence of African Capitalism.D. C. Coleman and Peter Mathias (Eds.). Enterprise and History: Essays in Honour of Charles Wilson.Pat Thane, Geoffrey Crossick, and Roderick Floud (Eds.). The Power of the Past: Essays for Eric Hobsbawm.

The Victoria County History of the County of York, East Riding, IV. Edited by K. J. Allison. 31 × 22 cm. Pp. xvi + 186 + 36 pls. + 18 maps and plans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, for the Institute of Historical Research, 1979. £40.00.

The Victoria County History of the County of York, East Riding, IV. Edited by K. J. Allison. 31 × 22 cm. Pp. xvi + 186 + 36 pls. + 18 maps and plans. Oxford: Oxford University Press, for the Institute of Historical Research, 1979. £40.00. - Volume 61 Issue 1

The Politics of Benevolence: Revival Religion and American Voting Behavior (review)

274 CIVIL WAR HISTORY the Opposition itselfreceives no sustained treatment, good orbad. This is unfortunatebecause during the 1830's both the concept and the reality of an effective, loyal opposition on the national level received a tremendous boost. As for retrospection, Latner dutifully mentions historians who consider Jackson & Co. misguided or worse, but he declines to joust with the likes of Pessen, Govan, Rogin, et al. Again, a pity, since all history is historiography. Within the limits which Latner set for himself, he has succeeded creditably. The interpretations will be too pro-Jacksonian for many readers (some may complain: "and why didn't you handle Jackson and slavery?"), but what is offered is a sensible and perceptive analysis of some major aspects of the Jacksonian presidency. Frank Otto Gatell University of California, Los Angeles The Politics of Benevolence: Revival Religion and American Voting Behavior. By John L. Hammond. (Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Company, 1979. Pp. xi, 243. $16.50.) The scholarly community's attitude toward evangelical Christianity, revivalism, and Puritanism, which reached its nadir in the twenties and diirties, has risen markedly since the work of Perry Miller, John C. Miller, and Timothy Smith in the 1950's, although Richard Hofstadter's charge of evangelical "anti-intellectualism" in the 1960's indicates die persistence of negative themes. If Smith argued convincingly in 1957 that evangelicals led the social reform movements of the Civil War era, political sociologist John L. Hammond of Hunter College and the Center for Policy Research, makes a persuasive case in this remarkable book for the direct role of revival religion in political abolitionism and prohibition. Drawing extensively on sociology of religion literature (Weber, Lipset, Geertz), political behaviorist studies (Berelson, Lazarsfield, Lenski), and historical works (Donald, Gusfield, Cross, Barnes), Hammond shows that the religious revivals of the 1820's in New York and Ohio, led byCharles G. Finney, resulted in a belief system that translated direcdy into political activism against slavery, alcohol, and other societal and individual evils. Subsequendy, a revivalist ethos emerged in the stable, rural, Yankee communities of the "burned-over" district that continued to affect voting patterns until die 1960's. Revivalist communities usually voted Republican, except for the Bryan ticket of 1896. Hammond's thesis rests on careful statistical analysis. First, he measured the degree of revivalism in each county of New York and Ohio in the years 1825-1835 by estimating the proportion of the population converted in revivals. The primary sources were the major religious periodicals and county-level published census data obtained BOOK REVIEWS 275 from the Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research. Multiple regression coefficients were computed to explain the connection between membership in the Anti-Slavery Society and Liberty party voting in the 1840's. Among numerous geographical and occupational variables, such as the proportion of Yankees, Southerners, or Catholics in the county, and the number of farms per capita, the best indicator of abolitionist political strength was the extent of revivalism. Hammond further demonstrates that the religious belief system or theology of revivalist Christianity is the only plausible explanation of abolitionism. He convincingly refutes the traditional theories of abolitionism— Donald's and Gusfield's "status anxiety" theory, Lenski's thesis of "communal involvement," and the social structural group theory of Campbell and the political behavioralists. On the other hand, Hammond accepts Hay's view that the prohibition crusade was Protestant rural America's "response to industrialism." Although Hammond's statistics support his thesis of the salience of strong religious ideals in political behavior, he admits that his own personal involvement in the civil rights and anti-war movements of the 1960's convinced him that idealism often inspires political reform movements. Interestingly, the author's warm sympathy for the abolitionists' "politics of benevolence" is not transferred to the late nineteenth century prohibitionists. The curious rationale offered is that the presumed beneficiaries of prohibition, unlike slaves, did not want help. However, the targets of abolitionist activity—slave owners—did not desire "help" either. Despite a few misdirected targets of benevolence, such as alcohol, Hammond asserts that "collective action inspired by conviction remains necessary to force government to respond to the will of the people" (p. x...

REVIEWS AND SHORT NOTICES

REVIEWS AND SHORT NOTICES