Water In Countries Research Articles

Ethiopia National Cholera Elimination Plan 2022-2028: Experiences, Challenges, and the Way Forward.

Cholera remains a significant public health concern in Ethiopia. More than 15.9 million Ethiopians, constituting 15% of the total population, live in areas with a history of recurrent cholera outbreaks. The last 9 years of national cholera surveillance data show the country has been experiencing cholera outbreaks every year. The current cholera outbreak, starting in August 2022, has affected the entire country, with 841 reported cases and a 3.13% case fatality rate (CFR) in 2022, and >30 000 cases with nearly a 1.4% CFR in 2023. In line with "Ending Cholera-A Global Roadmap to 2030," the government of Ethiopia is committed to eliminate cholera in the country and has prepared its "National Cholera Elimination Plan (NCP): 2022-2028" with aims to achieve zero local transmission in cholera hotspot areas by 2028 and 90% fatality reduction from the recent (2020-2022) average of 1.8% CFR. The plan is multisectoral, has a clear coordination platform, contains all interventions with in-depth situational analysis, is concordant with existing plans and strategies, and is cascaded at the regional level and implemented with existing government and public structures. Nationwide, total 118 cholera hotspot woredas (districts) were identified, and a comprehensive situation analysis of the existing cholera outbreak response capacity was assessed. This multisectoral and multiyear NCP has forecasted around US$404 million budget estimates with >90% allocated to improving the country's water, sanitation, and hygiene (US$222 million; 55% of total NCP budget) and case management (US$149 million; 37%). The cholera vaccination strategy included in the NCP exhibited a 5-year oral cholera vaccine (OCV) introduction plan with 2 doses (30 604 889 doses) and single dose (3 031 266 doses) in selected cholera hotspot areas. However, its implementation is challenged due to a lack of financial support, inability to get the requested vaccine for targeted hotspot woredas (due to the current shortage of doses in the OCV global stockpile), recurrent cholera outbreaks, and high humanitarian needs in the country. It is recommended to have a sustainable financial mechanism to support implementation, follow the requested vaccine doses, and reorganize the planned coordination platform to foster the implementation.

Research on hydrogen sulfide removal from water using a hydroejector

The war in Ukraine has significantly impacted the country's water resources, leading to deteriorated water quality, threats to drinking water supplies, and long-term environmental issues. Intensive pollution of surface water sources has necessitated increased use of groundwater for drinking purposes. The quality of groundwater in Ukraine varies greatly, often containing concentrations of iron, manganese, hardness salts, and hydrogen sulfide that exceed acceptable limits. Hydrogen sulfide concentrations in different regions range from 1 to over 20 mg/dm³, far exceeding the permissible limit of 0.05 mg/dm³ for drinking water. In the southern regions of Ukraine, such as Kherson, Mykolaiv, and Odesa oblasts, hydrogen sulfide levels exceed the norm by more than 100 times. Existing water purification methods for hydrogen sulfide require the construction of expensive aeration facilities with various loadings, biological reactors, and oxidation filters, which entail significant capital and operational costs. Moreover, these facilities do not always ensure the desired water quality. Therefore, developing new methods and technologies aimed at intensifying hydrogen sulfide removal from water, along with various devices and structures for their implementation, is a pressing issue related to supplying the population with quality water. Among the developed approaches, the use of aeration as an independent method for purification is notable; however, it is used for low hydrogen sulfide concentrations and is most effective at low water pH levels. This article presents the results of experimental studies on the purification of groundwater from hydrogen sulfide by aeration using a hydroejector. Optimal parameters for the hydrogen sulfide removal process, depending on its concentration and water pH, were determined. The effectiveness of water purification using the hydroejector was substantiated and investigated. The key operational parameters of the hydroejector were established.

ЗЕЛЕНОЕ ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЕ ДЛЯ УСТОЙЧИВОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ ВОДНЫМИ РЕСУРСАМИ

Water resources management based on green economy is becoming more and more relevant in the context of changing climate and growing environmental problems. The President of Kazakhstan K.-J. K. Tokayev assigned tasks at the national level to improve the efficiency of use and protection of the country's water resources. Effective strategies for sustainable water management as well as technological innovations are crucial to mitigate the effects of water scarcity worldwide. In addition, financing of green technologies is an important factor. In this study, we analysed the correlation between green finance and sustainable water management outcomes on the example of wastewater treatment in Kazakhstan. The results can be applied in developing strategies to minimise the impact of risks on water, health and environmental infrastructure, as well as in studying the impact of environmental invest-ments. The costs of water supply, precisely the collection, treatment and disposal of waste, pollution elimination activities provide various economic, environmental and social benefits, which makes them a crucial aspect of sustainable development.

Enhancing Maritime Security In Indonesia: A Case Study Of Indonesian Coastguard Approach To People Smuggling In Strategic Ocean

In the face of globalization and increasing maritime trade, the Maritime Security Agency of the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian Coast GuardRI) plays an important role in safeguarding the country's waters, particularly the Makassar Strait, against the threat of people smuggling . This study evaluated Indonesian Coast Guard RI's strategy to combat people smuggling , focusing on personnel capacity building, interagency collaboration, and strict regulatory enforcement. This research uses normative legal research methods, using legislative, conceptual, and historical approaches. It belongs to the category of descriptive research, using secondary data consisting mainly of primary legal material (legislation) and secondary legal material in the form of textbooks and scientific journals on people smuggling. The analysis shows (1) indonesian maritime security agency by joint operations and interagency synergy, personnel capacity enhancement, security and safety patrol mandate (2) maritime routes poses through analysis of specific incidents, evaluation of countermeasures, utilization of technology and intelligenc, (3) evaluation of method and strategy effectiveness through training impact on personnel, interagency collaboration, implementation and regulatory compliance, (4) exploration of new technology potential through advanced surveillance system utilization, integration of artificial intelligence, data-driven approaches, (4) analysis of motivations and tactics through analysis of perpetrator motivations, analysis of smuggling and people smuggling tactics. Conclusion of this research is that Indonesian Coast Guard holistic approach, coupled with collaboration with relevant agencies, has positively impacted the reduction of people smuggling incidence. Nevertheless, challenges remain, requiring further research to optimize strategies to more effectively ensure Indonesia's maritime security against the threat of people smuggling .

INDONESIA - CHINA BILATERAL COOPERATION TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF HUMAN RESOURCES IN THE MARITIME SECTOR AS AN EFFORT TO ACHIEVE THE WORLD MARITIME AXIS VISION

This study aims to determine the bilateral cooperation efforts that the Indonesian government has carried out to improve the quality of human resources in the country to realize the vision of becoming the world's maritime axis. The Indonesian government recognizes that the country's waters have diverse maritime potential and are essential for world trade routes. If appropriately utilized, Indonesia's territorial waters can become a strategic point for many countries. President Joko Widodo's desire to make Indonesia the world's maritime axis is driven by the realization that Indonesia needs help to achieve this vision because it still has limitations in managing and developing its maritime sector. Therefore, the Indonesian government needs support from other countries, including China, to establish bilateral cooperation. This research is descriptive and uses a qualitative approach. The techniques used in data collection are interviews and data collection from various written sources, such as documents, journals, scientific articles, books, newspapers, reports, and others. The results of this study show that bilateral cooperation carried out by the Indonesian government is bearing fruit because China is also willing to support Indonesia to achieve this vision of the world's maritime axis.

Navigating Kuwait's water scarcity challenges: A holistic analysis of water resources, environmental impact, cost, and policy implications

Due to fossil fuels abundance at a relatively low cost of extraction, Kuwait relies heavily on non-conventional water resources, namely desalination and treated wastewater, to sustain its water sector. However, Kuwait finds itself balancing between the benefits of its rentier economy and the challenges posed by its reliance on fossil fuels, navigating a complex landscape of economic and environmental sustainability. This paper endeavors to explore the complex paradox surrounding Kuwait's water resources, examining the role of desalination, wastewater treatment, and groundwater extraction. It discusses into the barriers hindering efforts towards reform and mitigation strategies aimed at promoting sustainable water management practices. Including obstacles rooted in various socioeconomic and sociopolitical factors, such as low utility tariffs, heavy dependence on fossil fuels, and deficiencies in the country's water infrastructure. Through the application of a life cycle assessment and a detailed cost analysis, this research unveils the significant environmental and financial burdens associated with Kuwait's current water supply methods, prompting concerns regarding their sustainability and the nation's water security. While the primary focus of this study is on Kuwait, the analysis and findings hold broader implications and repercussions.

Navigating the water–energy nexus amidst the Lebanese economic crisis

ABSTRACT Lebanon's economic crisis has disrupted the country's energy and water sectors, highlighting their interdependence. The methodology involves surveying 150 municipalities across all Lebanese governorates, ensuring a comprehensive coverage of public and private water resources. Data on water and energy were collected before and during the crisis to explore this nexus during periods of economic turmoil. The findings reveal a decline in water provision during the crisis, with the average weekly water supply plummeting from 49 h in 2019 to 22 h in 2023. Concurrently, the use of water tankers has surged from 26 to 44%, indicating a concerning shift in water acquisition methods. Despite the crisis, conventional water sources remain predominant, while unconventional sources account for less than 1% of the total supply. In response to the energy shortage, renewable energy sources have gained traction in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. The scarcity and rising cost of electricity have driven the adoption of solar photovoltaics in the water sector, reaching 4.8% for extraction from underground reservoirs and 2.8% for distribution. Similarly, the use of solar water heaters has increased from 7.9 to 15.4% in 2023. These findings underscore the interplay between energy and water security during periods of economic instability.

Breaking Legal and Socio-economic Challenges to Plastic Waste Regulation in Nigeria: Lessons learned from Singapore

<div class="WordSection1"><div class="WordSection1"><p><em>Plastic, a versatile material derived from synthetic compounds, is widely employed globally due to its durability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of production. However, its improper disposal poses significant environmental threats. Despite concerted efforts, the indiscriminate dumping of plastic waste persists in the country's land and water environments. This study aims to comprehensively explore the legal guidelines and socio-economic initiatives relevant to plastic waste regulation, drawing inspiration from Singapore's successful model. Three hundred and ten questionnaires were also distributed among residents of Nigeria to achieve this objective. The data collected underwent thorough analysis, employing both descriptive and analytical methods. In this context, Singapore stands out as an exemplary model for Nigeria to emulate in addressing the challenges posed by plastic waste. Drawing inspiration from Singapore's successful strategies, It is imperative to meticulously regulate every stage, from production to disposal, to ensure environmental sustainability and minimize the detrimental impact of plastic pollution. The study found the need for more legislative measures in Nigeria to combat the pervasive problem of indiscriminate plastic waste disposal effectively. Also, The government should establish irresponsible plastic waste disposal's environmental and health risks and dumping of plastic waste.</em></p></div></div>

Water populism and the Iranians' collective adipsia

AbstractThis article examines Iran as an example, where the water crisis is dealt with through denial, projection, and securitization approaches, described as “water populism.” The Iranian polity systematically adopts denial and projection approaches to obscure an underlying causal chain whose first ring is ideology, and then, it resorts to the securitization of water to safeguard these approaches against public criticism. Ideology prescribes an intensive hydraulic mission to facilitate “strategic industries clustered together in the central desert” and “self‐sufficiency in food production,” in the wake of its antagonism toward the world's powers and the ensuing international sanctions. This hydraulic mission depletes the country's water resources and results in “water bankruptcy” that is reflected in ecological degradation and socio‐economic disintegration. Ideology not only obstructs the genuine process of problem solving but also gives rise to water populism that serves as a political sedative by either disavowing the water crisis or attributing the crisis to a wide range of technical‐managerial factors or stifling dissenting voices. Any solution to Iran's water crisis seems infeasible in the absence of an ideological reform.

Determination of technogenic risks when using various water purification technologies

In modern conditions, ensuring the reliability and safety of water supply systems is a primary task for the industrial economy and the safety of life of the population of Ukraine. Constant bombing and damage to critical infrastructure facilities, including water management facilities, endangers the stability and quality of the country's water resources. In this context, conducting research on the identification of man-made risks in water treatment systems using various technologies, as well as developing strategies to increase the reliability and safety of operation of water supply systems are becoming relevant for the industrial sector of Ukraine. In order to increase the reliability of water treatment units and their operational safety, man-made risks were investigated when using ion exchange, electrodialysis, and water distillation technologies at thermal power plants. It is shown that during normal operation of the ion-exchange water purification system with an average productivity of 400 m3/h, in the case of frequent changes in the concentration of salts at the inlet, the risk of receiving underpurified water is 0.0783. This value must be taken into account for the assessment of economic and social-ecological risks, since it exceeds the generally accepted value of 0.01. When using electrodialysis water purification and frequent changes in the concentration of salts at the inlet, the risk of receiving underpurified water is 0.0271. This value is also greater than 0.01 risk accepted as acceptable. The water distillation technology has enough margin to compensate for any deviations in the purification process and gives a very low risk. However, the distillation process is more effective in removing only soluble impurities, while in the case of suspended substances, in particular of organic origin, there is a risk of exceeding the limit of 0.01.

CLIMATE CHANGE AND WATER CRISIS IN AFGHANISTAN

Though the negative impacts of climate change on water resources have become a severe social, economic, and environmental problem worldwide, especially in the arid regions of the earth, including Afghanistan, an inclusive and or conclusive review of diverse studies regarding the climate change and root causes of the water crisis in Afghanistan have not been carried out yet. This study analyses the negative impacts of climate change on water including the fundamental causes of the water crisis in Afghanistan, using analytical and descriptive approaches to review the related literature. The findings of this study show that although there is a strong relationship between climate change and water shortages, it can be a secondary factor in the case of Afghanistan. This is because the available surface water in Afghanistan is estimated to be about 50 percent higher than the country's water needs. In addition, the main factors involved in Afghanistan's water crisis are discussed in this study; factors that have not only caused the flow of about 67% of Afghanistan's surface waters to neighboring countries but also caused the wastage of about 40% of its surface water during irrigation. In addition, limitations and recommendations for further studies are also presented. The result of this study would create a clear insight for researchers and policymakers to regulate and manage the ever-increasing water crisis conditions sustainably in Afghanistan and similar contexts.

Emerging regulatory gaps in fracking-specific water security issues in India: Lessons from the United States ‘Shale Revolution’

India has characterised shale gas as a transitional energy source and is planning to commercially scale the extraction of shale gas through hydraulic fracturing (fracking). Currently, India has announced 56 fracking projects spread across six Indian states. In doing so, exploration of shale gas resources has started in India. The regulations that govern conventional extraction processes are also applicable to fracking activities. The conflation of fracking with conventional drilling processes in India's regulatory approach may have implications for the country's water security, given the unique risks that fracking poses to water resources. This article analyses India's regulatory framework applicable to fracking-specific water (FSW) issues. In doing so, this article identifies four key paradigms of water security and maps these key paradigms with the US fracking experience, identifying four key FSW issues. Subsequently, this article evaluates if India's multilevel regulatory system regulates the identified four FSW issues. In conclusion, this research finds that before commercially scaling fracking operations, India must conduct a scientific inquiry on the impact of proposed fracking projects on its water resources. In doing so, it must re-examine its regulations at the federal and state levels to comprehensively cover FSW issues.

Systematic Considerations for a Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) Retrofits: A Review

As a country that has more than half of the country's total territorial waters, Indonesia is highly dependent on shipping activities. Therefore, knowledge of policy updates for each ship from IMO must also be taken into account, one of which is the policy regarding the Ballast Water Management System, which requires every ship to be installed with a Ballast Water Treatment System in order to achieve the goal of a green environment in voyage areas by inhibiting the spread of microorganisms that endanger the area that is caused by ballast water. This regulatory update then creates problems, especially for ships that have been operating for a long time, because the ship has to comply with the standards for D-1 and then also have to comply with the D-2 standards according to the time specified in the convention. So, this review article will discuss the solution to the issues with retrofitting ballast water treatment systems as the addition of a new system to the existing system on a ship that has sailed and pay attention to conceptual aspects consisting of considerations and operations to find the type of ballast water treatment that suits each ship's needs by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of each technology type method. There is also consideration for several stages that are commonly used to determine the type of treatment, starting with assessment and planning requirements, selection of space, compliance with BWMS regulations, selection of the ballast water treatment system method, engineering drawing, installation planning, and commissioning. Apart from that, several related innovation considerations were also discussed, including the development of alternative treatment technology, which has the potential for efficiency both in operational aspects and safety standards. Based on research developments, retrofitting the Ballast Water Treatment System with the ultra-violet (UV) treatment is well known as the common treatment beside the electrolysis treatment. The results obtained show that the ultra-violet (UV) method is one of the most efficient treatments when viewed from the way it works and the time duration for the treatment process. This proves that ultra-violet treatment can produce maximum efficiency if the selection of needs and consideration of maximized aspects also exceed the safety aspect as well.

Climate Change and Its Impact on Water Resource and Ground Water in Afghanistan

Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources and Air Pollution, research is carried out to analysis Hydro-meteorological and groundwater data in Afghanistan. The negative impacts of climate change on water resources such as surface and ground water have become a severe social, economic and environmental problem worldwide, especially in the arid regions of the earth, including Afghanistan. Hence, this article studies the relationship between climate change and its’ impact on water resource in Afghanistan by reviewing related literature. The main objective of this research is to find out natural causes of climate change effects on surface and groundwater resources. The findings of this study show that although there is a strong relationship between climate change and water crises, it can be a secondary factor in the case of Afghanistan. This is because the available water resources in Afghanistan are more than 50 percent higher than the country's water need. In addition, the main factors involved in Afghanistan’s water crisis are explained in this study; factors that have not only caused the flow of about 67 percent of Afghanistan's surface waters to neighboring countries, but also the wastage of about 40 percent of the country's water during irrigation. Finally, limitations and recommendations for further studies also presented.

Research on the optimal use of industrial wastewater for sustainable regeneration based on big data background

Industry, as one of the most important areas of water use in China, will use 102.89 billion cubic metres of water in 2020, accounting for 17.7 per cent of the country's total water use, and industrial wastewater discharges will account for about one fifth of the country's sewage discharges. In recent years, positive progress has been made in the recycling of industrial wastewater in China, with the water reuse rate for industries above designated size increasing from 89 per cent in 2015 to 92.5 per cent in 2020, and the water consumption of 10,000 yuan of industrial added value in 2020 decreasing by 39.6 per cent compared with 2015. The current status of research on life cycle carbon emissions of different wastewater recycling technologies and processes was analysed and summarised, taking wastewater recycling products such as reclaimed water, energy, microbial proteins and guano as research targets. The analysis pointed out that wastewater reclamation and value-added utilisation have considerable carbon reduction benefits, but quantitative assessment should be carried out at the system level in conjunction with the utilisation scenarios. This paper researches and analyses industrial wastewater based on the technical foundation of big data. On the basis of analysing the industrial wastewater treatment in China in recent years and at the same time combining the background of big data and treatment technology, it pushes the development of industrial wastewater treatment into a new field and mileage.

Inland fisheries management in Poland - current state and institutional conditions

The state, development directions, opportunities and ways to improve inland fisheries management in Poland are described and discussed. Most of the country's inland waters are public. For fishing purposes, they are divided into fisheries districts. With exceptions, users of the fishing districts are selected through competitions. The user is obliged to conduct rational fisheries management in accordance with a fisheries management plan. Attention is drawn to the overdeveloped national fisheries administration and the possibilities for improvement. The fish stocks in the fishing districts are exploited by both a small group of commercial fishermen and a large group of anglers. While the information covering the basic data on harvest, stocking and other treatments in commercial fisheries can be considered sufficient, the lack of information about the number and catches of anglers is the greatest obstacle to the implementation of rational fisheries management. The preparation of a universal and mandatory system for acquiring angling data should be a priority for the national water administration, representing the owner of public inland waters in Poland.

Diagnosis of the Water Access Situation in the Neighborhood of Canudos, Belém – PA

Purpose: This work aims to develop a water indicator, using the IPH (Water Poverty Index) method that can evaluate the situation of access and use of water by inhabitants of urban areas in the North region, especially in the city of Belém – PA. Theoretical framework: Access to safe drinking water, despite being a basic human right, has not been extended to all individuals, as regions with high water availability suffer from problems with access and quality of the resource offered. The Northern region of Brazil concentrates 81% of the country's water availability, however, this region presents divergent scenarios regarding access to water resources. Method/design/approach: For the methodology used in this study, variables were selected that cover the dimensions: Capacity, Water Resources, Use, Access and Environment; the Delphi methodology was also used to develop the quantification of the data obtained to determine the IPH. Results and conclusion: As a result of the field visits, we came across several complaints from neighborhood residents about the quality of the water supply service. It was concluded that the water situation in the neighborhood, despite the great availability of resources, is uncomfortable, requiring improvements in management. Research implications: The research follows a line of importance for the management of water and health issues in the city of Belém, being carried out later in other neighborhoods of the capital. Originality: The study contributes to the knowledge of water realities in the city of Belém, and shows the contrast between availability and access to water resources.

A klímaváltozás hatása Szudán vízkészletére

In Sudan, the effects of climate change on water resources are widespread and varied. Sudan's water sources are diverse, including river, rain, surface, and groundwater, with the country's lands consisting of rivers, valleys, and creeks. Nevertheless, Sudan faces various water-related challenges such as inadequate sanitation, lack of safe drinking water, pollution, and scarcity. The country's water supply is at risk due to rapid population growth, urbanization, changing consumption patterns, and from agriculture, industry, and energy sectors. Moreover, the looming environmental changes, including global warming and increased greenhouse gas emissions, are expected to have significant social, environmental, and climatic impacts globally, particularly on water sources. The effects of climate change on Sudan's water resources are a cause for concern as droughts have already begun in some regions. It is therefore imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and adopt clean energy sources while taking urgent and long-term measures to conserve water and mitigate climate change risks. This review highlights the issues related to climate change and its effects on water resources in Sudan, with a particular focus on how changing rainfall patterns will impact agriculture, which is the most critical indirect effect of climate change on water supply.

Desalination of seawater in Morocco: Case study of Chtouka and Dakhla public‐private partnership projects

AbstractSituated between the southern Mediterranean and the Sahara Desert, Morocco has a semi‐arid climate characterized by low and irregular rainfall and a succession of dry years. With demographic and economic growth, the country's water needs are constantly increasing. The desalination of sea water is an option adopted by the government to cope with the drying up of water resources. A number of projects have been launched to secure the country's drinking water and irrigation needs. In this study, the contributions of the public‐private partnership (PPP) set‐up are assessed from the institutional, financial, technical, and management points of view, as well as the contribution of this set‐up to the success of major desalination projects for irrigation. To achieve the objective, the study focused on two desalination projects for irrigation, one in the Chtouka plain and another in the Dakhla area, based on an assessment of the various components of the two projects, and the key success factors for each of them. The study reveals that the PPP arrangement brings several advantages to these desalination projects for irrigation, principally: the participation of the private partner in the financing, the sharing of risks between the two public and private parties, and the sustainable management of the various components of the project. The Dakhla project also offers added value compared with other desalination PPP projects, because it is the first project to be included in Law No. 86‐12 on PPP contracts. At the same time, the PPP structure presents risks in terms of controlling delays caused by external events. Thus, the inauguration of new desalination PPP projects, as part of the Generation Green strategy, is proving to be a relevant solution for guaranteeing additional resources for irrigation and improving the technical, economic, and financial conditions for managing the irrigation water service.

Application of Alternative Energy Sources as A Sustainable Strategy in Sri Lanka: Cases Review

This research aims to assess the feasibility and applicability of sustainable energy models for Sri Lanka by analyzing three successful case studies from different regions. The methodology involves examining solar PV installations in Iran's Lut Desert, rooftop solar PV projects in India, and combining floating solar panels with hydropower in various countries. The findings indicate that each case study offers unique advantages, with the potential for solar PV projects to address urban energy needs in Sri Lanka. The twinning of floating solar panels with hydropower also shows promise, leveraging the country's water resources. This study highlights the importance of tailored approaches and diversified sustainable energy projects for Sri Lanka, considering its distinctive characteristics.
 Keywords: Alternative Energy Sources in Sri Lanka; Rooftop Solar Power; Green and Sustainable Energy; Rent-a-Roof Project; Twinning Floating Solar and Hydropower