Country Treatment Research Articles

Women’s Property Rights Being a Daughter Under Hindu Law Breaking Patriarchy and Improving Women's Rights

A wise man once observed that a country's treatment of its women might be used to gauge its overall health. This brief statement recognizes India's progress toward gender parity. Notwithstanding the point that women make major contributions to agriculture in numerous nations, they have low financial status because they do not own the property they work on. If women have access to land ownership, their level of economic independence and safety can be increased. The governments of India and other nations have put in place a number of programs to guarantee the protection of women in diverse contexts. It is not necessary to travel back in time to comprehend how estate ownership increases people's potential to enjoy full citizenship because the ancient Romans and Greeks created the right to cast a vote grounded on land ownership (age and gender). Anybody with the help of a basic understanding of European or American history can easily recognize the relationship between the franchise and property rights. In many countries in the Middle East, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia, men still have exclusive rights to land. Usually, women are seen as the "guardians" of their children, keeping valuables and other things in their custody. Is it a surprise that these are the same nations that consider women to be "minors" under the law, preventing them from signing contracts, opening bank accounts, or getting loans? Every legal dispute has a distinct history, from workplace sexual harassment to domestic animal abuse. For instance, unlike our traditional legislation, which solely protects the property rights of male descendants, the Hindu Undivided Family accords women with the same rights to their father's property. However, on August 11, 2020, our judicial system recognized a daughter's claim to her ancestors' property, granting daughters the same status as well as rights in the home and community and upholding the real meaning of Art. 14 of our Constitution of India. But is there a conclusion? How will this ruling touch the status of girls in Hindu undivided families (HUF) and why is it significant? The study's main objectives are to clarify the court decisions defending the daughter's property rights, point out legal voids, and further develop the concepts of equality and equity.

Strengthening the oral health system in Nigeria: A health systems building block approach.

The present study aimed to describe the building blocks of the oral health system, including the role that the community plays in strengthening the oral health system in Nigeria. This research was a scoping review of the existing literature retrieved from search engines and databases. Thus, we utilised grey literature, peer-reviewed literature, policy documents and websites. The oral health system was analysed using the World Health Organisation's Health systems framework, and we adapted this framework by introducing a seventh block, community participation. We also inserted the links between the oral health service delivery and oral health workforce blocks of the framework to improve the oral health outcomes. More dental clinics are required to improve the availability and accessibility of oral health services. Dental workforce expansion is imperative. This can be approached by training of junior cadre dental professionals and incorporating community health practitioners to deliver basic oral care. There is an unregulated access to medication to treat dental conditions; hence, oral disease treatments need to be included in the country's treatment guidelines to improve standard of care. The government needs to improve on overall health spending and invariably increase oral health care allocation urgently. Furthermore, the country's stewardship of oral health care is hinged on well disseminated and implemented national policies on oral health. The oral health system can achieve its overall goals with community participation, engagement and ownership. Strengthening the oral health system in Nigeria requires urgent attention on each building block and cross-cutting interventions across the system's building blocks. The role of the community will need to be recognised because it is vital in sustaining any organisational change.

Treatment of NK/T-cell lymphoma: current situations and prospectives

Prior to the 2000, patients with extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKL) were typically treated with anthracycline-containing chemotherapy, such as CHOP therapy, and the therapeutic outcomes were unsatisfactory. Since the early 2000s, next-generation therapies without anthracyclines have been developed and tested in clinical trials, markedly changing ENKL treatment. A retrospective, Next-Generation Therapy for NK/T-Cell Lymphoma in East Asia (NKEA) Part A, study in Japan investigated the current state of ENKL management. The results revealed that radiotherapy and dexamethasone, etoposide, ifosfamide, and carboplatin (RT-DeVIC) concurrent chemoradiotherapy was selected as the first-line therapy in 66% patients with localized ENKL, diagnosed between 2010 and 2013 in 31 institutes in Japan. The 5-year overall survival and progression-free survival rates in 150 patients treated with RT-DeVIC in clinical practice were 72% and 61%, respectively, confirming the results of an RT-DeVIC clinical trial. Furthermore, the NKEA study highlighted several limitations of current ENKL management strategies. Now is the time to explore effective therapies for ENKL beyond the current next-generation therapies. International cooperation, utilizing the strengths of each country's treatment protocols, will contribute to advancement in ENKL treatment.

Shaw and Bertrand Russell versus Gilbert Murray on Britain's Entry into World War I

Shaw and Bertrand Russell versus Gilbert Murray on Britain's Entry into World War I

Foreign Assistance and the Struggle Against HIV/AIDS in the Developing World

The few studies that have examined the systematic determinants of HIV/AIDS policy cross-nationally have left the possible impact of foreign aid out of the equation. At a time when developed nations are critically reassessing their foreign aid commitments a deeper understanding of the impact of HIV/AIDS foreign aid on policy outcomes in the developing world is vital. This study expands the present literature by analyzing the role of foreign funding in a nation's response to the epidemic. The authors find that while HIV/AIDS directed foreign aid has significantly positive effects on a country's treatment coverage rates, the level of traditionalism is a more important influence with regard to the proclivity of a country to adopt preventative policies centred on HIV/AIDS education. Civil and political rights are critical, but not often the real problem for the destitute sick. My patients in Haiti can now vote but they can't get medical care or clean water. (Paul Farmer)

Science, Denial and Politics: “Boundary Work” in the Provision of AIDS Treatment in South Africa*

Political debates over HIV/AIDS in South Africa have boundaries demarcated by science. South Africa probably has more than five million people living with HIV/AIDS—the highest number of any country in the world. It also hosts the world's largest program for providing antiretrovirals (ARVs). Yet the national government is notorious for its lack of leadership on AIDS issues and for its president's questioning of the link between HIV and AIDS, accusing scientists of racism and describing ARVs as poison. South Africa constitutes the most well-known successes and failures in AIDS treatment, but the relationship between them is in need of scrutiny. In this article, I will use primary data collected during a vertical study in the Western Cape Province to analyze the political boundaries that transverse the AIDS treatment discourse from national to provincial and clinic levels. This article argues that boundary work in the AIDS treatment discourse is still concerned with defining what counts as science. The national vs. regional political context helps in constructing the Western Cape as the one that embraces “science” while the rest of the country lags behind in the ARV roll-out. This boundary struggle between science and politics shapes debate and implementation of the country's treatment program for people living with AIDS.

The Earned Income Tax Credit: Its Effect and Its Significance

Initially a program to relieve the burdens of the social security tax on low-income taxpayers, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) is rapidly becoming a major income support program for the working poor and their families. This article discusses the effects of the EITC on the income status and work incentives of welfare families in New York City and Texas, assesses the distributive effect of the EITC, and investigates the extent to which the EITC helps welfare families escape poverty through work. It then places the EITC in a broader policy perspective, describing its ripple effects on this country's treatment of the working poor versus the nonworking poor, support of children, and attempts to cope with the increasing disparity in the incomes of high-wage and low-wage workers.

Conformity, Compliance, and Human Rights

Increased concern for human rights has heightened awareness of the fact that humans are being arbitrarily and brutally repressed around the world. When someone is incarcerated or killed without benefit of lawful due process, there is general agreement that a rights violation has occurred. Few would want to argue that the excesses which occurred in Uganda were legitimate or appropriate. Even in acknowledging violations in such clear-cut cases, however, and certainly more often in less dramatic instances, disagreements and conflicting perceptions of events are common. These discrepancies typically occur along lines of conflict and ideological divergence. What the East and the West see as violations is often quite different. At times, that which an outsider considers to be a violation is perceived by authorities within the country as a justifiable and necessary defense of the established order. While controversy over violations may constitute a propagandistic attempt to denigrate the other side, it is also frequently due to real differences in definition of the situation. Divergent world views, ideological contradictions, and diverse structures of judicial, legal, and penal systems, combined with culturally diverse ways of emphasizing particular facets of economic, political, educational, religious, and social life, all play a part in creating disagreement as to when and in what way a human rights violation has occurred. When viewed from such a perspective, it is apparent that universally valid criteria for determining the occurrence of human rights violations will be extremely difficult to achieve. A course of action that avoids some of the pitfalls in attempting to establish absolute and universalistic criteria is possible, however. If particular countries are viewed from the standpoint of what their citizens are promised or offered by the system, a basis exists for evaluating that country's treatment of human rights. If the promise is reality, then human