Total Population Of Country Research Articles

The impact of population aging on business innovation: a comprehensive overview

Population ageing is defined as the number of people aged 65 and over reaching 7 per cent of a country's total population. As our country enters the twentieth century, it is also entering an ageing society. On the one hand, population aging affects the effective supply of labour, the physical function of workers declines along with their willingness to work, and the burden of supporting the labour force in their prime years increases, which increases the operating costs of enterprises, hinders enterprise innovation, and is not conducive to technological advancement; it also pushes enterprises to increase their investment in human capital and technological innovation, enhances labour productivity, and promotes enterprise innovation. As the technological paradigm shifts, latecomer firms can win the competition, offset the negative effects of population ageing, and achieve technological innovation and economic growth as long as they are at the top of the shift.

USE OF SOCIAL NETWORKS BY TOURIST ENTERPRISES AT THE CURRENT STAGE

The article focuses on highlighting issues related to the use of the internet, specifically social media, in the activities of tourism enterprises. Due to high competition in the tourism business, it is necessary to utilize a full range of effective tools to attract clients. One of the most effective channels of interaction between tour operators and end consumers is the Internet in general and social media in particular. The tourism industry was one of the first to enter the realm of social media: tour operators have long been exploring opportunities for business promotion that social media platforms provide. Using social media to build relationships with target audiences is essential to ensure the prospects of development for tourism enterprises and to maintain or increase their economic indicators. Social media marketing (SMM) has become a crucial tool for the tourism industry, allowing businesses to capture attention and engage with potential travelers in the virtual environment. The use of SMM allows tourism enterprises to address many tasks. Tourism companies must be present on popular social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, X (Twitter), LinkedIn, YouTube, and Pinterest. Each platform offers unique opportunities to showcase different aspects of the travel experience. Collaboration with influencers and travel bloggers expands the coverage and trust in the tourism enterprise on social media. Worldwide, there are over 4.5 billion people using some form of social media—approximately 57% of the world's population. By the beginning of 2024, there were 24.3 million social media users in Ukraine, equivalent to 64.9% of the country's total population. At the same time, 21.18 million Ukrainians aged 18 and older used social media, accounting for 69.3% of the adult population. In general, 82% of internet users used at least one social media platform. Social media platforms provide companies with the opportunity to establish direct contact with their target audience. Publishing interesting content and interacting with clients helps better understand the audience, receive feedback in real-time, and create more personalized offers. Social media marketing is a relatively new area of activity for tourism enterprises, which they actively explore regardless of the scale and specifics of their operations. SMM is a special tool of internet marketing that involves promoting a product, service, company, or brand through the use of social media, the connections of which are created and updated by the efforts of their visitors. Researching the potential of social media is a strategic tool for improving the tourist experience, monitoring the reputation and image of the tourism company, and analyzing current competitive strategies. As the number of social media users continues to grow rapidly, this trend will increasingly be taken into account in the tourism services market, and therefore, the importance of effective marketing activities of tourism organizations in this segment will grow. Keywords: social networks, tourist enterprise, SMM marketing.

Exploring Reasons for Support and Hesitancy Towards Covid-19 Vaccines in Malaysia

The Covid-19 pandemic started to spread in Malaysia since February 2020. As of 14 June 2021, there were 662,457 numbers of positive cases, with 586,864 cases of recovery, and 3,968 cases of death (Ministry of Health Malaysia, 2021). The Malaysian Government has set a target of 70% of the total population for vaccination under the National Immunisation Plan for COVID-19 for 2021 (Zainury, 2020). In this regard, the Government has stated that the Covid-19 vaccines will be given free of charge to all Malaysians who agree to accept the vaccines (Harian Metro Online, 2020). As a first step and in order to meet the at least 20% immunisation needs of Malaysians or 6.4 million populationin the country, the Government will obtain a supply of 12.8 million doses of the vaccines in 2021 from the UK Pharmaceutical Company and CONVAX Facility to meet an initial supply of 10% for the country's total population. This vaccine will only be given to Malaysians who agree to accept the vaccines. There has been a euphoria of excitement as well as public skepticism towards the vaccines. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the reasons for acceptance or hesitancy towards COVID-19 vaccines among Malaysians. This study used a survey method route to obtain preliminary data on this topic. Descriptive analyses were applied to categorise data and demographic information. Overall, a total of 236 respondents took part in the survey, where it was observed that 157 respondents (66.8%) were agreeable to accept the COVID-19 vaccines whilst 79 others (32.4%) disagreed. The reasons given by the respondents for receiving the vaccines wereself-protection, advice from theMinistry of Health or Government, to protect others from infection, belief in the benefits of the vaccines, and knowledge of the illness. Conversely, among the reasons for vaccines hesitances were being worried about side-effects of the vaccine, did not need a vaccine because they were not infected, not important even though being recommended by the health authorities, fear of getting sick during the vaccination process, perceived ineffectiveness of vaccine, perceived low severity of illness, and non-awareness of this disease/vaccine. This study contributes to the community towards the awareness of the COVID-19 vaccines and can be a source of references by policy-makers in formulating future communicable disease outbreak prevention campaigns and programs.

Regional Characteristics in the Dynamics and Location of the Rural Population of the Republic of Uzbekistan

Today, population settlements of the Republic of Uzbekistan, especially rural settlements, ensure the increase of the main population. Therefore, in this article, rural population settlements in the republic, the number and increase of their population were studied in the section of economic districts and regions. The reforms carried out in Uzbekistan in the last 30 years and how their results are reflected in the size, number and weight of rural settlements were proved by determining the rate of population growth, distribution in the territorial structure, density of villages and the distances between them.The unique geographical location of Uzbekistan and the location of the rural population of the regions in it, the role and importance of the increase in the rural population in the growth of the country's total population were revealed. In particular, the crowded and dense concentration of villages in the Ferghana Valley, which occupies the first place in terms of population density not only in the republic, but also in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, which has a large land area and a small population, and the increase in the number of rural residents in the Navoi regions, the differences in the territorial structure were clearly highlighted. Efforts were made to thoroughly research the effect of the work done on increasing the level of urbanization in the republic, the role of the rural population and the actual situation within the framework of rural districts and villages.

How The "Great Resignation" and COVID Unemployment Have Eroded the Employer Sponsored Insurance Model and Access to Healthcare.

Pre-pandemic, employer-sponsored health insurance (ESI) covered 175 million workers and their dependents, the equivalent of 49% of the country's total population. ESI, a valuable tax preference to employer and employee alike, spurred worker job dependence on employers resulting in access to healthcare dependent upon continued employment. With the advent of the pandemic and the dramatic increase in unemployment, the number of uninsured increased by more than 2.7 million people. Then, unemployment proliferated further by an unprecedented exit from the workforce dubbed the "Great Resignation." Over 47 million Americans voluntarilyquit their jobs in a movement characterized as a general labor strike. The pandemic opened the floodgates to workers' concerns about COVID safety in the workplace, wage stagnationdespite increases in the cost of living, enduring job dissatisfaction, and increased demand for a remote-working environment. Data shows that the unemployed shifted to the Affordable Care Act marketplace or to the public payer option, Medicaid, for coverage. This shift signals a change, post-pandemic, away from the destabilizing system of access to care based on employment and unwanted job dependence and provides a policy argument favoring the more stabilizing influence of public insurance options in the health insurance market.

Modeling Transmission Dynamics of Tuberculosis-HIV Co-Infection in South Africa.

South Africa has the highest number of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the world, accounting for nearly one in five people living with HIV globally. As of 2021, 8 million people in South Africa were infected with HIV, which is 13% of the country's total population. Approximately 450,000 people in the country develop tuberculosis (TB) disease every year, and 270,000 of those are HIV positive. This suggests that being HIV positive significantly increases one's susceptibility to TB, accelerating the spread of the epidemic. To better understand the disease burden at the population level, a Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Dead (SIRD) TB-HIV co-infection epidemic model is presented. Parameter values are estimated using the method of moments. The disease-free equilibrium and basic reproduction number of the model are also obtained. Finally, numeric simulations are carried out for a 30-year period to give insights into the transmission dynamics of the co-infection.

다중적 지표를 활용한 인구감소지역 유형별 특성 분석

As of the end of 2020, Korea has entered a full-scale population decline in which the country's total population is declining due to the dead-cross phenomenon, which is the highest in history, with more deaths than births. The government is actively promoting population decline response policies and designating 89 population decline areas. It is necessary to promote efficient projects according to the characteristics of population decline regions. Therefore, this paper conducted a cluster analysis by selecting indicators based on the population decline index, which was the basis for the designation of population decline areas, and completed a regional characteristic analysis for 89 areas selected by the local government based on the population decline index and categorized them into three clusters to analyze the characteristics of each cluster and suggest policy response directions. Cluster 1 showed that policies to prevent the departure of declining businesses in the area, the supply of new housing, and the provision of welfare facilities for the elderly were required. Cluster 2 required settlement support policies for the settlement of the daytime population, the creation of welfare facilities for the elderly and vulnerable, and support policies for the stable settlement of businesses. Cluster 3 explored policies for the welfare of the elderly, the supply of new housing, the maintenance of vacant houses, the expansion of local finances, and the support of urban-to-rural Migration. These results can be used as a basis for establishing a policy direction for responding to population decline that considers the differences in regional characteristics of population decline areas.

Life Expectancy Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2019-2021: Highly Racialized Deaths in Young and Middle Adulthood in the United States as Compared With Other High-Income Countries.

We estimated changes in life expectancy between 2019 and 2021 in the United States (in the total population and separately for 5 racial/ethnic groups) and 20 high-income peer countries. For each country's total population, we decomposed the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 changes in life expectancy by age. For US populations, we also decomposed the life expectancy changes by age and number of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) deaths. Decreases in US life expectancy in 2020 (1.86 years) and 2021 (0.55 years) exceeded mean changes in peer countries (a 0.39-year decrease and a 0.23-year increase, respectively) and disproportionately involved COVID-19 deaths in midlife. In 2020, Native American, Hispanic, Black, and Asian-American populations experienced larger decreases in life expectancy and greater losses in midlife than did the White population. In 2021, the White population experienced the largest decrease in US life expectancy, although life expectancy in the Native American and Black populations remained much lower. US losses during the pandemic were more severe than in peer countries and disproportionately involved young and middle-aged adults, especially adults of this age in racialized populations. The mortality consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic deepened a US disadvantage in longevity that has been growing for decades and exacerbated long-standing racial inequities in US mortality.

Systematic Literature Review of Electronic Zakat Payment

Indonesia has 235.53 million Muslim population, making up 86.88% of the country's total population. In this regard, an online zakat financial instrument is helpful to ensure equal income and alleviate poverty. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of electronic zakat payment and the factors optimizing the electronic zakat payment. This systematic literature review examines articles in a structured and systematic manner. The data sources of the study were secondary data obtained from several previous studies. The study found that online zakat payment has not been conclusive due to several factors, including an overly high target, lack of socialization on technology use, and the absence of sharia regulation. Electronic zakat distribution could be more effective if more people adopt this transaction method.

Monitoring Urban Sprawl: A Case of Jalandhar City, Punjab, India

Urbanisation significantly impacts both the sustainability of urban development and the quality of urban living today. Land, water, and the environment are under more pressure today, especially in large urban centres. It is due to rising urbanisation and industrialisation. As a result, the proportion of India's population living in urban areas has increased as well, from 79 million in 1961, or around 17.92 per cent of the country's total population, to 388 million in 2011, or 31.30 per cent, increasing the pressure on the existing city infrastructure and causing it to expand to its surroundings. Urban sprawl has led to the loss of surface water bodies, open green spaces, and fertile agricultural fields. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate, comprehend, and quantify urban sprawl. In order to take action towards the planned and healthy growth of urban areas, it is necessary to monitor such changes continuously and understand the procedures involved. Recent years have seen an increase in the use of remote sensing data for mapping and tracking urban sprawl. Together with traditional ground data, satellite data can be used to systematically map, track, and evaluate the spatial patterns of urban sprawl across time. To improve decision-making and promote sustainable urban growth, this study has made an effort to monitor Jalandhar City's built-up change over two time periods, from 1991 to 2021, to assess urban sprawl using Landsat series data.

A Tale of Temporary Pacemakers in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Dear Editor, Temporary cardiac pacing is an artificial method of electrical cardiac stimulation to treat a bradyarrhythmia (BA) or tachyarrhythmia until resolution or initiation of long-term treatment. The goal of this temporary stimulation is to restore circulation and normal hemodynamics that has been significantly compromised by abnormal heart rate (1). Temporary artificial pacing is recommended in a variety of circumstances, most notably in individuals with severe BA such as second- or third-degree atrioventricular block (AVB), or severe symptomatic bradycardia irrespective of the cause. Furthermore, temporary pacing can be used as an overpass while awaiting placement of permanent pacemaker (PPM) in patients (2). Temporary pacemakers (TPM) are used to treat emergencies in individuals with severe symptomatic BA and for elderly patients who are hemodynamically unstable and refractory to medical treatment. TPM is a critical emergency tool for saving lives in such situations, which is why it is highly concerning that the people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) can avail this vital therapy only at the province's four tertiary care hospitals (TCH). For people residing in peripheral areas, it takes more than 4-5 hours on average to reach TCH, which is dreadful in face of an emergency. This discrepancy in availability of TPM often causes thromboembolism, stroke and in many cases culminating in the patient's death before reaching the hospital. According to the American Heart Association (AHA), if left untreated, severe or prolonged bradycardia can lead to a variety of problems, including heart failure, hypotension, and hypertension. For certain situations, bradycardia can be followed by a rapid heartbeat, known as tachycardia. When these two conditions occur simultaneously, they are referred to as Bradycardia-Tachycardia or Tachy-Brady syndrome. This is a form of sick sinus syndrome that can be linked with the heart rhythm disease atrial fibrillation, increasing the risk of consequences such as stroke and sudden death, or cardiac arrest (3). As of 2019, almost 15 million Pakistanis were over the age of 60 years, accounting for 7% of the country's total population (4). This is concerning since research shows that conduction abnormalities increased with age. According to a study done in Pakistan, the incidence of conduction defects rose with age, with the highest frequency (28%) seen between the ages of 61 to 70. Third-degree heart block was common (75%) among conduction abnormalities in the investigated group. It was also determined that the rate of pacemaker placement increased with age (5). Therefore, the need for an unprecedented demand for TPM is crucial. It is high time to take steps towards widespread availability of TPM all over KPK at the District Head Quarters (DHQs) level. It is also critical to appoint appropriate allied health professionals for TPM placement, who could deal with the situation without immediate supervision by the cardiologist. With this letter, we call for action to the concerned health care sector authorities in KPK and in Pakistan to supply the requisite quantity of TPM in all KPK health care institutions including smaller set-ups such as DHQs. This would safeguard the preservation of valuable lives while also help reduce mortality and morbidity owing to the scarcity of TPM. To conclude, there is an urgent need for TPM to be made available in all the province's hospitals to prevent the vulnerable population from the life-threatening consequences of BA.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Domestic Tourism by Older People in Taiwan

Taiwan's older population (those over the age of 65) reached ~3.95 million at the end of January 2022, accounting for around 16.9% of the country's total population. It is already an “aged society.” With the gradual increase in the older population, the older people tourism market is also getting more and more attention. This article explores how older people tourism was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic (present in Tawian from early 2020), which was a major international public health event. This study adopts quantitative and PCA methods to statistically analyze the changes before and after the pandemic. The study results found that the frequency of tourism decreased after the pandemic: the number was 5.32, a decrease of 0.77, and instances of at least 1 tourist trip decreased by 3.87% after the pandemic. Regarding the reasons for not participating in tourism, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the COVID-19 accounted for a factor of 19.9%. Total travel expenses were NT$2,590, an increase of NT$229.67, and were not affected by the pandemic. We carried out a PCA analysis on tourism spending. The first component was food, accommodation, shopping, and other expenses. The factor loadings were 0.989, 0.931, 0.641 and −0.948, respectively. The second component was entertainment and transportation expenses. The factor loadings were 0.997 and 0.902, respectively. In conclusion, we put forward relevant discussions and suggestions to make tourism for older people healthier and more sustainable.

MODELING OF COVID-19 MAJOR OUTBREAK WAVE THROUGH STATISTICAL SOFTWARE: QUANTITATIVE RISK EVALUATION AND DESCRIPTION ANALYSIS

The recent COVID-19 global pandemic has stimulated a search for an effective hazard index based on public health criteria. The study herein is discussing quantitative techniques for health hazard estimation and analysis of risk through selected epidemic cases in an island country. The case investigation comprises a combination of unique statistical process methodologies of descriptive analysis, control charts, Pareto charts, data modeling, in addition to the visual monitoring of cases and death patterns chronologically. Trending charts showed that the outbreak attack takes the form of two waves: the first major and sharp peak followed by a low noise level before another minor relapse occurs. The morbidity rate was low with the contribution of illness from the total country population of approximately 0.02%. While the dispersion of the number of evolved cases of infection followed Gaussian distribution in the major wave, the mortality number failed to show signs of normal spreading of data indicated by significant drifting of skewness and kurtosis values from the normal distribution. However, the overall dispersion of the individual counts of cases and deaths during the period of the study demonstrated truncated distribution limited by the lower value of zero. Mathematical description of the major wave as cumulative cases and deaths followed the Richards model with good regression (r>0.996). The established analysis serves as a milestone for swift quantitative assessment of the pandemic impact based on mortality/morbidity using simple inexpensive statistical programs which would be valuable in the medical field for the study of outbreaks.

Muslimer och postmuslimer i Svenska kyrkan

The demographical changes during the last decades have created a sit­uation where Sweden has become one of the most secular and one of the most multireligious countries at the same time. This situation stands in stark contrast to the country's modern history in which its population have been largely homogeneous, and its religious landscape almost completely dominated by state-church Lutheranism. The growth of Sweden's Muslim population is what has caused most debate. According to calculations made by the Pew Research Center, one fifth of the country's total population is likely to be Muslim by 2050. This change also has consequences for the former state church, which now finds that also Muslims take part in its activities. In this article we present and analyze a novel survey-investigation on Muslims who self-identify as members of the Church of Sweden. In our analysis we differentiate between Muslims and what we call post-Muslims. While the former of these categories refers to those who self-identify as Muslims, the latter refers to people who do not refer to themselves as Muslims but who come from a Muslim family. These categories are mirrored by the Christians and post-Christians, who are selected by equivalent criteria. We conclude that most Muslims and post-Muslims have no affiliation to organized religious communities in Sweden and that among those who do, Christian churches are as important as the Muslim congregations. Among the churches, the Church of Sweden is the one in which most Muslims and post-Muslims are members. The Muslim and post-Muslim members of this church, we find, differ from each other. The Muslims are mostly Swedish-born 50–65-year-old women. They do not take part in any religious activities, and they celebrate Christian, but not Muslim, holidays. In terms of beliefs, they believe in a life after death, but mostly not in God or hell. The post-Muslims are mostly 30–49-year-old men who have come relatively recently to Sweden from the Middle East. They take part in congregational activities and celebrate both Muslim and Christian holidays. They also largely believe in God, a life after death, and hell. In terms of representation, they feel represented, primarily, by Muslim communities.

ПЕРВЫЕ РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ЛЕЧЕНИЯ ЦЕРВИКАЛЬНОЙ ИНТРАЭПИТЕЛИАЛЬНОЙ НЕОПЛАЗИИ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ ТАДЖИКИСТАН

Objective: To assess the clinical results of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) treatment following the outcomes of the first pilot implementation of visual screening in the Republic of Tajikistan. Methods: The study was conducted from 2016 to 2020. The piloting included the population of two large districts of Kushoniyon and B. Gafurov, with a total number of 608,700 people, which is 6.74% of the country's total population. The target group of this screening included healthy women aged 30-49 years, numbering 72574 people. As a result of communication campaigns with the target group of both districts, 69391 women participated in visual screening; the overall screening coverage was 94.2%. Of the 2958 women referred for diagnosis, in 164 cases (0.24%) CIN was identified and morphologically confirmed. Results: Tajikistan, along with piloting imaging screening, has adopted a "detection-diagnosis-treatment" strategy, which involves treatment after histological confirmation of CIN. Additionally, electrosurgical loop excision/conization was adopted as the primary method, regardless of the degree of CIN involvement. Patients with CIN in 136 (82.9%) cases underwent electrosurgical loop excision, in 21 cases – conization (12.8%), and in 7 (4.3%) cases, at the insistence of the women themselves – hysterectomy. In the long-term follow-up period from 6 months to 2 years, in 159 (96.9%) cases, a favorable course of CIN was noted after the above procedures, and in 5 (3.1%) cases, relapse occurred. Patients with relapses received re-surgical treatment using electrosurgical excision/conization with a satisfactory outcome. Conclusion: The "detection-diagnosis-treatment" strategy adopted by Tajikistan has shown its high efficiency in detecting precancerous pathology and the success of CIN treatment by electrosurgical excision/conization, which contributes to the healing of the population from precancerous pathology. Keywords: Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, visual screening, VIA/VILI visual method, colposcopic examination, electrosurgical loop excision/conizatio.

COVID-19 Incidence and hospitalization during the delta surge were inversely related to vaccination coverage among the most populous U.S. Counties

ObjectiveWe tested whether COVID-19 incidence and hospitalization rates during the Delta surge were inversely related to vaccination coverage among the 112 most populous counties in the United States, comprising 44 percent of the country's total population. MethodsWe measured vaccination coverage as the percent of the county population fully vaccinated as of July 15, 2021. We measured COVID-19 incidence as the number of confirmed cases per 100,000 population during the 14-day period ending August 12, 2021 and hospitalization rates as the number of confirmed COVID-19 admissions per 100,000 population during the same 14-day period. ResultsIn log-linear regression models, a 10-percentage-point increase in vaccination coverage was associated with a 28.3% decrease in COVID-19 incidence (95% confidence interval, 16.8 - 39.7%), a 44.9 percent decrease in the rate of COVID-19 hospitalization (95% CI, 28.8 - 61.0%), and a 16.6% decrease in COVID-19 hospitalizations per 100 cases (95% CI, 8.4 - 24.8%). Inclusion of demographic covariables, as well as county-specific diabetes prevalence, did not weaken the observed inverse relationship with vaccination coverage. A significant inverse relationship between vaccination coverage and COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 during August 20 – September 16 was also observed. The cumulative incidence of COVID-19 through June 30, 2021, a potential indicator of acquired immunity due to past infection, had no significant relation to subsequent case incidence or hospitalization rates in August. ConclusionHigher vaccination coverage was associated not only with significantly lower COVID-19 incidence during the Delta surge, but also significantly less severe cases of the disease. Public Interest SummaryWe tested whether COVID-19 incidence and hospitalization rates during the Delta variant-related surge were inversely related to vaccination coverage among the 112 most populous counties in the United States, together comprising 44 percent of the country's total population. A 10-percentage-point increase in vaccination coverage was associated with a 28.3% decrease in COVID-19 incidence, a 44.9 percent decrease in the rate of COVID-19 hospitalization, and a 16.6% decrease in COVID-19 hospitalizations per 100 cases. Inclusion of demographic covariables, as well as county-specific diabetes prevalence, did not weaken the observed inverse relationship with vaccination coverage. A significant inverse relationship between vaccination coverage and COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 during August 20 – September 16 was also observed. Higher vaccination coverage was associated not only with significantly lower COVID-19 incidence during the Delta surge, but also significantly less severe cases of the disease.

Integrated Town Development Plan: Kurduwadi

The nature and economic development of Indian urbanization is characterized by metropolitan domination and polarization. The country's total population increased from 361 million in 1951 to 1,027 million in 2001, while the urban population increased from 62 million to 285 million during the same period. From 23 megacities in 1991 to 35 in 2001, the number has increased considerably. Therefore, it is clear that there is a clear movement towards large cities, possibly as a result of a lack of employment opportunities in small and medium cities and a deficient urban infrastructure. In 1979, the centrally supported scheme for the integrated development of small and medium cities (IDSMT) began and continued through 2004-05 and was incorporated into the UIDSSMT scheme in December 2005. It is important to invest in the development of small urban centers in order to reduce migration to large cities as well as to support the growth of surrounding rural areas. Small and medium towns are generally viewed as a means of balancing urban hierarchy and reducing pressure on primate cities, moderate spatial inequality, and foster factors that may assist in reversing the trend. Kurduwadi city is one of them, such as improper or uncertain use of available land, rising unemployment and migration to cities, unsatisfactory development plans to improve urban development. In this context, through integrated planning, efforts have been measured to obtain the resources needed to achieve each goal and improve strategy. Also by allowing institutions to plan and collaborate in departments, they can create efficiency and pursue new opportunities and help reduce migration to nearby large and metropolitan cities by strengthening the Kurduwadi towns as regional growth centers. Establishing complementary links between nearby villages, towns and cities will create a harmonious settlement pattern. An integrated development plan for the Kurduwadi town reduces some of the ideological concerns and working uncertainties emerging around this initiative through this study. The assessment of integrated town development may be appropriate to determine the future orientation and guidelines for Kurduwadi town.

Exploring genetic diversity and population structure of Punjab goat breeds using Illumina 50K SNP bead chip.

Pakistan has 35 goat breeds. Moreover, the province of Punjab has highest goat population constituting 37% of country's total population with seven goat breeds including Beetal, Daira Deen Panah, Nachi, Barbari, Teddi, Pahari, and Pothwari. The diversity study of breeds warrants the documentation of breeds particularly using genome wide panel of markers, i.e., SNP chip. The objective of the current study was to fill this gap of information. Therefore, in current study we collected total of 879 unrelated goat blood samples along with data on body weight measurements; genomic DNA was extracted, and genotyping was carried out using 50K SNP bead chip. Quality control measures were performed in Plink 1.07. Genetic diversity was observed among studied populations using heterozygosity and pairwise FST estimates, principal component analysis, admixture analysis in Plink software with visualization in Clumpak, and constructing phylogenetic tree in Mega 7 software. Moderate to high level of heterozygosity was observed among the studied populations. Coefficient of inbreeding varied from 0.0186 ± 0.0327 in Pahari to 0.183 ± 0.0715 in Barbari. Barbari and Daira Deen Panah had quite higher level of inbreeding coefficient as compared to all other breeds with value of 0.183 ± 0.0715 and 0.1378 ± 0.0741, respectively. PCA identified three steps of subdividing the seven goat breeds at various levels of K. All the seven breeds made independent clusters at various levels of PCA. Admixture analysis revealed the distinctness of Teddi and Barbari breeds. Genetic sub-structuring was observed in the admixture patterns of Beetal breed. Moreover, high level of genetic admixture was observed in Nachi, Pahari, Pothwari, and Daira Deen Panah breeds. Admixture results were further interpreted by calculating pairwise FST values. Our results provided first insights about genetic diversity of Pakistani goat breeds based on genomic data. To conclude, the enriched goat breed diversity in Pakistan could provide valuable genetic reservoir for national breeding schemes.

Integration in export marketing channels and farms' labor force composition: Female agricultural workers in the Moroccan vegetable sector

AbstractThe Moroccan agricultural sector employs around 40% of the country's total working population. Since the early 1990s, there has been a striking increase in the proportion of female wage laborers. This article investigates the effect of the gendered composition of the agricultural wage labor force on horticultural farms. We draw on an original data set collected in 2010, comprising 240 agricultural holdings located in the region of Souss Massa. The results suggest that local labor shortages do not play a major role in explaining the ratio of female hired wage laborers. Instead, it seems that quality requirements are encouraging farm holdings to hire a female labor force. [EconLit citations: Q12, O13, J43]

Abstract PS7-27: Trends in breast cancer mortality in Brazil - a 14-year registry-based study

Abstract Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. BC mortality rates have been decreasing over the past decades in the developed countries. In the United States, BC mortality declined on average 1.5% each year over 2008-2017. Given the paucity of BC mortality data in Brazil, we sought to characterize BC mortality trends in southeastern Brazil and its relationship with demographic variables. Methods: A cross-sectional registry-based analysis was conducted to describe BC mortality trends in the State of Sao Paulo (Brazil) from 2004 to 2017. Sao Paulo is the most populous state in Brazil, with 45.5 million inhabitants, corresponding to 21.8% of the country's total population. BC-related death records, including gender and age were collected from SEADE Foundation’s database, an official entity charged with generating statistical data for the State of Sao Paulo. Mortality rates are expressed in units of deaths per 100,000 individuals per year. The annual percentage change (APC) was calculated to identify mortality trends over the period. Trend analysis was carried out by linear regression and an increase or decrease in trend was considered statistically significant when p-value < 0.05. Results: From 2004 to 2017, 52,005 deaths from BC were recorded in the State of São Paulo, Brazil. Average annual mortality was 8.96/100,000 (17.38/100,000 for females and 0.11/100,000 for males). Average mortality rates were higher in the age group over 65 years-old (46.47/100,000). BC mortality rates remained stable during the period analyzed (APC 0, 95%CI -0.2% to +0.3%, P = 0.9) for both females (APC 0, 95%CI -0.3% to +0.2%, P = 0.7) and males (APC +2.4%, 95%CI -1.7% to +6.6%, P = 0.2). Among females, an increasing BC mortality trend was detected for patients under 40 years-old (APC +2.4%, 95%CI +1.6% to +3.2%, P < 0.0001) and remained stable for the age groups between 40 - 65 years-old (APC -0.3%, 95%CI -0.7% to +0.1%, P = 0.1) and over 65 years-old (APC -0.1%, 95%CI -0.4% to +0.2%, P 0.5). Conclusion: In contrast with data from other developing countries, a stable BC mortality has been demonstrated in southeastern Brazil over a 14-year period for the general population. However, a significant increase in BC mortality rates has been demonstrated among patients under 40 years-old. Citation Format: Guilherme Nader Marta, Laura Testa, Rodrigo Santa Cruz Guindalini, Gustavo Nader Marta, Maria Del Pilar Estevez Diz, Paulo M. Hoff. Trends in breast cancer mortality in Brazil - a 14-year registry-based study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2020 San Antonio Breast Cancer Virtual Symposium; 2020 Dec 8-11; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(4 Suppl):Abstract nr PS7-27.