Scientific Research In Countries Research Articles

The use of a homeopathic preparation in the treatment of subclinical form of mastitis in cows.

Mastitis is a disease of productive cows, widespread throughout the world, and characterized by significant economic damage to the dairy industry. The subclinical form of this disease is aggravated by additional difficulties with its diagnosis and the lack of clear treatment protocols. Therefore, the study of the effectiveness of diagnostic studies and the search for new methods of treatment of latent forms of mastitis is an important direction in scientific research in countries with developed dairy cattle breeding. Studies conducted on the number of dairy cows of the production cooperative "Izhevsky" of the Akmola region of the Republic of Kazakhstan showed that when using rapid tests Kenotest, Somatest, Mastidine test, and Wideside test, the same results were obtained when the disease was detected in cows. The effectiveness of the tests was at the level of 60%-62% when using the settling sample as a control. Medical procedures were carried out using the Aquaton-2 microwave radiation apparatus and a homeopathic preparation. When using physiotherapy with microwave radiation, a decrease in the level of microbial contamination of milk from the treated part of the udder by 1.5-5 times was observed. Biologically active substances of plant origin in the homeopathic preparation, due to the immunostimulating effect, made it possible to increase the level of γ-globulins in the blood serum of sick animals during the application. The complex use of both methods in the treatment of animals with a subclinical form of mastitis made it possible to reduce the level of somatic cells in the milk of the affected udder lobe to a level that cannot be determined using Kenotest in 4-6 days, which is 2-4 days faster than using these methods separately.

Effectiveness of clinical breast examination as a \u2018stand-alone\u2019 screening modality: an overview of systematic reviews

BackgroundThere is uncertainty about the effectiveness of clinical breast examination (CBE) and conflicting recommendations regarding its usefulness as a screening tool for breast cancer. This paper provides an overview of systematic reviews that assessed the effectiveness of CBE as a ‘stand-alone’ screening modality for breast cancer compared to no screening and focused on its value in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).MethodsWe searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for systematic reviews reporting the effectiveness of CBE published prior to October 29, 2019. The main outcomes assessed were mortality and down staging. The AMSTAR 2 checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of the reviews including risk of bias.ResultsEleven systematic reviews published between 1993 and 2019 were identified. There was no direct evidence that CBE reduced breast cancer mortality. Indirect evidence suggested that a well-performed CBE achieved the same effect as mammography regarding mortality despite its apparently lower sensitivity (40–69% for CBE vs 77–95% for mammography). Greater sensitivity was recorded among younger and Asian women. Moreover, CBE contributed between 17 and 47% of the shift from advanced to early stage cancer.ConclusionsCBE merits attention from health system and service planners in LMICs where a national screening programme based on mammography would be prohibitively expensive. In particular, it is likely that considerable value would be gained from conducting implementation scientific research in countries with large numbers of Asian women and/or where younger women are at higher risk.RegistrationPROSPERO, registration number CRD42019126798.

Study of Problems and Countermeasures on Ethical Review of Research in China

With the rapid development of biotechnology, ethical issues of scientific activities are more and more serious, while the ethical review as the main means of suppressing research ethics problems, it also has many problems in the process of practice. This article from the ethics review committee’s organizational structure, operation specifications, capacity, the scope of review and external regulation summarize the main problems of China's research ethics review, and on this basis, we put forward the corresponding countermeasures, hoping to provide certain reference of our country's research ethics review practice, and to better safeguard the healthy development of our country's scientific research.

An update on surgery for vesicovaginal and urethrovaginal fistulae

This review offers a comprehensive summary of the recent publications on the treatment of vesicovaginal fistula. Most reports are related to obstetric fistula in the developing world but in the developed world fistula treatment remains a challenge. The quality of the research in this field is improving. Efforts are being made to improve the classification of fistula as a prognostic tool. Surgical innovations are few in this field. Laparoscopic approaches are reported but only on a very limited amount of patients. The surgical management of fistula remains a two-track item: the gigantic experience on obstetric fistula of fistula surgeons in Africa and Asia and the limited experience of some Western centres with mostly a small series of iatrogenic fistula. Advances are made in both worlds. The previously isolated fistula surgeons are now better organized and they stimulate scientific research in countries with very limited resources. The centres in the developed world explore new surgical approaches such as laparoscopy and minimally invasive treatments.

Without science, we are nothing

Here in the UK, we are bracing ourselves for a possible 25% cut in government funding to the country's scientific research sector. Major projects — including even Britain's involvement at Cern (the Geneva-based home of the Large Hadron Collider research project) — are at risk. Critics say this is shortsighted, pointing out that the US, France and Germany are all increasing their investment in science and technology, taking a long-term view of its return in terms of growth. Is it possible that the British government just can't see how much science can potentially contribute to the development of the economy and, indeed, to society in general? Surely not. Presumably, the government feels that science is something that can be cut back in the short term, without undue consequences. Clearly, it is not high on their list of priorities. But do tissue viability practitioners hold science in any higher regard?

The intellectual labour market in developed and developing countries: Women's representation in scientific research

Women's representation in scientific research in countries with differing levels of development is analysed. The under‐representation of women in this area is worse in developed countries than in the group of semi‐industrialized and newly industrialized countries. In countries which were late to industrialize, the development of science took place at a stage when women's economic and social participation was more acceptable. Moreover, in developing countries the links between research and the productive system are weak. Both facts are connected with greater discrimination against women in scientific research in developed countries. Within the framework of long‐term economic cycles and technological change, some assumptions can be made about the future. This approach can be used to set up a theoretical framework for women's strategies.

More Francs for Research

The French government has increased its appropriations for scientific research by seventy‐five percent over the amount allocated to research in 1959, according to Pierre Piganiol, special assistant for science to the Premier of the French Republic. Dr. Piganiol, speaking at a three‐day conference on basic research in France and the United States held at New York University recently, stated that the French government supports by far the largest part of the country's scientific research and thus “controls the living force of scientific creation” in France. He noted that the steps taken a short time ago to reorganize French research led not only to increased support for basic science but also to a series of studies aimed at identifying scientific objectives of national importance.