Labor In Countries Research Articles

Robust political economy correlates of major product and labor market reforms in advanced economies: Evidence from BAMLE for logit models

SummaryThe political economy literature has put forward a multitude of hypotheses regarding the drivers of structural reforms, but few, if any, empirically robust findings have emerged thus far. To make progress, we draw a parallel with model uncertainty in the growth literature and provide a new version of the Bayesian averaging of maximum likelihood estimates (BAMLE) technique tailored to binary logit models. Relying on a new database of major past labor and product market reforms in advanced countries, we test a large set of variables for robust correlation with reform in each area. We find widespread support for the crisis‐induces‐reform hypothesis, as high unemployment and economic crises are robustly correlated to structural reforms. We also find evidence of reform convergence—that is, countries with tighter regulation are more prone to liberalize. Reforms are more likely when other countries also undertake them and when there is formal pressure to implement them. Other robust correlates are more specific to certain areas—for example, international pressure and political factors are most relevant for product market and job protection reforms, respectively.

INCLUSIVE ECONOMY AS A NEW PARADIGM OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Introduction. Addressing inequality and poverty is one of the priorities of economic development in most countries of the world, as well as one of the key factors in ensuring economic and social stability. The need to address these issues requires the introduction of new concepts of development, such as the concept of sustainable development or the concept of inclusive development. The purpose of the article is to generalize the approaches to defining the concept of inclusiveness, research of various aspects of the concept of inclusive development, indicators of its evaluation. Results. The essence of the concept of "inclusive development" is considered. The key characteristics of inclusive development are indicated focusing on accelerated poverty reduction, coverage of all sectors of the economy, attracting a larger share of the country's labor force. The key discussion aspects of the theory of inclusive development are identified and analyzed: terminological, basic, substantive and applied. The shortcomings of the existing system for assessing the success of countries' development, based on the use of GDP, are studied. The essence, shortcomings and prospects of using a more comprehensive indicator Inclusive Growth and Development Index (IDI), based on the calculation of 12 partial indicators, are identified. Conclusions. According to the results of the study, the essence and debatable aspects of the concept of inclusive development which is based on the basic principles of the theory of sustainable development are determined. It is substantiated that increasing the inclusiveness of the economic system by involving the majority of the population in active economic activity and participation in the distribution of its results should be in the interests of a wide range of stakeholders. It is determined that promising areas of further research are the transition of this concept from theoretical constructions to the definition of practical tools and models for implementing the principles of inclusive development for the country as a whole and individual economic subsystems within it. Key words: inclusion, concept of inclusive development, economic growth, Inclusive Growth and Development Index.

The germ of capitalism (Roman business through slave as the primordium of private enterprise) Part I. Above free labor

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to expose the pattern and mechanism of Roman private enterprise as the rudimentary form of capitalistic business.Design/methodology/approachBy means of historical analysis and theoretical reconstruction, the author retraces the background and foundations of business through slave as the initial stage of private enterprise.FindingsA comprehensive view of public and private entrepreneurship at the end of Republic and the beginning of Empire is presented. The riddle of “unnaturally” dear slaves in Rome (as compared with free labor and slaves in other countries of antiquity) is scrutinized. It is shown that “excessively” high demand for them was largely determined by their institutional worth: thanks todominica potestas, they appeared to be the key organizational resource for expanding private industrial business. The framework of private enterprise securing limited liability for owner and turning “business slave” into a kind of director is brought to light.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of this research allow historians to retrace the origins of modern private enterprise to classical antiquity, while economists and managers get an opportunity to better understand its nature and organizational status of those owning and managing it.Practical implicationsLeaders and executives can draw from the paper an object lesson of how, remaining within the existing political system, legal regulation and economic traditions, to make a radical innovation whose true meaning and social potential are so immense and far-reaching that get evident only many centuries later. The findings and conclusions the author comes to may be used in educational courses on economics, entrepreneurship, management, business history and so on.Social implicationsAn instructive model of conciliation of interests is scrutinized. “Directors” – those organizing and managing a business but not owning it – were, as well as workers, recruited by coercion and legal regimentation of their relations with proprietors. The polarization of their institutional roles was at the bottom of private enterprise from the very outset. The state created incentives for initiative and competent business men in subjection to well-offs to work hard, on one hand, and made their masters to use these incentives to public and their own profits. The benefits of all parties were taken into account, though, of course, not to the same degree. Thereby, a kind of social compromise embodied in a novel institution was attained to.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to demonstrate in relief the background and framework of Roman private enterprise as well as the functions and organizational status of its “director.”

WOMEN EMIGRATION AND ITS IMPACT ON THEIR FAMILIES IN GOA : A CASE STUDY OF USGAO VILLAGE

Emigration is the relocation of the people from one country to another. In last two decades or so, increased number of woman migrants has gone abroad. In India, female migration is closely interconnected with the male migration indicating that women accompany men after marriage. In Goa, migration of women to industrialized developed countries and the Middle East countries is on the rise mostly to the United Kingdom followed by the countries of Middle East. The study was conducted to determine emigration of women and its impact on the life of their families left behind in Usgao village of Dharbandora Taluka of Goa. The study is carried out using primary data obtained from administration of questionnaires and personal interviews supplemented by secondary data. Women emigration has prevailed in the age group of 20- 45 years, which comprises of both married and unmarried woman. Low wages in the home country and the demand for female labour in the foreign countries offering high wages are the main push and pull factors of international migration of women from the study area. Women emigration has added income level of the family and has enhanced the standard of living among the emigrating families. It has left its drawbacks such as emigration of women has made the life of the children and the elderly members of the family difficult as the migrant women used to take care of all the members of the family in general and children and elderly in particular in addition, they were handling all the household affairs of the family. Emigration of women thus, has increased women’s access to economic resources and has improved their autonomy and status but its negative impact on the families is significant. Keywords: women migration; emigration; remittances; better standard of living; emotion

Comparing Labor Market Trajectories of Refugee Women to Other Immigrant and Native-Born Women in the United States

ABSTRACT Even as the world has witnessed an unprecedented number of displaced individuals, resettlement of refugees has been met with fears about their ability to integrate into host economies. Such fears are compounded by the limited information on the long-term economic outcomes of resettlement. This study uses American Community Survey data to explore the labor market integration of refugee women resettled in the United States over the period 2002–16. It finds that, over time, refugee women tend to surpass the labor force participation (LFP) rates of native-born and other immigrant women in the US even after controlling for individual characteristics like level of education, English proficiency, and home country LFP. This indicates that refugee women are able to adapt and make positive contributions to the host labor market and strengthens the case for expanded refugee-resettlement programs in developed economies. HIGHLIGHTS The charged political debate in many developed economies about integrating refugees into economic and cultural life is often based on unfounded stereotypes. Gendered labor market outcomes of resettled groups are important to investigate since these outcomes have influenced other immigrant groups’ assimilation experiences. Though resettled refugee women in the US start with lower labor force participation rates than other groups, they outpace other immigrant and native-born women over time. Refugee women’s labor force participation rates are not influenced by their home country participation rates. Refugee women, therefore, seem quick to adapt to host country labor markets. However, their wages remain lower indicating structural inequality rather than lack of assimilation.

Produção de biodiesel a partir da palma de óleo

Neste artigo, apresentamos uma síntese sobre a cultura do dendê, abordando de forma sucinta a produção do óleo de palma, do qual deriva o biodiesel que substitui o petróleo, principalmente em países europeus. Verificamos que o uso indiscriminado do óleo de palma poderá provocar desequilíbrio na biodiversidade e na biosfera em geral. No âmbito do Brasil, destacamos a relevância do Programa Nacional de Óleo de Palma (PNOP), a sua forma de gestão em trissetores e as dificuldades encontradas nas relações sociais, condições econômicas e distribuições de papéis. Para compor este texto, apoiamo-nos em pesquisa bibliográfica e consulta de dados secundários sobre o assunto.

PROBLEMS OF TERRITORIAL ALIGNMENT IN INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT CONDITIONS

The problems of formation of new institutional conditions of territorial alignment in the context of the need for transition of the country to inclusive development, which requires the inclusion of all members of society in socio-economic processes and their humanization, are investigated. It has been determined that inclusive development has broader goals than GDP growth, and aims at compre-hensive human development, increasing its well-being and reducing poverty and inequality, and requires active participation in the human resource economy. It is revealed that the economic literature covers the concepts of "inclusive growth", "inclusive innovation", "inclusive development", "inclusive economy", etc. There are also many definitions of the term "inclusive develop-ment". Thus, World Bank scholars have identified: inclusive development is the sustainable rapid development of all sectors of the economy, which attracts a large part of the country's labor resources and is characterized by equal access to the labor market and resources. The priority of inclusive development is to improve the quality of life of the population through the formation of a high-employment economy and a society with a minimal separation. Achieving these goals is not possible only through the efforts of the state. They should be shifted to the regional level, but subject to effective regional policy, expansion of local authority, creation of financial conditions for innovative development of regions. The importance of strategic state regulation of regional development, which has to be systematic, indirect and advisory, needs to be clearly defined strategic goals and objectives of long-term socio-economic development, development of anti-crisis state policy, establishment of optimal ratio of all branches of power, support of regional economic security, proven implementation of fiscal and monetary policy, non-interference in the operational activities of local authorities. Such important factors as achievement of the goals of inclusive development are considered, as decentraliza-tion in management and development of regions, features of "domestic model of decentralization", formation of new institutional unit - united territorial communities and formation of their innovative structures, and directions of development of effective economic policy of the state and regions. to implement the concept of inclusive development. Keywords: territorial alignment, inclusive development, institutional transformations, decentralization in governance and development of regions, integrated territorial communities, economic policy, integrated regional programs.

Legal Restrictions on Child Labour in Arab Countries

The man power is still considered an important elements in projects implementations and maintains that is classified according to different Age categories, the policies of economical countries, have an interaction the social trend with the necessity to respect the work power and develop them in the country that follows this policy or that since the end is economical development, Recently, the Arab countries have followed the same steps to achieve one aspect of the thorough development through providing the (future labourers) through restricting child labour to use it as a decisive weapon while all Arab Labour Law has classified the term juvenile, there are many Reasons for Child Labour like Economical Reasons ,Social Reasons and Political Reasons , while Child labour forms a series of different types .each one depends on the type of work assorted in it , its influence on child almost indicates to child unacceptable activity like : Dangerous or unhealthy industries and the worst types there are many traits that gives relative independence from other law rules . Most of these rules at for labourer protection especially weak categories to achieve balance in work relationships ,most of that appear by the minimum age to work, Management monitoring and medical exam and the penalties on the violation of the rule restriction.

A new impetus for endogenous growth: R&D offshoring via virtual labor mobility

AbstractWe develop a simple North–South model of quality ladders to show that the virtual mobility of labor across time zones, facilitated by the advance in communication technology, can raise the endogenous growth rate of the world economy. The unique balanced growth rate is increasing in the endowments of skilled labor in both countries and decreasing in the rate of impatience. Moreover, we find that partial R&D offshoring to the South has initially a negative effect on the level of skilled wages in the North, but this is compensated for by its positive effect on the growth rate in both North and South.

Status of national policy on companion of choice at birth in Latin America and the Caribbean: Gaps and challenges.

ABSTRACTThe World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a companion of choice during labor and birth, to improve maternal and perinatal outcomes and women’s satisfaction with health services. To better understand the status of companion of choice in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), an online survey was conducted with members of a midwifery virtual community of practice and with key informants, aiming to identify: 1) existing regulatory instruments related to companion of choice in the countries where the members are practicing; and, 2) key characteristics of implementation of companion of choice, where regulation exists. Responses (n = 112) were received from representatives of 20 of the 43 countries of LAC. Respondents reported existence of a national policy or legislation in seven countries, ministerial norms or institutional protocols in five countries, and no existing policy/protocol in eight countries. Respondents from the same country often provided contradictory responses. Responses differed from information provided by ministries of health in a WHO-led global policy survey in 11 instances. These variations may reflect that midwives were not always aware of the national policy/guideline in their country. We propose that a more robust effort should be undertaken to understand the status of companion of choice for labor and birth in LAC countries, at national, regional, and local level, in public and private facilities. It is important to know if policies exist, at what level of the system, and if key stakeholders, maternity-care health providers, and women are aware of their existence. Efforts should also be made to understand barriers to implementing companion of choice.

Training and organisational performance: A meta‐analysis of temporal, institutional and organisational context moderators

AbstractDrawing on systems theory, we conducted a moderated meta‐analysis of the training and organisational performance relationship using 119 primary studies. We examined the moderating effects of quality versus quantity of training, time, institutional and organisational context factors in the relationship between training and organisational performance. Our findings reveal that training is positively and directly related to organisational performance with no statistically significant difference between measures of training quality and quantity. We found that the relationship was stronger over time and that country performance orientation and country labour cost moderate the training and organisational performance relationship. We found no evidence for the moderating effects of the three organisational context moderators we examined (i.e. industry sector, organisational size and technology intensity). Finally, our results reveal that training type (i.e. general or firm‐specific) does not moderate the training and organisational performance relationship.

Labour market dualism and immigration policy preferences

ABSTRACTWhat are the effects of labour market deregulation and increased immigration inflows on public attitudes towards immigration? Despite increased levels of dualism and free movement of labour in European countries over the last two decades, the effects of these policy developments are still unclear in the literature. This study argues that high concentrations of migrant workers in non-standard forms of employment decrease economic redistribution towards, and labour competition with, immigrants. Consequently, the politicisation of immigrant-native conflicts is paradoxically lower when immigration and labour market dualism cluster together at the occupational level. These claims are validated cross-nationally, and in a difference-in-differences setting analysing the impact of the 2005 German Immigration Act.

Multinational production with non-neutral technologies

This paper develops a quantitative model of multinational production (MP) with non-neutral technologies incorporating two stylized facts observed in a global firm-level data: first, larger firms on average use more capital-intensive technologies; second, among firms producing in the same industry and country, those from more capital-abundant home countries use more capital-intensive technologies. I quantify the model using both firm-level and aggregate moments for 37 countries. I found that the reduction in MP costs accounts for 56% of the average decline in labor shares from 1996 to 2011, and the model also replicates a negative relationship between the change in a country's labor share and the change in the foreign affiliates' output share as observed in the data.

Foreign languages for the labor market: an analysis on the role of compulsory education in Europe

It is well known that proficiency in more languages is important for labor outcomes of natives, and economic literature generally shows positive effects for those able to use multiple languages in the domestic labor market. In this context, compulsory education is likely to play a relevant role in identifying to what extent additional languages matter for the native workforce. Indeed, institutional education systems are often the main providers of individual skills in a country, including language skills, and compulsory education is reasonably unrelated to individual characteristics affecting choices of language acquisition. However, while some studies on co-official languages and labor in multilingual countries build their strategy on compulsory schooling, it seems that no study on indigenous workers considers it for foreign languages. As a first step of future analyses on foreign languages and labor in Europe, in this paper I try to analyze whether compulsory education affects foreign language proficiency of European native adults. I find that being taught foreign languages during compulsory schooling has positive effects on the probability of knowing them, ranging from 3 to 5 percent.

Проблеми та перспективи розвитку соціальної сфери у контексті євроінтеграційного вибору України

For several years, Ukraine has set itself an ambitious and important goal of joining the economic, social, cultural and political space of Europe, and is persistently, though not unhindered, moving towards it. This strategic direction of development is very difficult because almost all sectors of Ukrainian society do not meet the high standards of living in the European community. In order to get closer to them, the Ukrainian authorities should fundamentally change their attitudes to basic norms and values, significantly improve the standard of living in the country, improve the environment, social protection and so on. It should be remembered that European countries are very socially oriented, as close as possible to the state of social justice, they are constantly trying to create the best living conditions and activities of the population, to exercise their social protection and to respect social rights. Thus, in the context of present-day European integration, the social sphere is one of the priority directions of the socio-economic development of the Ukrainian state, and the effective implementation of a competent and thoughtful social policy is an important tool for its implementation. So, if Ukraine plans to implement the difficult and ambitious task of joining the European community in the near future, it must become a socially oriented, legally competent and economically strong country. It is important to learn how to respond quickly and effectively to the continuing economic, social and political challenges that are constantly emerging in today's dynamic era and which are inherent in a relatively stable European life. Careful study of the European experience of building current social doctrines, taking into account their disadvantages and advantages, will help to overcome the transition period in the formation of modern, oriented to the needs of citizens of social policy as soon as possible and without pain. To do this, it is necessary to focus on improving the quality of living conditions of the population, taking into account the country's labor potential, developing social infrastructure and improving the quality of social services.

Verbal communication of the parturient nurse's dyad in the active phase of labor.

to analyze verbal communication between the nurse and the parturient during the active phase of labor in two Lusophone countries. quantitative analytical study. Sample of 709 interactions between nurses and parturients using verbal communication during the active phase of labor in Brazil and Cape Verde. The following variables were analyzed: companion, conative vocative, conative imperative, emotive/expressive and referential/context functions, contact/channel and code. the absence of interaction predominated in most of the variables analyzed during the active phase of labor in both countries. In Cape Verde all interactions occurred during the absence of the companion. considering the social and cultural aspects of each country, nurses need to develop skills to communicate verbally with the parturient, offering a better interaction during the parturition process.

Environment Condition of Indonesian Migrant Worker in The Destination Countries and The Amount of Remittance Delivery to Origin Region

The research area about two decades ago is an area that most of the poor people were working in agriculture, the cultivation of dry land, with an area of arable land holdings averaging less than 0.2 ha. Their remittances, in just one decade the area has been turned into an area at the center of economic activity diverse community, neighborhood conditions are arranged, and luxurious impression, the growing flow of transport and communications make the economic wheels spin it appears in the bustle of economic activity community. Hence the importance of exposing working conditions migrant workers in destination countries that affect the delivery of remittances from destination countries to their home area. Therefore, the aim of this research is to discover and reveal the influences of the determinants behind lartar working environment TKI environmental conditions in destination countries against the remittance delivery to their home area. The research approach used is a quantitative approach. It also uses survey methods, data collection by interview. The research location is Tulungagung. The results showed that determinant background working environment in the destination country of TKI provides great influences on the remittance delivery to their home area. The results of the study include 1) Region destination country labor migrants working in the Far East of remittances sent to the place of origin are greater than the migrant workers working in the Middle East and Southeast Asia, 2) The status of migrant workers who of the legality of remittances sent to the region origin is greater than the illegal status, 3) Long working migrant workers in the destination country the larger the number of years, remittances sent to their home area larger than workers who work shorter.

ANALYSIS OF THE CORRELATION BETWEEN PRODUCTIVITY AND WORKIN CONDITIÓN IN THE MACANA SECTOR. CANTON GUALACEO; PROVINCE OF AZUAY

The research developed corresponds to the applied economy, seeking to determine a relationship between the working conditions developed by the artisans, who use the ikat technique and the level of productivity. The research was developed under a mixed approach, not experimental descriptive and with a correlational scope; For this, the information obtained from the survey was based on 36 artisans from the sectors of Bullcay and Bulzhun of the canton of Gualaceo; in which the data obtained from the working condition and the average monthly production of the activity were considered. It is important to mention that the results establish that the work condition is regular, due to the fact that its activity is carried out in inadequate areas and with an investment in time longer than the 8 hours established in the country's Labor Code. With respect to production, the average obtained is 7 monthly macanas; Finally, it was found that there is a correlation between the level of productivity and conditions of perfect positive work, because it presents a correlation coefficient p = 1. The presented analysis suggests that other significant variables can be associated with productivity, as it is a factor key to the sustainability of this activity.

CONDITIONS FOR THE RETURN OF LABOR MIGRANTS TO UKRAINE

The purpose of the article is the theoretical definition and statistical justification of the conditions for the return of labor migrants to Ukraine. Scientific novelty consists in substantiating the procedure for diagnosing a person's decision on employment outside the country and formalizing the conditions for increasing the interest of citizens of Ukraine in finding employment on its territory. It is established that the desire for an adequate standard of living is natural for a person regardless of time, territory of residence, gender, nationality and religion. A diagram has been developed for diagnosing the probability of a person making a decision on employment outside the country, based on eleven of the most relevant criteria, for each of which four situations most often encountered in life are given. An algorithm has been developed for a person to make a final decision on the feasibility of employment outside the country. A generalized formula is proposed that describes the possibilities of increasing Ukrainian interest in employment in the country's labor market and the return of Ukrainian labor migrants to their homeland. Three main factors underlying the person’s decision on the place of employment are substantiated and the current state is analyzed according to the trends of each of these factors. Further research should be aimed at theoretical justification and methodological support of the processes of appropriation and dissemination of experience gained by Ukrainian labor migrants outside the country in the Ukrainian economy in order to obtain sustainable development trends. The problems discussed in the article can be solved only if the perspective of state and regional policy is shifted from the political to the socio-economic sphere, that the main goal for the authorities of the country will be to achieve a high quality of life of a person, ensuring its all necessary for a full life services, resources and capabilities.

Lessons from the Holocaust for perinatal care today.

Lessons from the Holocaust for perinatal care today.