Institutions In Countries Research Articles

Pediatric neurosurgical medulloblastoma outcomes in La Paz, Bolivia: How a Lower Middle-Income Country (LMIC) institution in South America compares to the United States.

How pediatric medulloblastoma patients fare in Lower Middle-Income Country (LMICs) in South America is not well understood. Correspondingly, the aim of this study was to summarize the pediatric neurosurgical experience of an institution in La Paz, and compare outcomes to that of a generalized High Income Country (HIC) United States (US) experience. A retrospective review of all pediatric neurosurgical medulloblastoma patients at the Children's Hospital of La Paz, Bolivia (Hospital del Niño "Dr. Ovidio Aliaga Uria") between 2014 and 2023 was conducted and compared to a generalized US experience abstracted from the US National Cancer Database (NCDB) and National Inpatient Sample (NIS) databases. Categorical, continuous and survival data were statistically summarized and compared. A total of 24 pediatric medulloblastoma patients underwent neurosurgical treatment at the Hospital del Niño. In this La Paz cohort, there were 15 (63%) males and 9 (38%) females, with a mean age of 5.6 years old at diagnosis. The majority of patients underwent subtotal resection (STR, 79%), while the remaining patients underwent biopsy only. Ten (42%) patients expired during their hospitalization, and mean length of stay overall was 39 days. Only 8 (33%) patients received adjuvant treatment after surgery. Median overall survival from diagnosis in the La Paz cohort was 1.9 months. Compared to the US databases, the La Paz cohort experienced significantly more emergency room admissions for surgery, less gross total resection, more STR, more return to operating room for ventriculoperitoneal shunting, more bacteremia, more tracheostomy procedures, more percutaneous gastrostomy placements, longer lengths of stay, less adjuvant chemotherapy, less radiation therapy, shorter follow-up, and ultimately, significantly shorter overall survival (all P < 0.050). Pediatric neurosurgical medulloblastoma outcomes at the Children's Hospital of La Paz, Bolivia are significantly inferior to that of a generalized US experience. Future research is required to identify institution- and country-specific initiatives to improve discrepancies between institutions in LMICs in South America compared to HICs.

Institutional quality and emigration nexus: Empirical evidence from Türkiye

AbstractThis study attempts to fill an important gap in the empirical literature by investigating the impact of institutional quality in destination countries on emigrants from Türkiye using bilateral migration data from 2010 through 2020. For this purpose, the study builds an augmented gravity model, including economic, geographic, and cultural variables in an exponential form and estimates it by the Poisson Pseudo Maximum Likelihood (PPML) method. Empirical results significantly confirm the pulling role of strong institutions in destination countries for emigrants from Türkiye since all institutional quality indicators are positively associated with emigrant movements, albeit just one of them, regulatory quality, is statistically insignificant. Among indicators of institutional quality, the most pulling ones for emigrants are voice and accountability and the rule of law, followed by government effectiveness, control of corruption, and political stability and absence of violence, respectively. Overall results indicate that institutions are front‐line players in the emigrants' migration decision and destination choice process. In this context, policy‐makers in both Türkiye and the destination country may implement an institutional policy considering the outcomes stemming from migration movements.

Neurology Training and Medical Education in Resource-Limited Settings: Building and Growing the First Neurology Residency Program in East Africa.

The burden of neurological disease disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries, where the lowest number of neurologists are located. Building local training opportunities in resource-limited settings is a foundational step to enhancing the neurological workforce and improving access to neurological care in these regions. In this article, we describe the development and growth of the first neurology residency program in East Africa, which was established in 2006 at Zewditu Memorial Hospital and the Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. We highlight the impact of the program on clinical care, research, collaborations between neurologists across Ethiopia, and ways to build educational opportunities and mentorship while faced with limited resources. The main challenges in starting the residency program included lack of faculty with neurological expertise, lack of a precedent for subspecialty training in our setting, as well as limited resources and space. The formation of sustainable international collaborations with clinicians at established institutions in high-income countries and neurological societies has been a major source of support in developing the initial infrastructure, curriculum and educational content, knowledge assessments, and mentored research projects. Local partnerships with related medical specialties, including internal medicine, critical care, neurological surgery, and psychiatry, were also instrumental in creating training opportunities. As the program continues to evolve, many challenges remain, including limited diagnostics, lack of access to advanced treatment modalities, lack of fellowship training opportunities in various neurological subspecialties, and insufficient training and experience in scientific writing. Despite these challenges, the residency program has persevered and its creation resulted in many positive changes: since its inception in 2006, we graduated 80 neurologists and the number of practicing neurologists in Ethiopia has increased from 5 to 78, our institution has evolved into a national referral center for neurology, graduates have published 61 articles in the past 3 years and contributed to international neurology research, and alumni of the program have grown the Association of Ethiopian Neurologists. Future directions include development of fellowship opportunities, creation of international rotations, and implementation of teleneurology to further strengthen neurological care across Ethiopia.

Strengthening the professional training of staff in EU higher education

The article reveals the most relevant and important for developing world societies to the professional training of personnel in the EU countries in the educational space. The methodological principles of the research are leading provisions of the theory of scientific knowledge; general scientific principles of historicism, systematicity, and scientificity; conceptual provisions of pedagogical, psychological, and sociological sciences; ideas of comparative research experience; and philosophical and pedagogical ideas of the development of modern education. The principles on which the reform of higher education is based are described and the main trends of the structure of world higher education are clarified. The significance of developing educational information networks in the professional training of personnel in the educational space of higher education institutions in the EU countries is shown. The main tasks of the organization of educational institutions in the world's countries are highlighted. The conducted experimental research is aimed at researching: the effectiveness of professional training of personnel in the educational space; determination of suitability for employment in EU countries; and effectiveness of continuous professional training at the workplace in EU countries. The conclusions summarize ways of professional training of personnel in the EU countries in the educational space of universities.

The Issue of Using Certain Copyrighted Iems Whose Right Holders are Unknown: Foreign Experience and Solutions

Introduction. The relevance of this work is due to a significant number of works whose author or right holder is unknown, the impossibility of legally using such works in civil circulation, the urgent need for normative fixation of the status of a work whose author or right holder is unknown, and establishing opportunities for legal use of such works, taking into account the analysis of foreign practice in regulating this issue. The aim of the study is to analyse foreign practice in regulating the use of works whose author or right holder is unknown, to identify the key features of this legal institution, and to evaluate its proposed incorporation into the Russian laws. The task of the study is to analyse the legal institution of using a work whose author or right holder is unknown, and to identify common features of this legal institution in different countries. The scientific problem that the research aims to solve is to establish legal regulation for the use of works whose author or right holder is unknown, taking into account the peculiarities of the Russian laws. Methods. The work used methods of analysis such as general scientific, formal and legal, comparative and legal and system and structural. Results and Discussion. The number of works whose author or copyright holder is unknown in the largest European libraries is estimated at 20—30 %, and some estimates suggest that the proportion of such works in Russia is even higher. The works whose author or right holder is unknown are not given in international treaties of a universal character, but is reflected in some regional (Directive 2012/28/EC of the European Parliament and Council of the European Union) and national regulations of about 30 countries. The legislation of each of the countries reviewed (France, Germany, Norway, Hungary, UK, US, Canada, India, Japan, Korea) has its own peculiarities. Draft Federal Law No. 411043-8 "On Amending Part Four of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (in terms of establishing a procedure for the use of certain objects of copyright and related rights whose right holders are unknown)" establishes the concept of an object of an unknown author (right holder), and sets up a mechanism for the use of these objects, the authors (right holders) of which, if identified, will be able to receive remuneration for such use. The proposed mechanism fits seamlessly into the existing system of collective rights management, contains provisions aimed at developing this system (the possibility of using a nominal account to collect and store funds owed to other right holders) and ensuring the interests of authors (right holders) of orphan works. Conclusion. There are no unified approaches in different national legal systems with regard to almost all elements of the works whose author or right holder is unknown, at the same time, the content of applicable laws reveals common ways in the development of regulation. In the absence of a universal international regulation of this issue, each country establishes its own mechanisms to provide the possibility of using orphan works, to return such works to the cultural, scientific and educational environment, to prevent their oblivion and loss, which from time to time make it possible to re-establish contact with their creators, authors or right holders.

Globalization of Education, Opportunities and Prospects of Exporting Russian Education in Conditions of Sanctions Against the Russion Federation

The present research studies specific features of globalization in education and export of services illustrated by universities and higher education institutions in countries holding the leading positions on the global education market, such as Great Britain, France, German, China and others. The research methodology is based on general and specific methods of cognition, on the analysis of methodological approaches and theoretical models of education service export, on the empiric approach to identifying peculiarities of country policy in the aspect of education globalization and related risks. The article provides conclusions concerning feasibility of using some of them in Russian universities and other higher education institutions. The author put forward a set of steps and recommendations aimed at raising the potential of education service export in Russia. It is possible that the use of conclusions and recommendations made by the research, in addition to work being done by universities could improve efficiency of their international activity as a ‘soft power’, which responds to interests of the university, the entity of the Russian Federation and geopolitical goals of Russia with regard to the current sanction pressure.

Nursing students' attitudes towards mental illness: A multi-national comparison.

INTRODUCTION: Stigmatizing attitudes perpetuated by nursing professionals are a pervasive problem for people experiencing mental health issues. This global issue has detrimental consequences; inhibiting one's life chances and help-seeking behaviours. To date, few studies have compared nursing students' attitudes towards mental illness from a multi-national perspective. To compare undergraduate nursing students' attitudes towards mental illness across six countries: Australia, India, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan and USA. In a cross-sectional design, data were collected from undergraduate nursing students (N = 426) using the Social Distance Scale. A one-way analysis of variance was used to compare differences between countries. Nursing students' attitudes to mental illness differed between countries. Social Distance Scores were highest amongst nursing students from Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Students from Taiwan and India possessed moderate stigma scores. Social Distance Scores from the USA and Australia were lowest. Clear differences in stigmatizing attitudes emerged between countries; these are discussed in relation to possible cultural influences. It is suggested that educating nurses, combined with direct contact with people with lived experiences of mental illness, can reduce stigmatizing attitudes regardless of country, location or educational institution.

Drivers of generative AI adoption in higher education through the lens of the Theory of Planned Behaviour

Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB), this study investigates the relationship between the perceived benefits, strengths, weaknesses, and risks of generative AI (GenAI) tools and the fundamental factors of the TPB model (i.e., attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control). The study also investigates the structural association between the TPB variables and intention to use GenAI tools, and how the latter might affect the actual usage of GenAI tools in higher education. The paper adopts a quantitative approach, relying on an anonymous self-administered online questionnaire to gather primary data from 130 lecturers and 168 students in higher education institutions (HEIs) in several countries, and PLS-SEM for data analysis. The results indicate that although lecturers' and students' perceptions of the risks and weaknesses of GenAI tools differ, the perceived strengths and advantages of GenAI technologies have a significant and positive impact on their attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. The TPB core variables positively and significantly impact lecturers' and students’ intentions to use GenAI tools, which in turn significantly and positively impact their adoption of such tools. This paper advances theory by outlining the factors shaping the adoption of GenAI technologies in HEIs. It provides stakeholders with a variety of managerial and policy implications for how to formulate suitable rules and regulations to utilise the advantages of these tools while mitigating the impacts of their disadvantages. Limitations and future research opportunities are also outlined.

Electronic Health Record Adoption in Oral and Dental Health Centres in Turkey

The digitalisation studies in public hospitals in Turkey started with the Health Transformation Program in 2003. The Ministry of Health has been measuring the dissemination of meaningful usage and adoption of electronic health record (EHR) using Electronic Medical Record Adoption Model (EMRAM) and Outpatient Electronic Medical Record Adoption Model (O-EMRAM). Using a comprehensive survey, our study intends to measure the stage of EHR adoption in oral and dental health centres (ODHCs) providing primary healthcare services in Turkey. The results obtained were classified by basic and comprehensive EHR functions and benchmarked against the studies addressing EHR adoption in primary healthcare institutions of other countries. In 2021, 167 ODHCs/oral and dental health hospitals (ODHHs) actively operating in Turkey completed the O-EMRAM survey. The data obtained from the survey results were analysed with QlikView Personal Edition. The availability and prevalence of medical information systems and EHR functions and their use were measured. It is observed that 59 (40.7%) of ODHCs/ODHHs have comprehensive EHR functions, while the remaining 86 (59.3%) have basic EHR functions. Under these circumstances, it can be stated that all ODHCs/ODHHs in Turkey use at least basic EHR functions. All ODHCs/ODHHs in Turkey have at least basic EHR functions. The integration of e-prescription, electronic authorisation system and e-Pulse used throughout Turkey and Health Information Management System Society (HIMSS) used in ODHCs/ODHHs can be listed as one of the decisive factors in this result. ODHCs/ODHHs still have a long way to go in adopting EHR, but the current circumstances are also promising. It is considered that this study will serve as a baseline for future measurements and produce a notable result for decision-makers.

The modern concept of the system of physical education in pre-school education institutions

The article focuses attention on modern approaches to the concept in the system of development of physical education of children in preschool education institutions in Ukraine and foreign countries of the world. The modern concept of the system of physical education in preschool education institutions is aimed at the comprehensive development of preschoolers, taking into account their emotional, physical and social needs The concepts presented in the article seek to stimulate the all-round development of children through various physical, psychological and social measures aimed at strengthening health and the formation of cognitive or motor skills for the educational process in the following school years. The approach to building physical education in preschool education institutions is argued Programs related to the physical development of preschoolers were analyzed in Ukraine. The actuality and expediency of the Concept are substantiated, its structure and the structure of its creation are given. The article focuses attention on modern approaches to the concept in the system of development of physical education of children in preschool education institutions in Ukraine and foreign countries of the world. The modern concept of the physical education system in preschool education institutions is aimed at the comprehensive development of preschoolers, taking into account their physical, emotional and social needs. The concepts presented in the article seek to stimulate the all-round development of children through various physical, psychological and social measures aimed at strengthening health and forming cognitive and motor skills for the educational process in later school years. The approach to building physical education in preschool education institutions in Ukraine is argued, programs related to the physical development of preschoolers are analyzed. The relevance and expediency of the Concept are substantiated, its structure and construction are given.

THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PRACTICES OF SOCIO-ARTISTIC EDUCATION AT PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITIES OF RUSSIA AND CHINA

This scientific article is devoted to a comparative analysis of pedagogical higher educational institutions in China and Russia in the field of art education and social practice. The main purpose of the study is to identify similarities and differences between the educational systems of the two countries, their approaches to teaching contemporary art, as well as interaction with the artistic community and the social environment. The article provides an overview of the existing research in the field of socio-artistic education at pedagogical universities in Russia and China. The key aspects and practices are analysed, such as the organisation of the educational process, inclusion of students in art projects and practices, interaction with the local art community and social organisations. The results of the study help to identify similarities and differences in the approaches to socio-artistic education in educational institutions in Russia and China. The author discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each system and gives recommendations for improving the practice of socio-artistic education in pedagogical higher educational institutions of both countries. The research is of interest to educators, scientists and specialists in the field of art education, as well as those who are interested in comparative analysis of educational practices of art in different countries. The results of the work can be used to develop training programmes and improve the quality of socio-artistic education at pedagogical universities.

PERBANDINGAN DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT DI INDONESIA DAN HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVE DI AMERIKA SERIKAT DALAM MELAKSANAKAN FUNGSI LEGISLASI

The House of Representatives based on the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia has a role as a law-drafting body (legislation). The existence of people's representative institutions in this democratic country is needed to keep people's power from being abused. As a democracy, the United States also has a legislative institution. The bodies that hold legislative functions in the United States constitution are the Senate and the House of Representatives. The problem of this research is to analyze the similarities and differences in the function of legislation owned by the House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia and the House of Representatives in the United States This research uses normative legal research methods with descriptive sifay to analyze secondary data, which is then used to draw conclusions through deductive methods. The result of this study is the similarity in the function of legislation, these two institutions both have the function to draft and approve draft laws. The difference in the legislative function of the two is that the DPR has several stages in drafting and approving laws.

STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING HUMAN RESOURCES THROUGH EDUCATIONAL TOURISM

Education is the right of everyone wherever they are, at any age, including economic conditions at any level. The way to obtain knowledge can no longer be limited by anyone and anything nowadays. In this global era, education patterns are increasingly diverse, knowledge transfer activities no longer have to always be carried out in the classroom. The pattern of teaching and learning activities outside the classroom has also been implemented by many educational institutions in many countries, including Indonesia. When teaching and learning activities are carried out outside the classroom, it generally increases interest in learning for students at primary and higher education levels. In this article, we will convey qualitatively the efforts to transfer knowledge outside the classroom in order to increase interest in learning and reduce boredom due to always studying indoors. A two-way interactive atmosphere is one of the effective ways of learning activities to produce better student abilities, in all subjects or certain subjects. The more optimal human resource capabilities are in the future, we can be sure that economic conditions and many other fields will be better and able to compete with other nations.

Building the civic consciousness of the socialist rule of law in Vietnam nowadays

Vietnam is implementing global socio-economic integration, so the law must also be renovated to meet the requirements of international integration. Because the law is attached to the country's institutions, it shows the consistency in Vietnam's politics, economy, and diplomacy. In the world, the rule of law is a typical value that humanity aims for because it upholds the law, expressing our nation's aspiration for a democratic and equal society. Therefore, Vietnam has built a socialist rule of law. To achieve this, Vietnam must ensure the free power of its citizens, promote the democracy of the state, and ensure that power belongs to the people. The paper uses a materialist dialectical method to examine the building of civic consciousness that promotes the perfection of Vietnam's current socialist rule of law. At the same time, the article also uses analytical methods and synthetic methods to clarify the sense of citizenship in the Vietnamese state, Vietnam's political institutions, and the development of the socialist rule of law is correct.

A Comparative Study of Classroom Management of Preschool Teachers in the Philippines and Singapore

This comparative study examines classroom management strategies among preschool teachers in the Philippines and Singapore. Employing a Descriptive-Comparative Research Design, the study aims to identify similarities and differences in the classroom management techniques used in both countries. A total of 100 preschool teachers, 50 from each country, were selected using a random sampling technique. To compare classroom management practices, an adapted survey questionnaire with a 4-point Likert scale was utilized, and data analysis was conducted using statistical methods such as Chi-square tests and regression analyses. This analysis also included assessing responses’ distribution and the responses’ heterogeneity through Standard Deviation. Significant differences and relationships were found between the classroom management practices in the two countries. Based on these findings, the study proposed specific programs and strategies for improving classroom behavior management, teaching techniques, parent-teacher collaboration, and planning and support in both the Philippines and Singapore. The study recommends further research with a broader scope, possibly using qualitative methods and a larger sample size, to gain deeper insights into the factors influencing preschool classroom management. It also suggests that educational institutions in both countries consider implementing these well-researched proposals to enhance the effectiveness of preschool teachers’ classroom management techniques. Keywords: comparative study, classroom management, preschool teachers, Philippines and Singapore

Do Financial Development, Institutional Quality and Natural Resources Matter the Outward FDI of G7 Countries? A Panel Gravity Model Approach

Given the global growth of foreign capital flows, foreign investments hold significant potential for achieving sustainable development. Thus, this paper aims to highlight the key factors of FDI. In particular, it analyzes the effects of financial development and natural resources on FDI and how institutional quality and institutional distance can moderate these effects. The study used the dynamic panel gravity framework with two-step system GMM estimators to assess whether the developed financial system, better institutions, and possessing natural resources influence the outward FDI of G7 countries to host countries over the period 2002–2021. The results show that a well-developed financial system and well-functioning institutions in host countries are important prerequisites for FDI inflows. We find that the relationship between financial development and FDI is positively and significantly moderated by both institutional quality and institutional distance. Contrarily, these factors negatively moderate the connection involving natural resources and FDI. The significant negative association between institutional indicators’ interaction with natural resources indicates that natural resources play a key role in FDI, while joint policies for institutions and natural resources considerably decrease FDI inflows. Moreover, we discover that factors like GDP per capita, logistics infrastructure, and population could attract and handle more FDI. Based on the findings, the study recommends that host governments should focus on policies that strengthen the financial system, reduce institutional and legislative barriers, and enhance institutional quality and business environment to grant foreign investors access to all areas of their economies. Moreover, host governments should brand separate policies for institutions and natural resources to improve their economic advantages.

Assessment of Government Liberalization Policy and the Growth in Nigeria’s Trade Industry

Following the outbreak of COVID-19 and the contraction of government revenue, it has become increasingly difficult for government to continue with “subsidy oriented” policies hence, this paper evaluates Nigeria’s liberalization policies as a major drivers of trade growth in the country. A quantitative approach was adopted in this paper. Data used in this paper were secondary data sourced from World bank indicators and Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin (1980-2018 version). This paper used Error Correction Classical Linear Regression estimate to analyse the data. The result of the study showed that changes in the key liberalization policy variables have significant influence on output growth but not statistically significant to trade growth. Industrialization oriented policies was therefore recommended for Nigeria to actualize her dreams of being an industrialized country, a strong and competitive institution that foster a sustainable industrial sector through policy is also advised. This study adds to the limited available evidence concerning the contribution of government liberation policy on the growth of Nigeria trade sector. It stands as the first to consider trade openness, government liberation policy and the Nigeria industrial sector. &#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 18 June 2023 / Accepted: 15 February 2024 / Published: xx March 2024

Optimization in University Student Timetables: A Comprehensive Literature Review

The University Course Timetabling Problem presents a complex optimization problem as it seeks to meet the diverse requirements and constraints of a university's academic program through efficient timetabling. The objective of this research is to conduct comprehensive review of existing studies on optimization approaches in optimizing university timetable problems. The aim of the comprehensive studies is to further analyse the existing studies to discuss comparative studies to compare the performance of the approach methods in satisfying the constraints involved in university timetabling. The methodology used for this paper is systematic literature review which brought three main themes such constraints, optimization approaches, and datasets involved in University Course Timetabling Problem. The result shown that the majority of approaches involved hybrid approaches. In conclusion, this comprehensive review summarizes the constraints, optimization approach and datasets involved University Course Timetabling Problem in higher educational institutions of ASEAN countries.

Professors’ English-only or Multilingual Approaches in English Language Teacher Education at Ecuadorian Universities

Preparing English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers is a key challenge for higher education institutions in countries like Ecuador. This research summary describes the language use practices that university-based English language teacher educators employ when teaching content courses (such as pedagogy and research methods) and explores how these relate to their expressed purposes of teacher education and language ideologies. The convergent mixed-methods design employs survey data from 115 professors from 21 Ecuadorian universities and focus group data from 28 of those professors with various language use approaches. This research is guided by decolonial theory and the Capabilities Approach and by literature on linguistic imperialism, native-speakerism, and multilingualism. Findings extend research on language use from the English teaching field into teacher education and Comparative and International Higher Education research, where exploration of the benefits and drawbacks of English-only versus multilingual approaches are needed given the prevalence of English-medium instruction.

OPTIMALISASI KINERJA: RENCANA DAN PROGRES REFORMASI BIROKRASI KEMENTERIAN PERHUBUNGAN

Bureaucratic reform has become an important agenda in efforts to improve the performance and effectiveness of government institutions in various countries, including Indonesia. The Ministry of Transportation (Kemenhub) has been actively carrying out various organizational transformation efforts to improve its performance and responsiveness to community needs since 2010. This reform process is based on the theory of organizational change, which emphasizes the importance of commitment from all parties involved, support from organizational leadership, and change that carried out gradually and measurably. Analysis of the implementation of bureaucratic reform at the Ministry of Transportation shows that the steps taken have provided positive results in improving operational efficiency and service quality in the transportation sector. Commitment from all levels of employees, led by visionary leaders, is the key to success in implementing these changes. However, there are still several challenges that need to be overcome in continuing bureaucratic reform at the Ministry of Transportation. Effective and efficient budget management remains a major concern, and a clear understanding of the benefits of bureaucratic reform needs to be disseminated more widely. Open and ongoing communication with stakeholders is essential to ensure continued support for the changes being made. By strengthening commitment, developing human resources, and using information technology more effectively, the Ministry of Transportation can continue to improve its performance and services for the community in a continuously developing transportation context.