Energy Demand In Countries Research Articles

Analysis of 1-year energy data of a 5 kW and a 122 kW rooftop photovoltaic installation in Dhaka

Abstract Since 2010, rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems have been extensively used in Bangladesh. This PV system contributes 2–3% to the country's energy demand. In recent years (2020–2024), at least ten large-scale 20–100 MW PV power plants are coming into operation. However, the growth rate of the new PV system is limited by a few factors, such as sustainable energy output over a long time, financial return on investment, and reliability of the energy. To maintain a steady growth of the electrical energy produced from the PV system, research on the performance of the older installations is required. This study analyzes the various data (generated dc power from sunlight, transmitted ac power to the grid) of a 5 kW (March 2021–February 2022) and a 122.4 kW (January 2022–December 2022) rooftop grid-connected solar installation for 12 months. The polycrystalline silicon PV systems are 8 and 4 years old, respectively. The yearly average performance ratio of the 5 and 122.4 kW systems is 17% and 79%, respectively. The results of the study will encourage the investors and community to achieve a 10% share in the national energy demand in the context of Bangladesh.

Assessing regressive erosion effects: Unveiling riverside land use land cover changes post hydroelectric project construction

In Ecuador, the Coca Codo Sinclair Hydroelectric Project (CCSHP) provides 34 % of the country's energy demand. However, since its inauguration in 2016, regressive erosion in the Coca River has accelerated, causing the collapse of the San Rafael waterfall in 2020 and damage to oil and electricity infrastructure. This study aimed to assess the effects of regressive erosion along the Coca River through changes in land use and land cover (LULC) to identify the impact of CCSHP operations on migration, deposition, and river channel erosion during 2017–2021. The methodology includes: i) Creation of cloud-free mosaics with Sentinel-2 satellite imagery; ii) LULC classification LULC classification post-operation of the CCSHP (2017), before (2019) and after (2021) the San Rafael waterfall collapse, using the Random Forest algorithm; iii) Estimation of variations in the fluvial dynamics of the Coca River. The results showed that between 2017 and 2019, the extent of water bodies and bare soil increased by 258.58 ha (25 %) and 5195.45 ha (71 %), respectively. Meanwhile, between 2019 and 2021, the extent of sand deposits increased by 387.71 ha (42 %). These changes reflect an acceleration of regressive erosion since the construction and implementation of the CCSHP, information that can be used as an initial tool to analyze the impact of hydropower in the upper Amazon and strengthen environmental protection and risk management policies.

Open coal stock pile impact on surface, river, and groundwater: Noapara, Jashore case study

AbstractEnergy is the main driving force for a country's development. Every year, Bangladesh imports a huge amount of coal along with local coal to support the country's energy demand, which stock in open areas. The objective of this research is to evaluate the hydrochemical characteristics of surface, river, and groundwater in a well‐known industrial region in Bangladesh where nearby water is polluted by coal from an open coal stock pile. The findings of this research article concerning the environmental effects of open coal stockpiles will be helpful to policymakers, environmentalists, investors, and other stakeholders. Following WHO standards, GIS extrapolation was used to create maps of key ions in solution (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+) and negatively charged ions (HCO3−, SO42−, Cl−). The aquifer's hydrogeochemical process was explained using PCA techniques and the hydrogeochemical facies and water types shown by the Piper and Gibbs diagram. The findings show that the groundwater in this research region is mostly salinized (NaCl‐rich). The result confirms that 67% of the location is of good quality and 33% is of permissible water quality for the surface water sample, whereas 48% of the location is of good quality and 52% is of severe water quality for the ground water sample. Advanced technology should be used to stock the coal to reduce the open stockpile's impact on the environment.

Synthetic jet application in the wind turbine concentrator design

ABSTRACT Due to population growth and technological advancements, the energy demands of countries are increasing every year. Consequently, research and development (R&D) studies in renewable energy have been on the rise in order to meet the growing energy demands. Wind energy is especially crucial in this regard. Wind turbines are capable of producing energy within the wind speed range of 5 m/s to 25 m/s, with a capacity factor of approximately 30–35%. In areas where wind speeds are insufficient, efforts are being made to improve turbine performance for energy production at low wind speeds. One of these studies involves incorporating the turbine into a concentrator to increase the wind speed and subsequently the capacity factor of the turbine for energy production at low wind speeds. In this study, the concentrator of the wind turbine with the SG 6043 blade section is taken into consideration, and the impact of synthetic jet application in the wind turbine concentrator is investigated. An optimization study is conducted to determine the parameters that will maximize the speed increase in the concentrator. The optimum parameters that lead to the maximum wind speed increase in the concentrator are as follows: the velocity of the synthetic jet is 140 m/s, the frequency of the synthetic jet is 58.89 Hz, the angle of the synthetic jet is 26.16º, the position of the synthetic jet is 0.675 m, and the angle of attack is 24.1º at a free wind speed of 5 m/s. The use of synthetic jet application in the wind turbine concentrator results in a 1.33 times increase in free wind speed. Consequently, the concentrator with synthetic jet application can be used in regions with poor wind speed statistics to generate energy from wind and increase the capacity factor of wind turbines.

Green Hydrogen as a Potential Fuel by 2030 for Energy-Based Applications in Major States of India

India is a country with a rapidly growing demand for energy. Currently, most of the country's energy demand is met by fossil fuels which are hindering our environment by contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Green hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources is clean and free from the pollution which can reduce our country's dependency on fossil fuels. Building a green hydrogen community in India can help the country to transit into sustainable development and achieve net zero emissions. Our review shows that green hydrogen can be produced in India according to the geography of the different regions rich in renewable energy resources such as solar and wind power. Many states in India have high solar energy prospectus, high wind speeds and existing infrastructure and supply chain logistics that can be used for the production and distribution of green hydrogen. States such as Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have been identified by the Indian government as "renewable energy clusters" and aim to support the development of green hydrogen projects. Additionally, the Indian coastal area's seawater can be used as a water source for electrolysis. These coasts are windy and suitable for wind power generation and have access to excellent ports and transport infrastructure to transport green hydrogen. Overall, India has unlimited potential for green hydrogen production due to its abundant renewable energy sources and favourable geographical conditions. India can use this potential to become a major player in the green hydrogen market with the right political and regulatory framework.

Optimizing Energy Consumption on Smart Home Task Scheduling using Particle Swarm Optimization

The primary challenge that smart home users faced is the high energy consumption bills they received every month and they do not know how to optimize the energy consumption of their smart home devices. This increases the country's energy demand and accelerates the greenhouse effect worldwide. Additionally, when users run non-shiftable appliances unevenly, their energy consumption may surpass the maximum permissible power consumption limit. As a result, a short blackout happened in smart homes. To address such challenges, this study builds a mobile application that allows smart home users to control the energy consumption of their smart home appliances effectively.A scheduling task based on particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to monitor and optimize energy consumption based on human activities in the home. Two experiments were conducted: with and without the implementation of the PSO algorithm. The result showed that the PSO algorithm performs better in optimizing energy consumption.

Green Hydrogen for a Sustainable Future: Prospects and Challenges for Energy-Based Applications in Major Indian States by 2030

India is a country with a rapidly growing demand for energy. Currently, most of the country's energy demand is met by fossil fuels which are hindering our environment by contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Green hydrogen produced from renewable energy sources is clean and free from the pollution which can reduce our country's dependency on fossil fuels. Building a green hydrogen community in India can help the country to transit into sustainable development and achieve net zero emissions. Our review shows that green hydrogen can be produced in India according to the geography of the different regions rich in renewable energy resources such as solar and wind power. Many states in India have high solar energy prospectus, high wind speeds and existing infrastructure and supply chain logistics that can be used for the production and distribution of green hydrogen. States such as Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu have been identified by the Indian government as "renewable energy clusters" and aim to support the development of green hydrogen projects. Additionally, the Indian coastal area's seawater can be used as a water source for electrolysis. These coasts are windy and suitable for wind power generation and have access to excellent ports and transport infrastructure to transport green hydrogen. Overall, India has unlimited potential for green hydrogen production due to its abundant renewable energy sources and favourable geographical conditions. India can use this potential to become a major player in the green hydrogen market with the right political and regulatory framework.

Estimation of biogas production potential and greenhouse gas emissions reduction for sustainable energy management using intelligent computing technique

This paper presents estimation of Biogas Production Potential and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction for sustainable energy management using intelligent computing technique. Slaughterhouse wastes present a promising opportunity to partially reduce reliance on fossil-based energy. Biogas technology is regarded as one of the methods used in Ghana and can be used to combat climate change, while meeting demand for energy in the country. The objective of the research seeks to theoretically estimate biogas production potential from livestock and slaughterhouse wastes in Ghana, in order for policymakers to consider biogas technology as a potential source of renewable energy to meet the country's energy demand, while contributing to the SDG goals. This study obtained livestock population data from the Ministry of Food & Agriculture and the Ministry of Fisheries & Livestock from 2010 to 2020, and estimated the livestock waste production from slaughterhouses, biogas generation capacity, electricity production potential, greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potential and biofertilizer generation capacity of Ghana in the fiscal year 2020. The findings indicated that, in the year 2020, slaughterhouses in Ghana generated 4.205 × 1010 kg of waste which can be used to produce 6.792 × 109 m3 of biogas, electricity generation rate of 7.110 × 109 kwh/year which represents about 43.01% of the total electricity consumed in the country that year. Also, the amount of GHG (CO2) emissions by using methane from the AD is 3.631 × 109 kgCO2. The avoided GHG emissions estimated is 1.075 × 1010 kg and biofertilizer of 4.514 × 108 kg can be produced.

Effects of renewable energy consumption and financial development: Using Nigeria’s economy as a case study

• Nigeria's financial development and the long-term and short-term influence of energy use were assessed. • Auto regressive distribution lag model was used to know the long-term effect of energy demand on the Nigerian economy. • Energy use coefficient is positive and inconsequential in the short run. • CUSUM Test is used as the residual model. Nigeria's financial development and the long-term and short-term influence of energy use on the country's economy were both assessed in the study. The findings of previous studies contradict the theoretical assumptions and predictions from this study which states that emerging and developing economies, according to which financial progress does not lead to increased renewable energy consumption. Using the Auto regressive distribution lag (ARDL) co-integration process and a survey that spanned 60 years from the World Development Indicators in the World Bank database, the ARDL co-integration indicated that financial sector intermediation had a significant positive and long-term effect on energy demand in the Nigerian economy and this also was used to organize the data. Nigeria has a long-term link between the financial sector and renewable energy consumption, which over the past 60 years has shown little or no investment in renewable energy. This study also determined that despite the short-term effect, the rise of the financial industry has a positive impact on the Nigerian economy because of the high level of energy consumption. Policies that focus on increasing the financial sector's size have significant and far-reaching consequences for Nigeria's energy use. Furthermore, it was discovered that the country's energy demand expanded for over 60 years, leading to the increasing energy demand, and epileptic power failure in the country. Finally, this research seeks to bolster renewable energy investment through informed and deliberate policies

Ethiopia hydropower development and Nile basin hydro politics

<abstract> <p>Ethiopia, one of the countries in the Horn of Africa, has an abundance of hydroelectric resource potential that can meet the country's energy demand. However, this energy resource has been underutilized, and the country has one of the lowest per capita consumption rates of electricity. Recognizing that energy access and security are critical factors in economic growth, the country has launched a number of hydroelectric projects to meet rising energy demand, as well as a plan to export electricity to neighboring countries. As a result, this paper provides an in-depth review of the country's hydropower potential and current development status. The article then discusses hydro-politics in the context of the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD). Finally, it discusses the role of hydropower in meeting energy needs.</p> </abstract>

Ulaştırma Enerji Talebinin Yapay Sinir Ağları ile Modellenmesi

Energy demands of countries are changing rapidly in parallel with development, industrialization, urbanization, the spread of technology, prosperity, and population growth. Energy use in the transport sector in the last few years, Turkey has shown a significant increase. Therefore, energy management and predicting are critically important to environmental safety and the upcoming economic well-being. In recent years, studies to determine the energy demand have accelerated. In Addition, in order to estimate the demand levels in the most accurate way, the most appropriate model should be selected. In this study, different models for predicting Turkey's transport energy demand by using artificial neural networks have been established. Population, oil prices, gross domestic product, ton-km, vehicle-km, and passenger-km are selected as parameters by considering 1975 and 2016 data. The best model is tried to be obtained with the models in which different parameters are used together. The best model was established with the oil price, population, ton-km and it was determined that this model had the lowest error and highest R2 values.

Developing vietnam's oil and gas industry in association with energy and economic security in the international integration period

Oil and gas is a non-renewable resource that plays an important role in the economy. It is forecasted that by the middle of the twenty-first century, oil and gas still holds the leading position in primary energy balance in many countries. The world energy consumption in 2020 was over 4.1 billion tons of oil and 3,853 billion m3 of gas [1].
 During 60 years of construction and development, Vietnam's oil and gas industry has made important contributions to the economy, especially helping the country overcome the energy crisis and budget deficit in the 1990s.
 By the end of 2020, the total production amounted to over 424 million tons of oil and condensate, and over 160 billion m3 of gas; at one time even contributing nearly 30% of the State budget and 22 - 25% of the GDP. Especially, the formation of important coastal petroleum industrial zones and oil and gas projects on the continental shelf have contributed to ensuring national sovereignty and national security.
 The demand for oil and gas in the energy balance increases rapidly with the speed of socio-economic development. It is forecasted that in the near future, Vietnam will no longer be self-sufficient in supply and must import completely to meet the country's energy demand. In parallel with proactively implementing urgent technical and technological solutions, Vietnam's oil and gas industry needs mechanisms to increase reserves and maintain oil and gas output, as well as prepare the next steps for transition to energy forms with low greenhouse gas emissions and renewable energy.

Assessment of India's energy dynamics: Prospects of solar energy

During the last decade, energy demand has increased manifold in India. To cope up with the rising energy demand, the Indian government has announced the National Solar Mission to generate 100 GW solar power by 2022. Large-scale solar power developers have been allotted around 60% of the National Solar Mission target. Therefore, it becomes pivotal to find the ground reality of solar power developers. To fulfill this objective, we selected the solar sources of the country and adopted a hybrid research methodology. The solar irradiation data were collected for one year in the four big cities of India, Mumbai, New Delhi, Chennai, and Bangalore during 2019 to evaluate the efficiency of photovoltaics (PVs). MATLAB and RETScreen were employed for data analysis and evaluating the efficiency of photovoltaics. We take this a step further by performing the Life Cycle Assessment analysis to scrutinize the different features of solar energy, including fuel consumption, price, average lifetime, maintenance and operation expenses, land requirements, and greenhouse gas emissions. The results reveal that all these cities have an enormous solar power potential, as they are located in an area where solar irradiations are consistently available all over the year (except for monsoon season). Moreover, solar energy is more durable, cost-saving, and easy to maintain. Furthermore, we identified the significant barriers over the whole solar energy spectrum by conducting semi-structured interviews with industry experts. These barriers are broadly classified into technological, policy, regulatory, financial, transparency, accountability, infrastructural, and trade policy categories. Finally, essential policy recommendations have been suggested for all stakeholders in order to fulfill the country's energy demand on its way to a future of sustainable development.

ANALYSIS OF THE LEVEL OF IMPLEMENTATION OF PROGRAMS FOR THE EFFICIENT USE OF ENERGY AND UNCONVENTIONAL SOURCES: CASE STUDY COLOMBIA

At the First Extraordinary Meeting of the Forum of Ministers of the Environment of Latin America and the Caribbean, Johannesburg, August 2002. An initiative for sustainable development in Latin America and the Caribbean was presented. This proposes that the countries of the region should show in their energy distribution minimum participation of 10% of renewable energy sources in the Total Primary Energy Supply (OTEP). The mechanism of action of this initiative is not based on penalizing countries that their natural conditions are not favorable for energy sustainability, but on promoting greater participation of renewable energy sources. Through the analysis of the country's energy demand and energy sources and according to the initiative, the Colombian government, through its entities, organizes programs to improve its energy efficiency and the participation of renewable energy sources and technologies, not conventional. This paper shows the statistics of energy distribution and energy sources in Colombia. Based on this information, we seek to identify the deficient sectors with their problems to implement strategies at the national level that allows them to meet the proposed goals.Keywords: Efficiency, Energy, Renewable Sources, Sustainability, Total Primary Energy Supply.JEL Classifications: L78, L90, O31, Q20DOI: https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.9713

Transmission Technologies and Implementations: Building a Stronger, Smarter Power Grid in China

The state grid corporation of china has been deploying ultrahigh-voltage (UHV) ac technology on a large scale since launching its Strong and Smart Grid plan in 2009. China has 80% of its hydropower generation in the southwest and 76% of its coal generation in the northwest. However, more than 75% of the country's energy demand is distributed in the eastern and southern coastal areas. This geographical mismatch between supply and demand made it necessary to build UHV transmission networks: transmission technologies at voltage levels of 1,000 kV for ac and p1,000 kV for dc. In this article, the development of UHV transmission-system technologies and projects is detailed, with a focus on the UHV ac transmission system.

Analysing Sea Surface Temperature Change in Gulf of Iskenderun from 1982 to 2015

Climate change is one of the major challenge for Earth Systems in this century. Since the
 Industrial revolution, energy demands of countries has been rapidly increased which also causes
 an accelerated burning fossil fuels and increased greenhouse gases emission (GHG) into the
 atmosphere. Sea surface temperature (SST) is a pointer of the water temperature, which mainly
 related to sea surface layer and also plays an important role for keeping the energy balance
 between atmosphere and marine ecosystems. Various studies show that surface temperature of
 the inner seas surface temperature is affected by anthropogenic climate change. Gulf of
 Iskenderun is located in the southeast Mediterranean region of Turkey. The Gulf is important
 mainly for its industrial facilities and thermal power stations of Turkey. Due to the Suez Canal
 and strait of Gibraltar the gulf has also very important meaning for migration of the alien species
 into the Mediterranean Sea. To investigate the sea surface temperature (SST) change in the Gulf
 of Iskenderun over the period of 1982-2015 we used remote sensed data, which have 4x4 km
 high spatial and daily temporal resolution. This data collected from Copernicus Marine Services
 which based on satellites Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Pathfinder
 Version 5.2 (PFV52). In the study period, the highest SST is determined in a JJA (June-JulyAugust)
 season. The warmest region was the north is part of the bay. The SST change about 1.5º
 C in the study period.

Grid interfaced solar photovoltaic system using ZA-LMS based control algorithm

Renewable energy sources such as solar photovoltaic can meet increasing energy demand in countries where there is sufficient availability of sun light. Intermittent nature of this kind of renewable energy sources demands a control which can handle fast dynamics of the system. This paper presents a grid coupled solar photovoltaic (SPV) system which includes solar photovoltaic array, incremental conductance based MPPT and boost converter. Grid integration of SPV array is performed using three phase voltage source converter (VSC) controlled with a fast and robust control algorithm. A Zero Attracting Least Mean Square (ZA-LMS) based controller is proposed to generate reference grid currents. These currents are compared along with sensed grid currents to generate switching pulses for three phase VSC. The proposed system is used to feed real power demand of load along with power quality refinement features such as suppression of harmonics, maintaining grid current at unity power factor and balancing of loads. Performance of the ZA-LMS controller is compared with conventional controllers such as normalized least mean square (NLMS) and dq0 frame theory. These controllers are compared for various characteristics concerning weight convergence, mathematical complexity, computational burden on real time controller and harmonic compensation. Proposed controller is implemented using dSPACE 1104 and tested on developed laboratory prototype of grid connected VSC working as shunt active power filter. Performance of the controller is observed and verified for steady state and dynamic load conditions.

Numerical and experimental study of strata behavior and land subsidence in an underground coal gasification project

Abstract. Underground Coal Gasification, with enhanced knowledge of hydrogeological, geomechanical and environmental aspects, can be an alternative technique to exploit the existing unmineable reserves of coal. During the gasification process, petro-physical and geomechanical properties undergo a drastic change due to heating to elevated temperatures. These changes, caused due to the thermal anisotropy of various minerals, result in the generation of thermal stresses; thereby developing new fracture pattern. These fractures cause the overhead rock strata to cave and fill the gasification chamber thereby causing subsidence. The degree of subsidence, change in fluid transport and geomechanical properties of the rock strata, in and around the subsidence zone, can affect the groundwater flow. This study aims to predict the thermo-geomechanical response of the strata during UCG. Petro-physical and geomechanical properties are incorporated in the numerical modelling software COMSOL Multiphysics and an analytical strength model is developed to validate and further study the mechanical response and heat conduction of the host rock around the gasification chamber. Once the problems are investigated and solved, the enhanced efficiency and the economic exploitation of gasification process would help meet country's energy demand.

Energy supply, consumption and access dynamics in Botswana

Abstract The growing dependence on electricity for economic growth in all countries prompts the need to manage current resources for future sustainability. In today's world, greater emphasis is placed on energy conservation for energy security and for the development of every economy. However, for some countries understanding the basic drivers to such achievements are farfetched. The research presented in this paper investigates the electricity generation and access potential for Botswana. In addition detailed documentation and 13 years energy consumption and generation trends are investigated. Using questionnaires and empirical studies the energy demand for the entire nation was estimated. From the research it was established that current energy generation trends account for 38–39% of the country's population with access to electricity. Considering the percentage rate of sector energy demand, the proposed total installed capacity of 1332 MW, would not meet the country's energy demand at 100% access. The likely consequence of the lack of adequate supply would cumulate to significant increase of imports and/or load shedding to meet demand.

Current Status and Future Prospects of Renewable Energy Use in Turkey

This paper reviews the current status of renewable energy sources, assesses their potential to contribute to Turkey's energy demand, and examines the future prospects. Turkey is rapidly growing in terms of both its economy and its population. Turkey's vibrant economy has led to increased energy demand in recent years. The major energy demand is fulfilled from the conventional fossil energy resources like coal, petroleum and natural gas. Turkey has very limited indigenous energy resources and has to import around 73% of primary energy to meet its needs. Coal –especially lignite– is by far the most plentiful energy resource in Turkey. Turkey has great potential for developing renewable energy resources, but their contribution to country's energy demand is insignificant, less than 10%. Although the institutional framework has improved in Turkey with the new Law on Renewable Energy, it is not enough to really allow for a large scale integration of renewable energy in the country. As Turkey looks towards possible EU membership, it will need to continue utilizing renewable energy as a means to achieve sustainable economic development. New regulations in line with the EU energy regulations will increase the incentives for renewable energy projects. Total energy consumption is expected to increase more rapidly than domestic energy production through 2020. The country's energy consumption is expected to grow 170 Mtoe by the year 2015 and 222 Mtoe by 2020. Turkey plans to increase hydroelectricity, wind and geothermal energy production in the near future. The Turkish government announced a 30% objective for renewable energies by 2023 with plans to push wind energy up to 20000 MW of installations for the same year.