Electricity Supply In Country Research Articles

The water-energy nexus under ENSO variability in four Colombian hydropower basins

ABSTRACT The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has diverse effects on the interannual variability of river flows in Colombia. Given that 70% of the country's electricity supply is provided by hydroelectric dams located in different regions and operated by different companies linked by a nationally integrated system, the decisions taken by operators in response to ENSO can be just as varied. The present study investigates the spatial and temporal distribution of the ENSO effects in four case studies, its relation to hydropower generation and prices, and assesses the reliability of global ENSO indices for monitoring and anticipating local effects. The results show ENSO-driven variations in streamflow and precipitation in all cases, but their intensity and duration are highly dependent on location. La Niña led to positive precipitation and stream flow anomalies, while El Niño led to negative anomalies. In two dams, Hidrosogamoso and Betania, the ENSO influence is stronger, and has a higher correlation with reservoir operations with lags greater than one month. Urra has more stationary annual operations given the reduced ENSO effects in the reservoir’s basin. On the whole, ENSO indices are insufficient in describing the local variations completely. And operator’s size, market share, and installed capacity contribute to increasing flexibility in operations while facing ENSO challenges.

Sustainability and Innovation in Green Energy: Biomass As A Renewable Energy Alternative

Objective: The objective of this research was to analyze the role of biomass as a renewable energy alternative. Methodology: To do so, an integrative literature review was carried out by surveying articles in the SciELO, Web Of Science and Google Academic databases. During the search, specific keywords and AND and OR search descriptors were used. As an inclusion criterion, only Brazilian scientific articles were selected, in Portuguese, available in full, free of charge and published between the years 2020 and 2023. Results and analysis of the data: As a result, it was found that the energy use of solid urban waste (MSW) in Brazil offers environmental, health and social benefits, in spite of not having sufficient potential to sustain the expansion of the country's electricity supply in the long term. Relevant public policies, such as the National Policy on Solid Waste (PNRS) and the Alternative Energy Incentive Program (PROINFA), are crucial, but the lack of clarity in the joint implementation makes it difficult to replicate initiatives. The management of MSW is the responsibility of municipalities, while energy planning is the responsibility of the Union, and the absence of clear guidelines and specific funding contributes to limited results. Projects such as those of ASJA and FURNAS show progress, but the greater dissemination of these projects requires integrated public policies and a normative framework that aligns the efforts of various actors to maximize the efficiency and benefits of using MSW in power generation. Conclusion: In conclusion, the energy use of solid urban waste (MSW) in Brazil offers environmental and social benefits, but is not sufficient to expand the supply of electricity in the long term. Existing public policies are important, but their effectiveness is limited by the lack of clarity in implementation and by the division of responsibilities between municipalities and the Union. Projects such as those of ASJA and FURNAS show progress, but greater dissemination and effectiveness require integrated public policies and a normative framework that aligns the efforts of the various players to optimize the use of MSW in power generation.

Selection of renewable energy development path for sustainable development using a fuzzy MCDM based on cumulative prospect theory: the case of Malaysia

Malaysia's excessive energy consumption has led to the depletion of traditional energy reserves such as oil and natural gas. Although Malaysia has implemented multiple policies to achieve sustainable national energy development, the current results are unsatisfactory. As of 2022, only 2% of the country's electricity supply comes from renewable energy, which accounts for less than 30% of the energy structure. Malaysia must ensure energy security and diversified energy supply while ensuring sustainable energy development. This article uses the fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making(MCDM) method based on cumulative prospect theory to help decision-makers choose the most suitable renewable energy for sustainable development in Malaysia from four dimensions of technology, economy, society, and environment. The results show that solar power is the most suitable renewable energy for sustainable development, followed by biomass, wind, and hydropower, but the optimal alternative is sensitive to the prospect parameters. Finally, it was analyzed that efficiency, payback period, employment creation, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are the most critical factors affecting the development of renewable energy in Malaysia under the four dimensions. Reasonable suggestions are proposed from policy review, green finance, public awareness, engineering education, and future energy. This research provides insightful information that can help Malaysian decision-makers scientifically formulate Sustainable development paths for renewable energy, analyze the problems encountered in the current stage of renewable energy development, and provide recommendations for Malaysia's future renewable energy transition and sustainable development.

On the inter-annual variability of wind energy generation – A case study from Germany

The intermittent and stochastic nature of the wind resource complicates constant electricity supply in countries with high wind energy share in the electricity mix. Therefore, the goal of this study was to quantify the inter-annual variability of wind energy generation on the national scale by estimating upper and lower limits of annual wind energy generation (WEG). A novel methodology was developed and is presented for Germany, where onshore wind energy already accounts for more than 15% of net electricity consumption. First, a comprehensive wind turbine data set was produced including all onshore wind turbines operating in 2017. Next, the wind speed-wind shear model (WSWS) was used to reconstruct the high spatial resolution (200 m × 200 m) annual wind speed distributions in the wind turbine hub height range 30–179 m above ground level in the period 1979–2017. By using wind turbine-specific power curves, the annual wind energy yield was calculated for each wind turbine. It was summed up for the entire country, yielding WEG. Then, 16 theoretical distributions were fitted to WEG. From the fitted distributions, long-term return values of WEG were calculated. In a 100-year period (probability 98%), WEG lies between 67 and 112 TWh/yr and the annual greenhouse gas mitigation potential varies between 45.6 and 76.3 Mio. tCO2-equiv. under current climate. The great WEG-range emphasizes the importance of considering upper and lower WEG-limits for ensuring constant electricity supply at the national scale.

Viability of using different types of main oil pipelines pump drives

The choice of the pumping units' drive of main oil pipelines is of great importance both for design of pipelines and for modernization of existing ones. At the beginning of oil pipeline transport development, due to the limited number and types of energy sources, the choice was not difficult. The combustion energy of the pumped product was often the only available energy resource for its transportation. In this regard, the pipelines that had autonomous energy sources favorably differed from other energy consumers in the sector. With the passage of time, with the development of the country's electricity supply system, the electric drive for power-line equipment of oil pipelines becomes the dominant type of a pumping station drive. Nowadays, the traditional component is an essential factor when choosing some type of the drive. For many years, oil companies have been using electric drives for pumps, while gas transport enterprises prefer self-contained gas turbines.

Electricity and growth nexus dynamics in Singapore : Fresh insights based on wavelet approach

This study examines the empirical relationship of electricity generation (EGEN) and economic growth (IPI) in Singapore by using the flexible properties of the wavelet approach. This innovative technique allows the decomposition of time-series across time scales. In this study, we used continuous wavelet transform, cross wavelet and wavelet coherence ratios to investigate the relationship between EGEN and IPI by using the monthly data from 1983(1) to 2016(1). Results of autoregressive distributed lag and Johansen Juselius cointegration tests show that there is a significant long-run relationship the mentioned variables in Singapore. Furthermore, results indicate that there is a unidirectional causal relationship running from EGEN to IPI in the long run while a bidirectional causal interplays are depicted between the of EGEN on IPI in medium run. Thus it can be recommended that government needs to increase electricity generation and further providing and nurturing the expansion of electricity supply in country which will ultimately benefits the economic growth.

Future of Lithuanian energy system: Electricity import or local generation?

Lithuania's electricity import share compared to consumption is one of the highest among the European countries. The newly constructed inter-system power links connecting Lithuania to Swedish and Polish power systems will widen the low-cost electricity import possibilities. The electricity markets of the entire region (Baltic, Nordic, Poland and Germany) will make significant influence on the development of Lithuanian power sector through the electricity prices established in these markets. The long-term development options of the Lithuanian energy sector were analysed. The alternative of high imports is the most attractive longterm option to supply electricity looking from the economical point of view but creates security of electricity supply concerns. In this relation different measures to increase the country's electricity supply security and their costs to electricity consumers have been analysed through the special design of scenarios analysed. The alternative of “Installed capacities” is recommended which means that the requirement to maintain the necessary installed capacities in the country is set. Such scenario will allow Lithuania's energy consumers to benefit from the low electricity prices in the neighbouring markets and have possibility to generate power locally, in case the electricity import is not possible or too costly.

Electricity sector transformation in New Zealand: A sustainability assessment approach

New Zealand has a long history in producing a major part of its electricity from low-carbon resources. A major transition from a state owned and operated electricity sector to an open electricity market model and the policies adopted during this period have shaped the generation mix of New Zealand to its current form. Currently, domestic fossil fuel resources offer opportunity for economic growth, while renewable energy resources are significant and present opportunities for green growth in both domestic and global markets. What is particular about the New Zealand case is the “middle out” approach of the national renewable energy strategy, rather than the common top-down approach of many other countries. Consenting is done on a case by case basis at regional level, allowing for wide community and stakeholder participation. This paper describes the transitions in the electricity sector and renewable energy policy of New Zealand, and presents an assessment using sustainability indicators to study the impact of this transition on the level of sustainability of the country's electricity supply system. Although the electricity mix has seen a transition from hydropower towards gas, geothermal, and wind energy, there has been no significant change in the overall sustainability index of the New Zealand electricity supply. This is because the system remains based on renewable sources and gas, which scores relatively high in the model we have applied. Using the country-specific values for the indicators would give a more reliable model to assess the sustainability of the electricity system in detail from its economic, social, and environmental aspects.

English

Short-term load forecasting (STLF) plays an essential role in the economic system and save the country's electricity supply. In this paper, are used a neural network with genetic learning algorithm for forecasting the electric power load of Khorasan area in Iran. Because the importance of neural network inputs, select the optimal inputs is deducted errors system. Consumption load is a nonlinear function of various factors such as weather conditions and periodic changes. This paper proposed a new variable together with the data load and temperature parameters for the problem of STLF. The variable obtained from the load curves and effect of periodic changes. The obtained results indicate that the proposed variable is effective for forecasting the short term load in electric power systems Keywords—Short-term load forecast, Neural Network, Genetic algorithm. I. I ntro d uct io n Load forecasting is an important part of management of electric power systems. Power supply planning is a major objective of short-term load forecasting. High forecast error is concluded large loss in safe economical operation in the power system.

A Review on Solar Powered Air Conditioning System

The twenty first century is rapidly becoming the perfect energy storm, modern society is faced with volatile energy prices and growing environmental concerns as well as energy supply and security issues. One of the greatest challenges facing mankind in the twenty first century is energy. Fossil fuels such as coal, petroleum and natural gas have been the main energy resources for everything vital for human society. The burning of fossil fuels has caused and is causing damage to the environment of earth. By 2050 the demand for energy could double or even triple as the global population grows and developing countries expand their economies. This has already raised concerns over potential supply difficulties, depletion of energy resources and expediting environmental impacts like ozone layer depletion, global warming and climate change etc. The most abundant energy resource available to human society is solar energy. The utilization of solar energy is as old as human history. Among various types of renewable energy resources, solar energy is the least utilized. Air conditioning is essential for maintaining thermal comfort in indoor environments, particularly for hot and humid climates. Today, air conditioning comprising cooling and dehumidification has become a necessity in commercial and residential buildings and industrial processes. During the summer, the demand for electricity greatly increases because of the extensive use of air-conditioning systems. This is a source of major problems in the country's electricity supply and contributes to an increase of CO2 emissions causing the environmental pollution and global warming. On the other hand, vapour compression air conditioning systems have impacts on stratospheric ozone depletion because of the chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and the hydro fluorocarbon (HCFC) refrigerants. The use of solar energy to drive cooling cycles is attractive since the cooling load is roughly in phase with solar energy availability. To cool with solar thermal energy, one solution is to use an absorption chillier using water and lithium bromide solution. Solar air conditioning systems help to minimize fossil fuel energy use. Among the evolving energy efficient air conditioning technologies are liquid desiccant air conditioning (LDAC) systems, which have showed promising performance during the past decades and are believed to be a strong competitor with the widely used conventional air conditioning systems (CAC). Desiccant evaporation cooling technology is environmental friendly and can be used to condition the indoor environment of buildings. Unlike conventional air conditioning systems, the desiccant air conditioning systems can be driven by low grade heat sources such as solar energy and industrial waste heat. In this study, a focus is made on reduction in Air Conditioning capacity, fuel savings and emission reductions attainable through the use of solar energy.

Two of a Kind: Lessons from Tunisian Independent Power Projects

This paper narrates the experience of Tunisia's two independent power projects (IPPs), which were developed as part of the country's electricity supply industry reforms. Although both plants use gas as their primary energy, the two projects vary in size, fuel supply arrangements, power purchase agreements and the legal frameworks under which they were developed. With Rades II, the country's first IPP, loans have been indexed to multiple currencies and, to date, charges to the utility remain affordable. This is partly due to the fact that the Tunisian dinar (TND) has been relatively stable since the inception of the contracts—unlike in other emerging economies where currency devaluations have resulted in significant increases in charges. With El Biban, the country's second IPP, fuel supply problems have interrupted production for extended periods, impacting on overall plant performance and revenue. Although the loss in revenue is threatening the financial viability of the plant, it does not have a significant impact on the off-taker and national utility for the following reason. El Biban represents less than 1 per cent of the country's installed capacity with no guaranteed availability in terms of its contract with the off-taker. Still the plant is crucial in understanding Tunisia's overall experience as well as particularly relevant to other countries throughout Africa, such as Nigeria and Tanzania, which have developed power plants as part of a larger gas infrastructure project.

The representation of variable hydro potential in long-range electricity planning models

The long-range planning of electricity supply in countries for which hydro power constitutes a sizeable proportion of total capacity should take into account the effects of variable hydro inflow. Fluctuations occur in the water intake to storage lakes from year to year; reserve generating capacity is required to ensure that demand can still be met in years of low water intake. The least cost choice for reserve capacity must take into account not only the capital costs of generating capacity but also the extra fuel and operating costs, the latter costs being incurred only when water intake is low. This paper describes an LP model of the long-range planning problem in which the effects of both low water inflows and high water inflows are included. The formulation used to represent these variable elements in the model was designed to minimise the number of additional constraints required.