Planning In Developing Countries Research Articles

Rapid identification of flood-prone settlements in the Eastern Mediterranean Basin in Turkey

Territories and settlements in low plains are at risk of flooding. Therefore, determining the areas at risk of flooding before preparing city plans or country development plans is essential. The number of hydrological models is increasing day by day; on the other hand, the solution of these models requires too many parameters. Long-term measurements are required to perform flood analysis with these models. However, in some regions, data from previous years may not always be available. Therefore, a method that enables the determination of flood-prone areas in a short time based on historical records is proposed in the current study. In the current study, the Eastern Mediterranean basin has an area of 21,682 km2 was examined. Using geographic information system (GIS) and the current population information (growth trend) as well as evaluating the historical process and archival records, 157 flood-prone settlement areas were identified. Different flood scenarios were examined and settlement areas that needed to be further examined by modeling were digitized. We aimed to create a base for basin-based flood modeling and to provide information about flood-prone areas to local administrators for national and local plans.

Financial literacy of technical university students: self-assessment of the state and dynamics of its development

Introduction. In the context of the rapid development of digital financial technologies, an increase in banking services and fraudulent schemes, the problem of a low level of financial illiteracy among the population is becoming acute. Proper management of your own finances is useful knowledge that will help you achieve financial well-being and stability. Poor understanding of trends in the global economy and country development plans; response to advertising without critical thinking, recalculation of numbers, inability to see hidden commissions and other negative factors leading to loss of capital, all this is the reason for the formation of financial competence of the younger generation. The purpose of the study is to analyze technical university students’ self-assessment of their financial literacy. Materials and methods. The research material was based on survey data from 230 students of the Stupino branch of the Moscow Aviation Institute (Russian Federation). Statistical differences were assessed using the χ²-Pearson goodness-of-fit test. Results. It was revealed that digitalization and lockdown contributed to increasing the motivation of technical university students to master financial literacy: 99.1% of students use financial services, 76.1% of respondents are aimed at increasing their level of financial literacy and are ready to gain knowledge as part of the course program (54.3%) or through the introduction of a separate subject (36.1%) and only 9.6% of respondents believe that studying personal finance management issues at the university is maximized. The analysis showed that in a comparative analysis of respondents’ answers in 2020 and 2023, statistical differences are significant (χ²obs > χ²cr) for almost all questions of the second module. Thus, the observed value of the Pearson criterion χ²obs = 7.33 exceeds the critical value χ²cr = 3.84 at the significance level α = 0.05 by almost two times for questions about the key rate of the Central Bank. Students are interested in the discount rate, understanding its role in solving financial issues. For the group of issues related to investing in financial markets, statistical differences are also significant (χ²obs = 27.8 при χ²cr = 11.07, α = 0.05). Respondents in 2023 are showing greater interest in trends in the stock, foreign exchange and other markets. There are also significant statistical differences in the group of questions about acquiring knowledge in the field of financial literacy (χ²obs = 22.79, χ²cr = 5.99 at a significance level of α = 0.05). Engineering students surveyed in 2023 are ready to study personal finance management in college. Conclusion. The study showed the feasibility of introducing elective classes on financial literacy at a university, where innovative approaches using quest technologies, master classes, and intellectual and entertaining quizzes can help engineering students overcome gaps in managing their own finances.

Integrated coastal zone management in Colombia: 25 years of implementing an environmental planning policy

Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) emerged as a strategy ecosystem approach for management seas and coasts, responding to international agreements such as the Convention on Biological Diversity with the Jakarta Mandate and the Convention on Climate Change. Colombia, located in the northern part of South America with coasts on the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, has institutionally adopted the ICZM for 25 years, establishing definitions, procedures, and instruments. The purpose of this work is to analyse the implementation of the ICZM in Colombia, as well as to identify future actions, considering the lessons learned. A participatory diagnosis was carried out using the Delfi method and an analysis of ICZM progress indicators. It was found that the implementation of the policy has been carried out through applied scientific research in order to build the methodology known (COLMIZC), which has become a reference for Latin America and is widely discussed in comparison to regional advances. The ICZM process has made it possible to consolidate a public policy, giving it relevance within the environmental agenda and the country's development plans. However, the creation of other political instruments that have not been well articulated with environmental policy has led to uncoordinated actions. Colombia has advanced conceptually and methodologically in the configuration of a political and regulatory framework. It is important to strengthen capacities in institutions and communities to provide local interventions with national and global impact. It is a priority to coordinate with the territorial authorities and influence sectoral planning.

Mainstreaming Climate Change into EIA Process in Nigeria: Perspectives from Projects in Northern Nigeria

The persistent issue of drought in Northern Nigeria is exacerbated by the reduction in precipitation and rise in temperature. Nigeria is being impacted by climate change in diverse ways, necessitating the immediate implementation of proactive measures to tackle its challenges. It is crucial to integrate adaptation and mitigation into the country's development plans. The objective of the study is to identify current practices, gaps, and opportunities for incorporating climate change into the EIA framework; and the integration of climate change considerations into the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process from projects in Northern Nigeria. The study assesses various criteria in EIA reports, such as vulnerability assessments, climate projections, adaptation measures, stakeholder engagement, and policy compliance. A self-created questionnaire titled "Mainstreaming Climate Change within EIA" was utilized to collect data. The questionnaire was designed with an interactive format, divided into three main categories (Category A, B, C). It was conducted between February and April 2022, with 400 potential volunteers receiving electronic and hard copies of questionnaires, resulting in 127 valid responses. The findings from five EIA reports of projects in Northern Nigeria revealed significant gaps in addressing climate change, including limited attention to vulnerability and risk assessments, inadequate reporting of adaptation measures, and insufficient stakeholder engagement. Key stakeholder interviews conducted support the relevance and significance of incorporating climate change adaptation skills into the EIA process. However, the study contends that in order for stakeholders to accept mainstreaming climate change mitigation and adaptation, institutional and policy changes are needed.

Membangun Komunikasi antara Agama dan Pembangunan

Development communication, in essence, is communication carried out to implement a country's development plan, so that development messages reach the wider community. Not only communication, religion also has a very strategic role for the success of a development, especially as a spiritual, moral, and ethical basis in the development of a country.

The current state of sustainable development and its prospects in Kazakhstan

In the article, the authors considered the current state of the country's sustainable development and its prospects. Task statement: conducting research research in the field of sustainable development of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the present stage of development. The purpose of the study. In the context of a rapidly changing reality, crises in the world, the COVID-19 pandemic, the Sustainable Development Goals are becoming particularly relevant in the country's development plans. The main purpose of the study is to analyze the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals in Kazakhstan and their coverage in the state planning system. Today in Kazakhstan, the implementation and achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals is regularly monitored by representatives of the UN and the Government of Kazakhstan. As a result of the analysis, it was revealed that one of Kazakhstan’s main advantages is a well-established and structured system in national planning: about 79.9% of the Sustainable Development Goals are reflected in the official planning system in Kazakhstan. It was also revealed that there is no hunger problem in the country, and the prevalence of malnutrition is at a relatively low level compared to other countries in the world. It is worth noting that one of the important tasks in the field includes digitalization and innovations in the country that have changed the traditional way of the country's population life: in Kazakhstan, digital technologies and strategic innovations cover all levels in the educational sector, the process of digitalization affects the process of industrial sector digitization and the agro-industrial complex.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE MEDIA ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF DOMESTIC TOURISM IN THE ANCIENT CITY OF UR: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF A SAMPLE OPINION OF TOURISTS

The increasing role of the media in supporting the national development plans of countries is not hidden, especially in the field of tourism, which is one of the most important economic resources that helps in maximizing revenues. The tremendous technology in the field of communication techniques, and this research came to shed light on the role of media in the sustainable tourism development process through three sections. Sustainable tourism development, and the research reached a set of conclusions, the most important of which are: 1 - The tourism media has a great ability to change people's cultures, and this influence is coupled with the tourism services provided on the ground. 2- The principle of tourism development and achieving its sustainability is a basic requirement in the field of tourism because of its peculiarities that distinguish it from other sectors

Display Of Zoning Diameter According To The Distance Approach On Separate Organizatiom Zoning Islands

In our country, activities are carried out under the title of zoning studies in order to make an area suitable for holistic living standards. There is a hierarchy in the formation of zoning plans from the upper scale of the country development plans to the lower scale, which are the implementation zoning plans. Along with this hierarchy, in the 1/1000 zoning plans, especially the people living in a region, housing, shopping, social activity, etc. zoning islands are determined within the zoning boundaries determined to meet the needs. Zoning islands can have different building regulations, precedent or building heights. There are possible building regulations within the zoning boundaries, where there may be different types of sitting areas, such as split, block and adjacent basis. On the other hand, the form of a separate zoning island is that the garden-looking building session is given in the middle without being attached to a depth or to the façade. The process of granting construction permits to the existing zoning parcels in the zoning islands, whose identities are determined by this building regulation, is the zoning scale. Zoning diameters, planned areas are given within the framework of type zoning regulations and plan notes. The zoning diameter is given according to the precedent, height and building order of the island. Distance method, on the other hand, is the process of creating the right residential area with the drawing rules of convex shapes, such as square or rectangular, according to the geometric condition of the parcel, in order to be able to give construction permits to the clean zoning parcels in the relevant zoning islands. In our study, it has been tried to show how the settlement areas at the base can be given, which building order, which precedent and how to apply the process to the convex parcels with the distance approach.

Renewable energy output in sub Saharan Africa

In most Sub Saharan African countries renewable energy has been part of the energy mix balance-sheet for quite a long time. However, the share of total primary energy from renewable sources have declined over time despite significant investment into the sector in the last decade. This paper pierce the veil of the energy sector to unearth the underlying factors driving renewable energy output in the region using a panel data of 32 SSA countries from 1990 to 2015. The study rely on the Driscoll-Kraay estimator to correct the problem of cross sectional dependence and serial correlation in the model. Findings from the study point to the underlying factors of renewable energy output in Co2 emissions per capita, income per capita, oil prices, trade openness, natural resource rents, urbanization, population growth rate, and climatic stress. The study proposes policies that incorporates environmental awareness in the national development plans of countries; increasing renewable energy consumption among the middle class; encourage regional renewable energy grid sharing; implementing and expanding the feed-in-tariff system; and granting tax incentives to companies that seek to invest and develop the renewable energy sector in the region.

Understanding transportation prerequisites to be integrated with urban development in developing countries: Iran as a Case

Transit Oriented Development (TOD), as an integrated transportation and land use policy and practice, was given attention in recent decades to (re)formulate urban areas worldwide. Amongst different TOD planning dimensions at play in, the transportation design and policies tend to basically form the backbone of TODs, since a multimodal sustainable movement — public transportation (PT) for long trips as well as non-motorized transportation (NMT) for short ones — is on the agenda. Although it is agreed that TOD can provide even greater benefits than in wealthier countries in long term, developing countries (DCs) are characterized with specific transport-related issues such as vexing congestion, inadequate PT infrastructure, financial obstacles, etc., that should be dealt with to deliver successful integrated TOD projects. In this regards, the present study sheds further lights on the transportation prerequisites of transit oriented urban planning in DCs. First, a systematic review of global literature provided a set of transportation dimensions integrated with urban development. Due to the recent national policies on TOD, Iran was selected as a case and a set of semi-structured interviews was conducted with Iranian urban and transport planners along with government officials in April-June 2019. The results showed that although there are some favorable conditions to TOD developments in Iran e.g., amalgamated transportation and urban development ministries, urban transportation is hindered by pro-car policies such as subsidized fuel price and lack of multi-modal infrastructure in comparison with the best practices in such DCs as Curitiba. The findings have also implications for transportation policymakers, city officials, planners, and interested readers and practitioners in Iran and other DCs interested in TOD.

An application of machine learning on corporate tax avoidance detection model

Corporate tax avoidance reduces government revenues which could limit country development plans. Thus, the main objectives of this study is to establish a rigorous and effective model to detect corporate tax avoidance to assist government to prevent such practice. This paper presents the fundamental knowledge on the design and implementation of machine learning model based on five selected algorithms tested on the real dataset of 3,365 Malaysian companies listed on bursa Malaysia from 2005 to 2015. The performance of each machine learning algorithms on the tested dataset has been observed based on two approaches of training. The accuracy score for each algorithm is better with the cross-validation training approach. Additionationally, with the cross-validation training approach, the performances of each machine learning algorithm were tested on different group of features selection namely industry, governance, year and firm characteristics. The findings indicated that the machine learning models present better reliability with industry, governance and firm characteristics features rather than single year determinant mainly with the Random Forest and Logistic Regression algorithms.

الآثار الاقتصادیة للفساد على التنمیة الاقتصادیة والیات مکافحته

الملخص العربى الفساد يعد سببا رئيسيا لانتشار مشکلات اجتماعية وسياسية واقتصادية فهو ظاهرة اجتماعية ترتبط بکل أوجه المجتمع مما يتطلب جهودا دولية لمکافحته، فالفساد موجود في کل القطاعات الحکومية والخاصة من خلال السيطرة الشخصية أواحتکار الخدمات وغيرها ويشکل الفساد عقبة أمام النشاط الاقتصادي ويؤثر سلبا في دوائر الأعمال والاستثمار والنمو الاقتصادي ويدفع إلى التخلف، لذلک تناولنا في هذا البحث الفساد وإنعکاساته علي خطط التنمية الاقتصادية للدول من خلال التعرف علي ماهية الفساد وأنواعه ومؤشرات الفساد وأثره علي التنمية الاقتصادية للدول وتناولنا آليات مکافحة الفساد من خلال نشر الوعي العام بين أفراد المجتمع بمخاطر الفساد وضرورة مکافحته والحرص على اختيار ذوي الکفاءات لشغل الوظائف العامة والخاصة و العدل في توزيع الرواتب والمستحقات (المساواة بين الأجر والإنتاجية و تفعيل دور الأجهزة الرقابية والتنظيمية و الملاحقة التشريعية والقضائية للفساد. الملخص الانجليزى : Corruption is a major cause of the spread of social, political and economic problems, as it is a social phenomenon that represents all aspects of society, which requires international efforts to combat it. Corruption exists in all governmental and private sectors through personal control or the monopoly of services and others, and corruption constitutes an obstacle to economic activity and negatively affects the business and investment circles and economic growth and drives backwardness, so we discussed corruption in this research and its repercussions on the economic development plans of countries by identifying what corruption is And its types and indicators of corruption and its impact on the economic development of countries and we dealt with anti-corruption mechanisms. We dealt with the mechanisms of combating corruption by spreading public awareness among members of society about the dangers of corruption and the need to combat it, and to ensure the selection of qualified people to occupy public and private jobs and justice in the distribution of salaries and benefits (equality between wages and productivity, activating the role of oversight and regulatory agencies, and legislative and judicial prosecution of corruption.

Sustainable tourism and its impact on hotel costs (Karbala hotels with sample study)

The tourism industry has experienced continuous growth over the past three decades, whether in terms of inputs or the number of tourists, which had economic, social and environmental impacts that affected all parts of the world, and tourism activity generates significant economic benefits to countries hosting tourists and countries that send them . and despite the positive aspects of tourism, it constitutes a major source of pollution and an imbalance of environmental balance, which threatens the future development plans of countries, and thus sustainability and environmental responsibility have become an essential in any economic activity, especially in the areas of growth The service sectors that can gain the economy an international competitive advantage through the exploitation of natural resources, environmental, humanity, and local culture resources that are fixed and specific capital for each region, and to preserve these resources by activating exploitative systems that adapt to the quality of the industry on the one hand and the quality of these resources on the one hand Another is to achieve the desired local development .. and tourism can contribute greatly to protect the environment, preserving biodiversity and using natural resources in a sustainable manner, and realizing the economic importance of tourism and its positive effects on individuals and societies may increase From awareness of the value of environmental and cultural resources that constitute important assets and essential elements in the development of tourism.

Safety and nature versus tourists, athlets and residents in Sagarmatha National Park Nepal

The subject of this publication is Sagarmatha National Park located in Nepal, along with the consequences of its popularity among all worlds and the effects of using the environment on selected specific cases. The main purpose of the work is to illustrate the included natural and social conditions as well as the state and perspectives for the development of operational functions in the park. The economic situation of the country will also be presented, taking into account the conditions conducive to the development of inbound tourism.High mountains have now become one of the main collections of scientific research. One of the reasons is the intensive transformation available from the mass nature of qualified tourism or mountain climbing. The world has entered the multifaceted era of 'tourism'. The natural values of the environment are currently covered by one of the basic elements of the supply of the harvest. Man cannot be chased from the mountains! It is necessary to include his harmonized sport, tourism and economic interests with nature protection. Tourism supported and contributes to the development of various forms of nature and environmental protection, which are the first national parks and nature reserves: Yellowstone in the USA founded in 1872, the Royal National Park in Australia founded by the British in modern colonies in 1879 or the second historical Banff National Park in Canada created in 1885. Contemporary forms of environmental protection originate from the romantic west over wild nature and associated with progressive industrialization in the nineteenth century destroying natural ecosystems on an unprecedented scale. Although the ideas of nature protection may already be sought in antiquity for activities that will then be related to religious worship. In China, the first laws on nature protection were announced 4,000 years ago, and in India about 3,000 years ago. The declaration on the protection of forest resources was issued in 1671 by the Danish King Christian V, and 34 years later also by Russian Tsar Peter I. In Poland, the first symptoms of care for forest resources concern the place in 1337, during the reign of Casimir the Great, when he announced statutes prohibiting logging in other people's forests. Conscious protection of the disappearing species in the form of royal law takes place at the end of the 16th century, which provisions protect the forced turns as a result of cutting out large tracts of forests.In Nepal, ecological awareness of the power elites and local people has matured for a long time. Robbery of forest management was widely used, wood for fuel or land was obtained for arable crops. It wasn't until the mid-1960s that King Mahendra issued the first laws on nature protection and provided for penalties for its destruction. The descendant and heir to the throne of King Mahendra - Birendra permanently introduced the protection of natural resources to the country's development plans and in the first year of his reign (1973) he issued the Act on National Parks and Nature Conservation, which took care of a number of animal species and established the first Royal Chitwan National Park. In subsequent years, new national parks and reserves were created in naturally valuable areas. There are 8 national parks in Nepal. The protected areas cover a total of 13% of the area.The inspiration to write this study was data analysis and own observation of both the natural resources of the Sagarmatha National Park, as well as the attitude to the natural environment of its inhabitants as well as athletes and tourists.

Exploratory scoping of the literature on factors that influence oral health workforce planning and management in developing countries.

The purpose of this study was to scope the literature that exists about factors influencing oral health workforce planning and management in developing countries (DCs). The Arksey and O'Malley method for conducting a scoping review was used. A replicable search strategy was applied, using three databases. Factors influencing oral health workforce planning and management in DCs identified in the eligible articles were charted. Four thousand citations were identified; 41 papers were included for review. Most included papers were situational analyses. Factors identified were as follows: lack of data, focus on the restorative rather than preventive care in practitioner education, recent increase in number of dental schools (mostly private) and dentistry students, privatization of dental care services which has little impact on care maldistribution, and debates about skill mix and scope of practice. Oral health workforce management in the eligible studies has a bias towards dentist-led systems. Due to a lack of country-specific oral health related data in developing or least developed countries (LDCs), oral health workforce planning often relies on data and modelling from other countries. Approaches to oral health workforce management and planning in developing or LDCs are often characterized by approaches to increase numbers of dentists, thus not ameliorating maldistribution of service accessibility. Governments appear to be reducing support for public and preventative oral healthcare, favouring growth in privatized dental services. Changes to professional education are necessary to trigger a paradigm shift to the preventive approach and to improve relationships between different oral healthcare provider roles. This needs to be premised on greater appreciation of preventive care in health systems and funding models.

A Study on Introduction of Drone Delivery Service Policies and Development Plans in Countries

A Study on Introduction of Drone Delivery Service Policies and Development Plans in Countries

Good governance strategies for sustainable ecotourism in Tanzania

This article assesses the role of good governance strategies in sustaining ecotourism. Using a qualitative method through exploratory research design, 18 good governance strategies that promote sustainable ecotourism were identified. Thereafter, a specific stakeholder survey (n = 250) was conducted in the eastern and northern tourist circuits in Tanzania. Through the discrete choice binary logit model, relationships between the identified strategies and specified ecotourism sustainability indicators were analysed by looking for the strategies that are more associated with each indicator. The findings show that sustainability of ecotourism in the country is mainly jeopardised by inadequate transparency, poor accountability practices and weak integration mechanisms between ecotourism operations and the country's development plans. As a result, poor governance has led to unproductive planning, inefficiencies and mismanagement of ecotourism resources. The study concluded by recommending accountability, transparency and integration between economic activities in order to ensure that ecotourism meets the needs of both current and future generations.

High prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths in Southern Belize-highlighting opportunity for control interventions

To assess prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminths (STH) in school age children of two southern districts as baseline information prior to implement a deworming program against intestinal parasites as part of an integrated country development plan. Children randomly selected from urban and rural schools in Southern Belize provided one stool sample each, analysed by the Kato-Katz method to assess prevalence and intensity of STH infections. Epi Info software was used for data analysis; Chi-square test and Fischer exact test were applied to compare group proportions; P<0.05 was considered of statistical significance; descriptive statistics were expressed as percentages. A total of 500 children from 10 schools participated in the study from May to December 2005. Prevalence of STH ranged between 40% and 82% among schools, with a median of 59.2%; the majority of light intensity, and with 2.2% high intensity infection. Trichuris and Ascaris infections presented similar frequency in children aged from 6 to 9 years old; hookworm infections tended to be more frequent in the older group 10 to 12 years old. Statistical significances (P≤0.01) were found in children in rural schools infected with any species of STH, in moderate Trichuris infections, in hookworm infections in rural areas with strong Mayan presence and in Ascaris infections in children of Mayan origin. High prevalence of STH in Southern Belize provided sound ground for implementing an integrated deworming control program.

Research on the effectiveness of information technology in reducing the Rural–Urban Knowledge Divide

To strengthen the information technology skills of students living in remote areas, the Ministry of Education of Taiwan advocated the 2008 Country Development Plan to diminish the gap between urban and rural education development. This study proposes a hypothetical model to evaluate the effectiveness of the government policy in decreasing the Rural–Urban Knowledge Divide in higher education. There were 427 participants in this study. From the research results, we found that the government policy had a significant impact on reducing the Rural–Urban Knowledge Divide in higher education, and it demonstrated that most hypotheses were supported. Finally, as a virtual teacher or classroom for students living in rural areas, this research provides several suggestions as strategies in building up prospective resources for a Digital Opportunity Center or e-learning environment beneficial for both rural and urban students.

Evaluation of climate change impacts on energy demand

Although previous climate change research has documented the effects of linking mitigation and adaptation in the energy sector, there is still a lack of integrated assessment, particularly at national level. This paper may contribute to fill this gap, identifying the interactions between climate change and the energy demand in Macedonia.The analyses are conducted using the MARKAL (MARKet ALlocation)-Macedonia model, with a focus on energy demand in commercial and residential sectors (mainly for heating and cooling). Three different cases are developed: 1) Base Case, which gives the optimal electricity production mix, taking into account country's development plans (without climate change); 2) Climate Change Damage Case, which introduces the climate changes by adjusting the heating and cooling degree days inputs, consistent with the existing national climate scenarios; and 3) Climate Change Adaptation Case, in which the optimal electricity generation mix is determined by allowing for endogenous capacity adjustments in the model. This modeling exercise will identify the changes in the energy demand and in electricity generation mix in the Adaptation Case, as well as climate change damages and benefits of the adaptation.