Country's Defense Research Articles

Formation of the TNI Cyber Force: A Strategic and Policy Analysis

The increasing cyber threats in Indonesia require strengthening the country's defense strategy. This study focuses on the formation of the Indonesian National Army (TNI) Cyber Force as part of efforts to strengthen the country's cyber security in facing increasingly complex threats. The purpose of this study is to analyze the policy and strategy for the formation of the TNI Cyber Force and evaluate the synergy between institutions, especially with the National Cyber ​​and Crypto Agency (BSSN). This study uses a qualitative method with a secondary data analysis approach, including reports from Fortinet, AwanPintar.id, and national policy documents related to cybersecurity. The research findings show that the TNI Cyber Force has a crucial role in protecting Indonesia's critical infrastructure from the threat of botnets, ransomware, and other cyber-attacks. The synergy between the TNI and BSSN is key to building an effective cyber defense system. Although there has been an increase in cyber readiness, this study found that challenges still exist, including in terms of human resources and the technology used. In conclusion, the formation of the TNI Cyber Force is an important step in dealing with cyber threats, but there needs to be further strengthening in cross-sector coordination and adoption of the latest technology.

Defense Policy: A Look at Bilateral Cooperation

Indonesia's friendship with Russia has existed for more than seven decades. As a country with the second largest military force in the world, Russia has always been willing to assist Indonesia in realizing the country's defence and security. The article aims to review Indonesia's cooperative relationship with Russia, especially in defence. Using the literature study method, an understanding is produced that to realize the independence of defence equipment, the Indonesian government needs to increase defence cooperation with the Russian government. At least several reasons are behind it. First, historically, Indonesia's relationship with Russia has been very close. Russia positions Indonesia as a strategic partner. This condition allows Russia to not easily impose an embargo on weapons and weapon parts to Indonesia. Second, from an economic perspective, the price of weapons sold by Russia is relatively cheaper with the same quality and reliability, even more so than weapons from other country manufacturers. And third, there is a Russian commitment to transfer technology to support the independence of Indonesia's defence equipment

Концептуальні засади визначення ефективності виконання завдань і заходів державних цільових програм розвитку для підвищення ефективності управління автомобільними дорогами

Introduction. Effective functioning of road transport is only possible when the quantitative growth, quality level, and technical condition of roads meet the demands of road transport. This combination of road network characteristics can only be achieved with adequate funding to implement all planned works. Investments in road infrastructure can become a catalyst for economic recovery and growth, as they will improve logistics capabilities, reduce freight and passenger transportation costs, and enhance regional competitiveness. Problem Statement. In the first decades of independence, the road industry faced chronic underfunding, which negatively affected its development. The situation worsened with the full-scale military aggression of the Russian Federation in 2024. According to the World Bank's “Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment (RDNA3)” report, post-war recovery needs for public roads and bridges alone are estimated at around USD 28.8 billion. For the rapid and quality restoration and development of Ukraine, this issue is critically important, as the state of the roads affects transportation costs, prices, employment levels, and the overall pace of economic development. Furthermore, the full-scale invasion by the Russian Federation raises questions about ensuring reliable logistics routes, prompt transportation of humanitarian aid, and the country's defense capabilities.

До проблеми визначення пройденого шляху для розрахування плати за проїзд автомобільними дорогами

Introduction. Various contactless vehicle identification systems on public roads are widely used in global practice. They solve a wide range of problems, from tracking traffic flows and collecting tolls for road usage to designating parking spots and digital identification. A key role in implementing the state's transportation strategy is played by the development of transport infrastructure, the most crucial component of which is the public road network of national importance. This network has suffered damage due to the full-scale invasion by the Russian Federation. The network is vital for the country's defense logistics, industrial and agricultural efficiency, and ensuring adequate societal communication. The main source of road infrastructure funding is the Road Fund, formed from revenues from excise duties and import tariffs on petroleum products, as well as excise duties and import tariffs on vehicles and tires imported into Ukraine.

MILITARY PATRIOTISM AS A HIGH MORAL-SPIRITUAL AND SOCIO-CULTURAL VALUE

Military patriotism, as a subset of broader patriotic sentiment, plays a crucial role in shaping the moral-spiritual and socio-cultural fabric of a nation. It embodies the commitment of individuals to their country's defense and sovereignty, reflecting deep-seated values of loyalty, courage, and self-sacrifice. This article explores the multifaceted nature of military patriotism, analyzing its significance as a high moral-spiritual and socio-cultural value. The discussion is grounded in theoretical perspectives, historical contexts, and contemporary implications, offering insights into how military patriotism contributes to national identity, social cohesion, and the preservation of cultural heritage. ‎

Analisis Peran Pendidikan Dalam Membentuk Kesadaran Akan Hak dan Kewajiban Warganegara di Kalangan Generasi Muda Indonesia

Considering that the millennial generation will continue the life of the nation and state, the millennial generation needs to be made aware of the importance of preserving the country. This will support the country's defense against internal and external, military and non-military threats. Because education helps future generations of young people understand history, values, and dedication to preserving the country, education is very important for national defense. Students can become development agents who benefit society and the nation through education and learning how important it is to maintain national unity. This research will use normative juridical research which takes an approach from legal, phenomenon and ideological perspectives. This article aims to determine the extent to which formal education in Indonesia influences the development of awareness of national defense in the younger generation, explores the factors that influence this understanding and awareness, examines how the national education curriculum is implemented, and provides suggestions for strengthening the education system. The advantages of this work are as follows: it provides an in-depth analysis of how education forms a strong concept of national defense knowledge for the younger generation

SERVICE AS A VALUE IN BUILDING THE AUTHORITY OF A POLISH SOLDIER

ABSTRACT: Aim: The main research goal was to show people's perception of young people - secondary school students - serving their homeland. Moreover, the aim was to define the axiology that should accompany soldiers or candidates for this service. Methods: The study used the method of analysis and synthesis of professional literature, the monographic-descriptive method and the analysis of statistical data. Results: The formation of every person requires care on the part of all entities participating in the process of education and upbringing, and especially proper preparation requires service to other people and service to the Homeland. Military service is such a service. The research conducted showed that there is a need to conduct information and formation programs for those who are about to enter military service. Conclusion: Based on the considerations carried out, an attempt can also be made to provide a more specific answer to the question to what extent the preparation for military service meets society's expectations. A modern young man, sensitive and filled with certain ideals, perceives contemporary formations serving the Homeland quite critically. Originality: The formation of a young person, especially in the ethical and moral aspect, is a very important element of preparation for service in society. In times of many turmoil, threats and unrest, there is a need to develop appropriate educational and formation programs. The method of assisting young people who are to play an important role in the country's defense and service remains important. Keyword: youth, homeland, service, soldier, formation, values, spirituality, morality, ethics.

Efforts to Develop TNI Defense Equipment Technology to Support National Defense Posture

The increasing complexity of global security threats and challenges is the result of technological developments, geopolitical dynamics, changes in the strategic environment, as well as the evolution of potential enemy tactics and strategies. In the midst of this dynamic, the TNI (Indonesian National Army) is faced with increasingly complex tasks to maintain the country's security and sovereignty. The TNI must continue to innovate and develop defense equipment technology that is in line with national defense needs. This research aims to see what the ideal defense posture of the Republic of Indonesia is, the current condition of Indonesia's defense equipment technology in facing these threats, and what gaps must be filled regarding the development of defense equipment technology that is in accordance with the country's ideal defense posture. This research uses qualitative research methods with data collection in the form of literature study. The research results show that the development of defense equipment technology does not only involve the modernization of military equipment, but also collaboration with the technology industry and investment in research and development.

THEORETICAL ASPECTS AND ESSENTIAL DEFINITIONS OF REGIONAL ECONOMY STATE REGULATION IN MACROECONOMIC INSTABILITY CONTEXT

Objective. The objective of the article is to analyze and systematize the theoretical aspects and essential definitions of state regulation of the economy of regions in the context of macroeconomic instability, as well as to determine the basic principles of effective management of regional policy in the context of macroeconomic instability. Methods. The following methods are applied to conduct the research: the analysis method (to study the theoretical aspects and determine the essential definitions of the state regulation of the economy of the regions), the induction method (to highlight the areas of application of methodological approaches to the assessment of the effective management of regional policy in conditions of macroeconomic instability and to define key concepts which are based on scientific approaches to the state regulation of the economy of regions in conditions of macroeconomic instability) and a graphic method (for building a refined scheme of the components of macroeconomic instability of regions and expanding the directions for overcoming them). Results. Macroeconomic instability is characterized by significant fluctuations in key macroeconomic indicators which may be caused by internal and external economic, political, and social factors. Macroeconomic instability affects regional development due to reduced investment, reduced budget revenues, increased unemployment and social tension. In order to achieve socio-economic stability and successful development of the region, state regulation should ensure successful overcoming of macroeconomic instability by forecasting crisis phenomena, preventing them and creating reserves in advance to eliminate their consequences. The key factor is the definition and consideration of all components of macroeconomic instability. The proposed sixth component of regional macroeconomic instability - military instability - requires the development of comprehensive security strategies, including strengthening the country's defense capabilities, providing social and economic support for affected regions as well as active international cooperation for post-war reconstruction, maintaining peace and stability. It is also important to deal with issues of reintegration of the affected territories and population, restoration of infrastructure and economic activity in conflict zones.

Submarine Capability Assessment Model Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and System Dynamics

Regional dynamics marked by the increase in submarine operations by several countries need to be balanced with increasing Indonesia's capabilities in underwater warfare and contributing to increasing the deterrence of the country's defense system at sea. Therefore, the aim of this research is to consider the competitive dimensions of the development of submarine capabilities on the deterrence effect of a country and assess the extent of the discussion in the literature review. This research is a statement that there is no instrument for assessing the capability and sustainability of submarines in an effort to increase the deterrence effect in the ALKI II area which is linked to current dynamic developments so that this research is expected to contribute to obtaining an instrument for assessing submarine capability and the deterrence effect of submarines. in the ALKI II area.

Pentingnya Mewujudkan Pertahanan dan Keamanan Bagi Generasi Z di Era Media Sosial

In the digital era, the spread of hoaxes poses a serious threat to national defense and security. False and misleading information can easily spread through social media, causing unrest in society and even disrupting the stability of the country. Generation Z, as active users of social media, is vulnerable to being exposed to hoaxes and is the main target for spreading them. This research aims to socialize the importance of digital literacy and strategies for dealing with hoaxes to Generation Z at SMAN 108 Jakarta. By increasing their understanding and skills in analyzing and verifying information, it is hoped that Generation Z can become the country's defense in the digital era. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach. Data was collected through interviews, observations and surveys of representatives of Generation Z students at SMAN 108 Jakarta. The research results show that Generation Z has sufficient understanding of digital literacy and hoaxes. They also have sufficient skills to analyze and verify information. The dissemination of digital literacy and strategies for dealing with hoaxes has proven to be effective in comprehensive information about SMAN 108 Jakarta students' understanding of the spread of hoaxes in the digital sphere. After participating in the socialization, they showed an increase in students' understanding of SMAN 108 Jakarta in using technology as wisely as possible, as well as how to deal with the spread of fake news on social media from the socialization activities that would be carried out. This research shows that disseminating digital literacy and strategies for dealing with hoaxes are important for improving national defense and security in the digital era. Generation Z needs to become smart and responsible netizens to combat the spread of hoaxes. With adequate understanding and skills, they can become agents of change and contribute to the creation of a safe and conducive digital society. It is hoped that this socialization can provide a deep understanding of the importance of handling hoaxes that spread in the digital space and become the basis for an education project for young students at SMAN 108 Jakarta as Generation Z, thereby giving birth to a generation that can think critically. With joint efforts, we can realize stronger national defense and security in the digital era.

Kedaulatan Negara Indonesia Ditinjau dari Sisi Politik Hukum Pertahanan Negara

National defense is a crucial aspect in maintaining the sovereignty, integrity and security of a country. This discussion reviews various aspects related to national defense, from concept to implementation in law and policy in Indonesia. The research method used is normative analysis of various legal documents and expert views related to national defense. The results of the discussion highlight the importance of integrating military and non-military defense in facing various developing threats. Inter-agency coordination, including through the National Defense Council, is considered crucial in formulating effective defense policies and strategies. In a political context, national defense is seen as the result of the political process and public policy. However, there is also the concept of legal politics which is the basis for determining the laws that apply in a country. In conclusion, national defense requires clear and structured regulations and the involvement of all elements of society to maintain stability and sustainability of defense. Continuous evaluation of the country's defense system is necessary to face the dynamics of ever-growing threats. National defense is an implementation of social contract theory which involves an agreement between citizens in society to protect their rights and obligations and ensure the harmony of interests. Every citizen has the right and obligation to participate in efforts to defend the country, both physically and non-physically, in accordance with the provisions of applicable law. Awareness of the importance of national defense, especially among the younger generation, needs to be increased to ensure their role in advancing the nation is optimal

Pengaruh Pancasila Terhadap Pertahanan Dan Keamanan Nasional Pada Masa Pilpres 2024

This research needs to be carried out because there may be disturbances in various fields such as economics, politics, defense and state security during the 2024 presidential and vice presidential general elections (PILPRES). Making Pancasila the State ideology to strengthen National Defense and Security in the elections president and vice president are the goals to be achieved. Library research was chosen as the method used in research by collecting legal sources. The data collection method used in this research was a literature survey. The legal data collected was analyzed qualitatively and the author used content analysis to classify legal materials. The results of this research will encourage the public and government to not only focus on holding presidential elections, but also pay attention to the impacts that may arise from this activity, specifically those related to National Defense and Security. By using the values ​​in Pancasila principles 1 to 5 as ideology, it can be concluded that this can strengthen the country's defense and security in the 2024 election.

СТАН МОСТОВОГО ГОСПОДАРСТВА УКРАЇНИ НА ДОРОГАХ ЗАГАЛЬНОГО КОРИСТУВАННЯ ДЕРЖАВНОГО ЗНАЧЕННЯ НА ПІДКОНТРОЛЬНИХ ТЕРИТОРІЯХ ЗА 2023 РІК

Introduction. Bridges are important critical infrastructure facilities; they play a key role in economic development and ensure the security of regions and the state as a whole. During the period of martial law, bridges became an important element of the country's defense capability, as well as routes for humanitarian evacuation and export logistics. To make effective management decisions at the level of the State Agency for the Restoration and Development of Infrastructure of Ukraine in the field of bridge management, the Analytical Expert Bridge Management System (AESUM) software package is being implemented. Problem statement. In connection with the introduction of martial law in Ukraine, ensuring the proper functioning of the bridge sector has become of great social importance, since the availability of sustainable transport links allows to ensure the vital activity of the population and the functioning of the state under martial law. It is also important to improve the strategy of operation of transport facilities, taking into account the scientific and analytical apparatus of the AESUM software package. Objective. Implementation of an effective strategy for the operation of bridges on highways in order to plan financial resources for their repair and maintenance. Providing the general public with up-to-date statistical information on bridges from AESUM will be useful for scientific and practical purposes, and identifying certain analytical trends will allow to improve AESUM in terms of forming a strategy for the operation of transport facilities. Materials and methods. Analytical, statistical, system analysis. Results. The paper presents analytical and statistical information on transport facilities on public roads of national importance in the controlled territories of Ukraine as of the end of 2023. Certain trends have been identified and the technical condition of transport facilities has been focused on.

Significance of States with the Largest Defense Allocations (In Millions of US Dollars at Current Prices and Exchange Rates) to Corruption Issues

The defense sector will always be vulnerable to corruption, due to risks from high levels of secrecy, complex technical procurement, and exploitation of the hierarchical nature of the military. This study aims to provide a description of the significance of the country's largest defense allocation (in millions of US$ at current prices and exchange rates) to corruption. The approach used in this research is descriptive quantitative. The data used uses the country's CPI (Corruption Perception Index) issued by TII and the country's defense allocation issued by SIPRI. Data analysis used the method of testing the hypothesis through the khai-square distribution. This study concludes that the number of countries with CPI below the average of the 50 countries with the largest defense allocation (in millions of US$ at current prices and exchange rates) is not constant and therefore the cause is a significant factor. meaning that it can be interpreted that countries with large defense allocations tend to have a CPI below the average.

Contribution of Science and Technology to the Country’s National Security

In the face of Nepal's constant vulnerability to major geopolitical forces, the country has yet to fully harness technology to safeguard its national interests. This paper highlights how states, in demanding times, have wielded scientific technology to safeguard their security and address their interests. This paper draws attention to the importance of investment in innovation and research for the survival of a nation. Drawing upon historical, technological, and geopolitical perspectives, this paper explores the pivotal role of scientific and technological breakthroughs in shaping military strategies, and war efforts. The paper examines key moments when innovations such as the development of bow and arrow, gunpowder, RADAR, proximity fuse, cryptography, and computer malware have provided nations, civilizations, and communities with a vital advantage in safeguarding their security. Furthermore, the paper explores the mutual relationship between scientific research, innovation, and economic growth. It highlights how investments in science bolster a country's defence capabilities and foster innovative ecosystems that drive economic prosperity. Ultimately, this paper seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the contributions of science to national security and well-being. Analyzing the relationship between innovation, strategy, and global dynamics; the paper highlights the imperativeness of nations to adapt, collaborate, and harness scientific advancements, to safeguard their interests in an increasingly complex world. Through an enriched understanding of the past and present contributions of science in national defence, Nepalese policymakers, military leadership, and the country’s scientific community can navigate the intricate landscape of national safe guardianship to ensure a secure and prosperous future for Nepal.

Обмеження та заборони як різновид адміністративного примусу в умовах правового режиму воєнного стану

Prevention as a form of state coercion is one of the most important means of ensuring public order and security in Ukraine. The use of preventive restrictive measures in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law is provided for by the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine (Article 64) and other regulatory and legal acts [1]. Preventive restrictive measures are constituent elements of state coercion, which include termination, restoration of administrative and procedural support, and administrative responsibility. The word “coercion” means the necessity to act in a certain way even if you are unwilling to do that, being influenced by someone or something. [2, p.543]. In our case, we are considering the administrative and legal influence of the state, which, under the conditions of martial law, forces people who do not respond to its demands and violate restrictions and prohibitions that operate on the territory of the country. It is worth agreeing with the opinion of V.V. Gordeev. V.K. Kolpakova, A. T. Komzyuk, I. M. Sopilko and other scientists that the state embodies power, the use of which in relation to violators can be considered as violence [3, p. 228]. At the same time, it is worth considering the existence of the “preventive coercion” as one of the methods of legal influence on a subordinate subject, which is used by competent state bodies (officials) in the event of a violation of established legal norms to stop the relevant illegal activity or to prevent such a violation, as well as ensuring that the culprit is brought to justice [4, p. 34]. As we can see, the concept of coercion does not include its application to subjects (natural and legal entities) who are not subordinated to the authority of the subject, which to some extent indicates the need for a broader interpretation of the meaning of this concept. The use of these means is a peculiar reaction of the state to a possible commission or fact of violation of the restrictions acting under the conditions of the legal regime of martial law. It should be mentioned that the restrictions on the duration of the legal regime of martial law put into effect by the Decree of the President of Ukraine (from February 24, 2022) have socio-political and social significance because they are aimed at strengthening law and order in the state. The mandatory content of restrictions, which are of a preventive nature in the conditions of martial law and in the territory of its operation, can be conditionally divided into: 1) measures of administrative coercion that limit the personal inviolability of citizens. These include: verification of documents certifying the identity of a citizen, inspection of a person and his belongings, administrative detention, administrative expulsion of foreign citizens outside Ukraine or internment of citizens of a state that is at war with Ukraine. 2) measures of administrative coercion that limit the property rights of citizens. These include: confiscation of property and other material assets (weapons, ammunition, poisonous substances, vehicles) for the needs of the country's defence, followed by their compensation. Citizens may be also forced to work. 3) measures of administrative coercion that limit the political activity of citizens. This concerns the suspension of the activities of public national and foreign organizations, the creation of censorship bodies to control the activities of the mass media, as well as other constitutional restrictions on the citizens’ political rights and freedoms.

Legal regulation of formation of budgets of united territorial communities as key subjects of local self-government

This article is devoted to the study of certain aspects of the formation of local self-government budgets, namely united territorial hromadas. It is summarized that the armed actions of the aggressor led to a deep economic crisis in Ukraine, which affected the financial capacity of the state as a whole and local self-government bodies, in particular.
 Attention is focused on the fact that with the beginning of a full-scale invasion, the process of approving the budget of local self-government has undergone certain changes: the heads of the respective territorial communities can dispose of the funds of local budgets only in the territory where hostilities are not conducted and the military administration of the settlement (settlements) is not formed. The amendments to the Budget Code of Ukraine related to the payment of personal income tax by military personnel are analyzed. Attention is paid to the content of these innovations, namely, to direct to the state budget revenues from the paid tax on the income of an individual from payers- military personnel. It is noted that these changes should contribute to a more efficient distribution of financial resources, in particular, to influence the state's ability to purchase drones and weapons to ensure the country's defense capability.
 Particular attention was paid to the issues of formation of local budgets, their distribution and use. It is emphasized that the process of decentralization of power, proposed by the government to meet the financial needs of hromadas, is based on local budgets, which will ensure financial independence and personalize responsibility for the consequences of ineffective management of local finances. It is emphasized that the successor of the property and duties of territorial communities are the communities themselves, but according to the innovations, the remaining funds received from the community budget over the past year will be directed to activities related to Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine.
 The article focuses on the importance of ensuring transparency in spending budget funds and the right of communities to establish their own mandatory procedures for ensuring publicity in managing local finances.

Policy Analysis for Building Resilience in the Maritime Area Through Bhakti Operations in Coastal Communities

Coastal areas have large potential economic resources and are full of problems that disturb and threaten the country's defense and security. So it is important to empower coastal communities as objects of non-military operations using various approaches. For this reason, this research aims to analyze policies for developing maritime area resilience (Bintahwilmar) through community service operations in coastal communities. This qualitative research with a descriptive analysis approach takes policy objects in the Pangkalan Utama V Surabaya area, and collects data through documents and interviews. Analysis was carried out using a data interpretation approach. The results of the policy analysis can explain that coastal area development requires a holistic and collaborative approach involving the government, Indonesian Navy, local communities and various related parties. Community welfare is an important aspect in developing coastal areas, including through renovation programs and building livable houses. Cooperation between the government and the Indonesian Navy is based on the principles of democracy, human rights, transparency, accountability, community participation and environmental sustainability between the East Java Provincial Government and the Indonesian Navy. An important finding from this research is that the principles and elements underlying Ansell Collaborative Governance demonstrate the relevance and applicability of policy analysis models in the context of coastal development.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ УПРАВЛІННЯ ФІНАНСОВО-ГОСПОДАРСЬКОЮ ДІЯЛЬНІСТЮ В ОРГАНАХ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ЗАХИСТУ НАСЕЛЕННЯ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

Management of financial and economic activities in the social protection bodies of the population in the conditions of martial law requires a special approach and is considered taking into account the complexities and challenges that arise in these conditions. Activities can be significantly complicated due to sudden changes in the economic and social environment. Martial law can present great challenges to organizations, but proper management and adaptation can help them remain resilient and effective. All activities are affected by a number of factors: safety of workers and property, provision of defense and security funding, communication restrictions, the need for cooperation with military structures to ensure the country's defense and security needs. Management of financial and economic activities in state organizations in the conditions of war requires responsibility, flexibility and readiness for unforeseen situations. After the end of martial law, all state-owned enterprises may face the challenges of stabilizing and restoring economic activity in conflict-affected areas. Keywords: management, economic activity, financial and economic activity of social protection bodies, efficiency of activity, management of financial and economic activity, economy under martial law.