Iran Country Research Articles

Randomness Exploration in Daily Detected Overloaded Trucks (An Experimental Study)

Since the overload detection program is a main concern for transport authorities to prevent road damage and enhance road safety, this paper investigates the randomness in the number of daily overloaded vehicles detected throughout the month. The concern is crucial where it is said that detected overloaded vehicle drops over the month. For this purpose, the randomness of daily detected overloaded vehicles has been tested by utilizing the familiar statistical method of “Runs Test”, in which the numbers of daily detected vehicles are considered observation. Data, for detecting trucks as overloading across the intercity roads in the West-Asian country of Iran, has been collected for a year followed by categorizing into thirty days to check the randomness pattern. The results revealed that, despite fluctuating stats, the number of detected overloaded vehicles follows a random pattern instead of a specific pattern in increasing or decreasing trends believed in the rumours. Since the number of daily overloaded vehicles exhibits randomness during a month and all types of trucks including trailers (detachable trucks), heavy trucks, and light trucks have been investigated, transport authorities are recommended to focus more on the methods of weighing enforcement to ensure that sufficient overloading enforcement activities are performed.

Novel methodology for prediction of missing values in River flow based on convolution neural networks: Principles and application in Iran country

Novel methodology for prediction of missing values in River flow based on convolution neural networks: Principles and application in Iran country

Projection of future frequency of severe and extreme droughts over Iran country

Projection of future frequency of severe and extreme droughts over Iran country

THE STABILITY OF IRANIAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN CIVILIZATION AND IDENTITY DURING THE REIGN OF THE MONGOLS

The cultural life of Iran experienced a decline due to the Mongol invasion in the early stages of the dynasty, then with the establishment of the Ilkhan government in Iran, a period of partial revival of Iranian-Islamic thought and culture began. After all, the Arab invasion of Iran, the collapse of the Sassanids and the rise of Islam weakened the foundations of the political and religious unity of Iranian existence and weakened its integrity. The Islamic government replaced the ethnic and national government of Iran, and the world religion of Islam replaced the Zoroastrian religion of Iran for three centuries. Iranshahr or the Iranian kingdom also collapsed. For several centuries, the political unity of the country of Iran, that is, before the rule of the Ilkhans, and especially before the emergence of the power of the Safavid dynasty, was weakened. The purpose of this article is to consider the rulers of the Ilkhanate as saviors of the Iranian people from the influence of foreign culture and reformers of Iranian national identity. The Ilkhanids used three discursive strategies: Mongol, Iranian and Islamic to legitimize their rule in Iran. In this context, the Ilkhanids played an important role in preserving and modernizing Iran’s intellectual and cultural heritage. For this reason, the Ilkhanate period is considered one of the fundamental aspects of Iranian civilization, which brought about great changes in Iran’s cultural policy. The article uses factorial and textual analysis methods to identify the main elements in the formation of such unique discourses. The results presented in the article allowed the researchers to conclude that for the first time, the Ilkhanid era provided a suitable platform and context for the display of various aspects of Iranian identity. Thus, although the later stages of the Mongol invasion in history were a kind of retreat for Iranian culture and civilization, in reality, under the influence of another language and culture, to consider Iran as having rediscovered itself and become the basis for the reshaping of its forgotten national identity, personalities, languages ​​and cultures is the main idea of the article.

Introducing a Novel Double Hybrid Algorithm (DHA) and Developing Its Application for Predicting Air Temperature Under Climate Change Conditions (A Case Study of Iran Country)

Introducing a Novel Double Hybrid Algorithm (DHA) and Developing Its Application for Predicting Air Temperature Under Climate Change Conditions (A Case Study of Iran Country)

Assessing public trust in road traffic injuries prevention policies in Iran: a cross-sectional study.

Road Traffic Injuries (RTIs) represent the predominant cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Thus, impactful interventions and trustworthy authorities are imperative to mitigate traffic accidents. The present study seeks to assess public trust in traffic accident diminution policies and measures within the country of Iran. This cross-sectional study utilized a questionnaire comprising 31 questions distributed across eight dimensions. The questionnaire's design was informed by a literature review and semi-structured interviews with experts specializing in traffic accidents. The target population consisted of Tabriz city residents, who were selected via convenience sampling. The collected data were then analyzed using SPSS-16 software, employing the T-test, One-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient to present the study's results. structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted using R 4-4-2 programming language. A total of 681 participants completed the questionnaire, yielding a commendable response rate of 88.6%. The majority of participants were male (60.8%), and 86.2% identified as drivers, with 61.8% having experienced driving accidents. The overall score for public trust in RTIs policies was calculated to be 46.9%. The individual scores for specific domains of trust in traffic safety were as follows: safer roads (43.1%), safe vehicle (43.3%), safety laws (48.8%), safe user (51.1%), safe technology (51.5%), road safety management (46.8%). All the latent variables except education are significantly effective on public trust. The study findings indicate relatively low levels of public trust in RTIs policies among the Iranian population. These results emphasize the need for targeted interventions to enhance public confidence in specific aspects of traffic safety. Policymakers can use these insights to implement effective measures, thus contributing to the RTIs and the promotion of road safety in the country.

Forough Farrokhzad’s “Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season”

Abstract Forough Farrokhzad’s “Let Us Believe in the Beginning of the Cold Season” is an exploration of the poetic form of an elegy, encountering nuances of gender, sexuality, mourning, depression, and unrequited love within the containment of religious and cultural laws that dominate leadership in the Islamic country of Iran. Her poetry extends traditional boundaries of lament and elegy to explore oppositions of love and longing, birth and death, seasonality versus time’s continuance, and winter as entrance rather than ending.

Investigating the mildew and yeast in the bakeries of Abhar City, Iran

The presence of mold and yeast in bread leads to contamination in bread. Cancer and estrogenic abnormalities in humans are among the diseases caused by fungal and mold mycotoxins in bread.Bread production waste was estimated at about 30 % in Iran country. A comprehensive and specific image study of the sanitary condition of bread and bakeries in Abhar city has not been done. The purpose of this study was to determine the contamination resulting in yeast and mildew on bread supplied in Abhar City bakeries, to examine the sanitary condition of bakeries, and to provide the food security of Iranians. As well as determining the impact of health status variables and the location of bakeries on mold and fungal contamination. This research was done in the bakeries of Abhar in the period of February 1, 2022 to July 1, 2022. Evaluation of mold and yeast load of 61 breads from 61 bakeries was done using sterile potato dextrose agar with Chloramphenicol plates. In order to check the hygiene status of the bakery environment, modified form of Article 13 with 56 items equal to 56 scores was completed. Variables such as baking soda, sodium dithionite, salt percentage, to evaluate mildew and yeast, and the sanitary condition of bakeries were analyzed. After evaluating health status, the score range was divided based on a 4-point Likert scale. All results were compared with the standard and contamination level of each restaurant. 31 of 60 samples (51.6 %) showed mold and yeast infection. 17 bakeries of the 61 bakeries surveyed (43 %) received 100 % points in the five sections (individual health of 14 items, food hygiene of 10 items, tools and equipment of 16 items, building sanitation of 16 items, and disinfection). 49 samples (80.3 %) of 61 breads evaluated by chemical standard such as amount of baking soda were favorable. Sixty samples (98.4 %) of 61 breads complied with the chemical standard of sodium dithionite. 5 samples (8.3 %) of the 61 breads had excess salt levels. 33 samples out of 61 tested (54.1 %) were infected with mold and yeast. Of these, 26 (78.7 %) belonged to serotypes producing toxin A. The bread quality in some bakeries in Abhar City is poor and infected with mold and yeast. Careful monitoring and monitoring of the health status of bakeries, along with training sessions for bakery staff, will lead to improved baking health.

Deploying Bottleneck Management Strategies for Ameliorating Critical Delays in Building Construction Projects: A Case for Developing Country of Iran

One of the primary concerns and challenges encountered in the construction industry is the emergence of crucial factors instigating project delays throughout the construction project lifecycle (CPL). The critical delay factors (CDFs) are the significant factors that not only cause project delays but also create obstacles and bottlenecks for the projects. Hence, the current study aims to determine CDFs affecting project completions and ameliorates the adverse situation by developing relevant bottleneck management strategies. To achieve this goal, a desktop review of previous research studies was undertaken to identify the CDFs in the CPL. The brainstorming technique was further utilized to filter the identified CDFs and match them to the context of developing countries, using Iran as a case example. Finally, an empirical questionnaire was created that included 22 CDFs divided into three distinct groups. The questionnaire’s validity and reliability were checked and validated before massive distribution to target respondents. Sixty industry experts appraised the identified CDFs in the CPL based on two assessment criteria: the severity of impact and probability of occurrence. The findings revealed that the groups with the most significant level of impact (out of 5 points) are project planning and design (2.29), construction and delivery (1.99), and policymaking and legislation (1.72). Similarly, the groups of project planning and design (2.30), construction and delivery (2.20), and policymaking and legislation (1.5) were ranked from first to third based on the probability of occurrence. According to the survey findings, the project planning and design stage is the most optimal time to mitigate the impact of project delays. Moreover, the study posited some pragmatic recommendations as bottleneck management strategies for ameliorating the identified CDFs for future projects. The study deliverables can serve as an effective tool for project stakeholders and decision makers to diminish the impact on and penetration of CDFs into building construction projects and enhance the delivery path leading to project success.

Estimation of water consumption volume and water efficiency in irrigated and rainfed agriculture based on the WaPOR database in Iran

ABSTRACT To evaluate the WaPOR model across the entire country of Iran, initially, 16 provinces located in four different climatic regions were selected for calculating and comparing the evapotranspiration using both the FAO-56 method and the WaPOR approach. The comparison of 10-day evapotranspiration values obtained from the FAO56 method and WaPOR demonstrates that the WaPOR model exhibits the highest correlation with FAO-56 values in semi-arid regions, with an R2 = 0.95 and an RMSE = 0.43. The analysis of evapotranspiration variations indicates that the evapotranspiration in the Caspian Sea and Zagros foothill regions has experienced more significant changes from 2015 to 2022. The annual analysis of net blue water productivity demonstrates that the net productivity in rainfed lands strongly depends on the precipitation received. Also, considering the importance of investigating the accuracy of biomass estimation, the correlation between the accuracy of biomass estimation and actual evapotranspiration was examined in four Iran climatic regions. Using the WaPOR model provides acceptable results for water consumption management and assessment in different regions and climates of Iran, particularly in agricultural lands. The WaPOR model can serve as a guide for determining reliable values of evapotranspiration and planning related to water resources in the agricultural sector in Iran.

A clinical guideline for the Iranian women and newborns in the postpartum period.

The postpartum is a vital period for women, newborns, spouses, parents, caregivers, and families. Regarding the importance of postpartum care and the lack of comprehensive and up-to-date clinical guidelines in the country of Iran, the postpartum clinical guidelines have been adapted. Cultural adaptation was conducted in three stages. In the first stage, the adaptation team was formed and the process was approved. During the second stage, a systematic literature review was conducted using international databases to identify English-language clinical guidelines published within the last 10 years. Out of 17 guidelines and documents initially selected, 5 guidelines meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria and published within the last 5 years were chosen following a thorough review by the search team. In the secondary selection, the guidelines were investigated by two subject-matter experts based on AGREE II Checklist, and regarding the high evaluation score obtained by the WHO Recommendations on Postnatal Care of the Mother and Newborn (2022), and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE,2021) guideline for postnatal care were selected for cultural adaptation. In the third stage, the opinions of experts from all over the country were collected and scored using the Delphi method, and a final guideline was formulated. The adapted postpartum clinical guideline has offered 56 recommendations. The recommendations are categorized into four major themes including mother care, newborn care, health system and health promotion interventions and post caesarean care. Applying evidence-based recommendations for the care of mothers and babies in the postpartum period will enhance the health system, promote the provision of care after vaginal and caesarean births, and ensure a positive postnatal experience for mothers, fathers, babies, and families.

Pathways and technologies for modern irrigation services: Iran country paper

AbstractI.R. Iran, with 8.8 million ha of irrigated area, is fifth in the world with respect to irrigated land. Scarcity of water resources and great difficulty with water accessibility have brought about initiatives of technology building, as well as approaches to agricultural water management by local communities. During recent decades a huge public budget has been invested in order to improve irrigation services. Improving performance of irrigation systems needs proper diagnosis of the problems and a systematic approach towards modernization. Also having been recently developed and modernized, adjustment of the laws and regulations of the water sector has caused management frameworks of irrigation networks to be gradually improved. In general, in addition to the management framework, equipping with modern tools for measuring water flow and applying tools such as geographic information systems and databases have led to the improvement of water distribution and management. Technical, managerial and policies programmes, as well as investment in water resources and irrigation infrastructures in addition to training and education of farmers and field engineers in water saving in agriculture and enhancing water productivity, resulted in positive impacts on better management of limited fresh water in irrigation.

The formulation of moisturizing and hydrating cream based on natural ingredients such as chitosan

The purpose of this work is to make moisturizing and hydrating cream for the skin. the ingredients of moisturizing and hydrating cream are based on natural polysaccharides, such as chitosan and extracted from aquatic organisms such as shrimp.Physical and chemical analysis, identification test of the oils in the cream based on gas chromatography instrument have been done in the reference laboratory of Food and Drug Organization of Iran country. Also, non-sensitizing test of the formulated cream have been done by the rabbit at department of pharmaceutics, school of pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Irancountry.

Digital transformation of Tabriz, Iran by IoT adoption

The society's digital transformation reshapes both of the private and public sectors and covers technology, organizations, and people aspects. The Internet of Things (IoT) as a fifth generation technology plays a significant role in digitalization and creation of a smart city. Tabriz metropolis is one of the five selected pilot cities for implementing smart city projects in Iran. On the other hand, municipalities have the biggest contribution in transforming a city into a smart city by utilizing the new technologies in urban management, in the other words digitalization. Hence, this study examined the successful IoT adoption in Tabriz Metropolitan municipality in the developing country of Iran by combining the information systems’ success model and TOE framework. Aimed at collecting data on the IoT adoption process, the electronic questionnaire link was distributed among ICT experts and managers of the organization, and 74 valid answers were received. The collected data were analyzed using the regression method. The obtained results proved the positive and direct impact of system quality, ICT infrastructure, enterprise financial and human resources, and external support. In addition, the results showed that information quality and service quality factors did not affect the IoT adoption process significantly. This research can help the senior managers of Tabriz metropolitan municipality in policymaking and launching this technology successfully by identifying the influential factors in IoT adoption.

The Role of Spiritual-Religious Behaviors and Beliefs in Reducing Stress and Anxiety and Enhancing Spiritual-Psychological Health among a Group of Iranian Women during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background and Objective: The aim of the current study is to examine the role of spiritual-religious health in reducing stress and enhancing spiritual and psychological health among Iranian women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods and Materials: This descriptive research included a sample of 384 Iranian women. After providing their consent, participants completed the research questionnaires on Google Forms, which included George's Religious Health Questionnaire, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28). Findings: The research results, analyzed using AMOS24 software, indicate a relationship between the level of spiritual-religious health and religious beliefs and stress in women during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was confirmed due to the significance level being less than (P<0.05), and the use of spiritual-religious beliefs could explain and predict 40.3% of the stress in women. Additionally, the use of spiritual-religious health tools and religious beliefs and general psychological health in women was confirmed due to the significance level (P<0.05). The use of religious beliefs also explained and predicted 35.5% of the variance in women's general health during the COVID-19 pandemic. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic threatens the lives of millions of people worldwide. Religious beliefs have had a significant impact on reducing stress and anxiety and increasing general psychological health in Iranian women. The study results place a heavy responsibility on specialists in this field, especially in the Muslim country of Iran, to promote spiritual-religious aspects and change the lifestyle of women to make significant strides in women's health.

THE LINGUISTIC CHARACTER OF TAAROF IN SPEECH ETIQUETTE OF IRANIANS

The word taarof is widely used in the modern speech etiquette of Iranians. Taarof is known as a form of polite literature in Iranian culture. The thorough study of taarof is important for the theory and application of intercultural communication. Therefore, the article analyzes the theoretical studies of scientists about taarof, considers the main postulates of the theory of politeness and issues of national features of speech etiquette in Persian culture, and lastly it analyzes the linguistic nature of taarof used by Iranians in everyday real communication.The purpose of the article is to analyze the taarof in speech etiquette of Iranians. In this regard, to study the rules of using the polite form of communication between the addresser and the addressee and the scope of application of taarof in speech etiquette among Iranian peoples from the point of view of linguistic culture and traditions. The methodology of researching the issues in the article is closely related to the fields of linguistics, sociology, and pragmalinguistics. Analysis, description, and empirical and social scientific research methods are used in the course of the research on the speech etiquette of Iranians.According to the research of scientists, people's communication with each other should be based on the national mentality and its own laws, rules, and principles established in that place. Admittedly, it is true that people living in that environment prosper and mature according to the development of society. A learner of any language should know the mentality, worldview, and traditions of the country where he is learning the language in order to implement the language etiquette of that nation because cultural differences might have a negative impact on the relationship or create obstacles.When a language learner travels to the country of Iran,it is important for intercultural communication knows the cultural, linguistic and behavioural differences of that country.It is effective to use the results of the research in the teaching of the Persian language to language learners and in the research work of students.

Determining the Critical Risk Factors of Implementing Public–Private Partnership in Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Facilities: Perspectives of Private and Public Partners in Iran

Due to the fact that risks can cause project delays and increase project implementation costs, successful construction project completion requires effective and holistic risk management. Identification and evaluation of critical risk factors (CRFs) associated with different types of projects are the most significant components of accurate risk management. This study aims to identify and evaluate the CRFs inherent with private–public partnership (PPP) projects specifically for the development of water and wastewater infrastructure (WWI) facilities in the developing country of Iran. In this line, a comprehensive literature analysis was undertaken to extract the CRFs in applying PPP projects for the development of infrastructure projects in developing countries in general. Then, four rounds of a Delphi survey were conducted to consolidate the major risks to the circumstances of Iran and WWI facilities. There were a total of 35 risks that were grouped into six categories. The main risks were then analyzed and ranked using the Measurement Alternatives and Ranking according to the Compromise Solution (MARCOS) technique. The overall ranking results of the various CRFs revealed that “lack of trust in government’s economic programs” risk was ranked first in terms of importance, followed by the risk of “delay in timely fund payment for project financing and credits,” and the risk of “delay in finalizing bank negotiations.” The overall ranking of the risks placed “economic changes, such as inflation, increase or decrease in prices, and exchange rate” risk in the bottom position. According to the risk ranking findings based on the opinions of private experts, “lack of commitment to the project schedule” was placed first. Conversely, experts from the public sector considered “choosing the wrong financing method” to be the most CRF. It is anticipated that the key research findings and effective recommendations of this study will considerably contribute to the smooth development and remarkable improvement of risk management in applying PPP for WWI facilities in developing countries while enhancing different stakeholders’ understanding of the CRFs for PPP projects, particularly towards WWI services in Iran.

Time series forecasting of COVID-19 infections and deaths in Alpha and Delta variants using LSTM networks.

Since the beginning of the rapidly spreading COVID-19 pandemic, several mutations have occurred in the genetic sequence of the virus, resulting in emerging different variants of concern. These variants vary in transmissibility, severity of infections, and mortality rate. Designing models that are capable of predicting the future behavior of these variants in the societies can help decision makers and the healthcare system to design efficient health policies, and to be prepared with the sufficient medical devices and an adequate number of personnel to fight against this virus and the similar ones. Among variants of COVID-19, Alpha and Delta variants differ noticeably in the virus structures. In this paper, we study these variants in the geographical regions with different size, population densities, and social life styles. These regions include the country of Iran, the continent of Asia, and the whole world. We propose four deep learning models based on Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), and examine their predictive power in forecasting the number of infections and deaths for the next three, next five, and next seven days in each variant. These models include Encoder Decoder LSTM (ED-LSTM), Bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM), Convolutional LSTM (Conv-LSTM), and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). Performance of these models in predictions are evaluated using the root mean square error, mean absolute error, and mean absolute percentage error. Then, the Friedman test is applied to find the leading model for predictions in all conditions. The results show that ED-LSTM is generally the leading model for predicting the number of infections and deaths for both variants of Alpha and Delta, with the ability to forecast long time intervals ahead.

Effect of Computer Based Test on Motivation: A Meta-Analysis

<p style="text-align:justify">This meta-analysis study investigates the effect of computer-based tests on motivation. The random effect model is the basis for calculating the summary effect, and it is found that the 30 articles obtained through the PRISMA method, which consist of four parts, namely identification, screening, eligibility, and included, can be generalized. Data analysis was performed using R studio and OpenMEE. Based on the research results, the p-value <.05 was obtained, so it was concluded that using a computer-based test significantly affected motivation. In the moderator analysis, it was found that computer-based tests were most effective for intrinsic motivation for the motivation variable, university students for the participants variable, and the country of Iran for the region variable. Evaluation of publication bias using the funnel plot and regression method shows no publication bias, proving that the 30 articles analyzed represent all existing studies on computer-based tests.</p>

Objective Evaluation of the Source Models for Seismic Hazard Investigations Using the Logic Tree Approach: Case Study Semnan, Iran

Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) has become a fundamental tool in assessing seismic hazards and for estimating seismic design and seismic safety evaluation of ground motions. This report describes a study to test and verify the numerical approaches and software used in PSHA on Semnan, one of the important cities of Iran country. The geological and seismological data are integrated into a probabilistic seismic hazard model for the region. Historical and instrumental earthquake data, geology, tectonics, fault activity, and seismic source models associated with seismic events are taken into account. A probabilistic approach within a logic-tree framework is used to calculate seismic hazard for Semnan. The results were also displayed in terms of uniform hazard spectra for rock sites for return periods of 100, 475 and 2475 years, which is deemed appropriate for structural design standards in the Iran building code. As the results of this study have been displayed on the map for different return periods and different natural periods, it can provide the basis for the preparation of new seismic risk maps.