Country Of Immigration Research Articles

Tersine Göç Eğilimi ve Diaspora Ağları: Almanya'daki Yüksek Nitelikli Türklerin Tersine Göç Eğilimlerini Etkileyen Faktörler

The study aims at revealing the remigration trends of the skilled Turkish immigrants in Germany especially towards Turkey by examining international emigrational trends and the factors that cause these trends. In this context of study, a field of study was carried out between the period of 15/11/2018 and 30/04/2019, and 1,127 participants, 451 students (40%), and 676 graduates (60%) were reached across Germany under the fieldwork. The logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the data via regression coefficients when interpreting continuous variables. Additionally, Odds Ratio (OR) values were used while interpreting categorical variables and so the differences between reference categories were revealed. According to the results of the research, the immigrants who cannot economically integrate into the country of immigration and face negative situations such as xenophobia while looking for a job and tend to return to their countries. The return trend of immigrants who try to follow the developments in their countries, which keep their relations with their countries strong, is higher than the other immigrants. In addition, there are differences for the evaluation of sociopolitical conditions besides international migration tendencies of immigrants who complete socialization process in their own country and those who end this process in the immigrant country.

From fluid migration to stable circular migration: A case study from Hungary

This article provides insight into long-term international migration flows to Hungary from 2006 to 2012. The article distinguishes territorial systems embedded in migration and circular inflows. It discusses the concept of international circular migration from an inward perspective. Second, it studies the spatial and temporal changes in the structure of first-time international migrants and circulators using unique tables. Finally, it maps circular migration around this new immigration country. The patterns are generated by the practice of international migrants in combination with the migration policies of the receiving governmental actors. It concludes that circulators lend a sort of stability to the immigration system. Based on an analysis of statistical tables, circular immigration flows remained relatively stable even from a spatial perspective. Exploring stability in the context of circular migration is one of the main innovative approaches of this article.

Academic achievement gaps by migration background at school starting age in Ireland

ABSTRACT In today’s increasingly diverse societies, a key question is how to foster the structural integration of immigrants and their descendants. While research indicates that migrant educational underachievement is a serious issue, relatively little is known about achievement gaps at younger ages and in relatively new immigration countries. The current study sets out to estimate the size of disparities by migration background at age five (i.e. when they start school) and explores the causes of these gaps. It does so in a context that offers a compelling but under-researched case: the Republic of Ireland. It draws on the Growing Up in Ireland (GUI) data, a national longitudinal study of children in Ireland. The results suggest that some disparities by migration background already existed at the start of primary school, but also that gaps were limited to verbal skills and differed widely across groups. Moreover, social background only played a relatively minor role in explaining the differences, whereas the child’s first language was a powerful predictor of disadvantages by migration background in verbal skills.

Aetiological research on the health of migrants living in Germany: a systematic literature review

BackgroundGermany has become an important immigration country and health services need to adopt to meet the needs of an increasingly multicultural population. For public health planning, it is essential to...

Are immigrants living in France more reluctant to receive vaccines than native-born French citizens? findings from the national health Barometer study

BackgroundFrance is one of the world's most vaccine hesitant countries and vaccine hesitancy (VH) is considered one of the world's leading threats to global health. However, little is known about VH in immigrant populations in France. Using data from the 2016 Health Barometer, we examined VH among newcomers, more established immigrants, and the native-born population in France. MethodsData was collected from French speaking individuals aged from 15 to 75 years old, residing in France. Individuals were selected through randomly generated landline and mobile phone numbers. Vaccine hesitancy was assessed through four questions and a “time spent in France” variable was created, using the year of arrival in France. Associations were studied using logistic regression. ResultsA sample of 15,216 participants residing in France included 1,524 foreign-born immigrants and 13,692 native-born individuals, with a mean age of 46-years. Most participants (75.7%) reported being favorable to vaccination regardless of country of origin but immigrants were less hesitant toward vaccinations than the host population. Foreign-born immigrants from North Africa had the most favorable views whereas those from sub-Saharan Africa held most unfavorable views on vaccination. With time spent in France, the opinions towards vaccination became more negative (aOR = 0.57, 95 %CI [0.40–0.79], p = 0.001) and the risk of vaccine refusal (aOR = 2.34, 95 %CI [1.45 – 3.78] p = 0.001) and reluctant acceptance of vaccines increased (aOR = 1.89 95 %CI [1.20 – 2.99], p = 0.006).Foreign-born individuals with the longest residency in France had more negative opinions than native-born individuals, regardless of region of origin. ConclusionImmigrants were less hesitant toward vaccinations than the host population, but vaccine hesitancy increased with time spent in France. The provision of appropriate information and awareness to facilitate critical thinking towards antivaccine theories is necessary for immigrants in France.

Access Barriers to Dental Treatment and Prevention for Turkish Migrants in Germany – A Qualitative Survey

IntroductionThe worldwide migration movement is growing and thereby challenging the health care systems of immigration countries like Germany to make health care equally accessible for all people. Due to their low oral health status and low uptake rates of dental treatment and prevention, migrants were detected as a vulnerable group. Data regarding dental care access barriers of this group is limited. Therefore, the following study established a deeper understanding of unknown access barriers.MethodsNine expert interviews and one focus group interview were conducted semi-structured via interview guideline in the period of August until October 2018. The experts were persons with strong vocational interactions and experiences with the sector oral health care and migration. The focus group participants had a Turkish migration background.ResultsThe expert and focus group interviews revealed a variety of barriers that exist toward dental treatment and prevention for migrants. Language, perceived significance of oral health, oral health knowledge, health socialization and patient-dentist interaction were detected to be the main barriers with underlying subthemes and interactions. Furthermore, a predominantly not precaution-oriented dental service utilization of migrants was underlined by the interviewees. Additionally, ways to reach a higher cultural sensitivity in oral health care were stated.ConclusionWith respect for research, there is a need for the integration of migrant-specific items when collecting health data from people. With respect for policy, there is a need for more structural and individual attention for promoting equal access to oral health care and prevention measures for people with a migrant background.

Cross-border methods: the challenge of methodological nationalism and the prospects of transnational methodology

A transnational perspective on cross-border migration and its consequences reaches far beyond the immigration countries. It encompasses all those places which are criss-crossed by the ties of persons, groups and organizations, and the social structures connecting them. Based on a wide range of knowledge generated by the transnational perspective in the field of migration, this article explores how we can study cross-border social formations and their consequences. A step towards a transnational methodology needs to address three challenges: methodological nationalism, group essentialism, and the positionality of researchers. In order to tackle these issues, this article gives an overview of methodological tools for studying transnationality and transnational social spaces. Drawing on selected examples, this overview also includes discussion of how relevant research techniques are applied.

Transnational Turkish–German community in limbo. Consequences of political tensions between migrant receiving and sending countries

AbstractA profound political tension between Turkey and Germany has gained an overall dimension on the political agenda of the intra‐European migration discussion since 2016. As close trade partners, Turkey and Germany became gradually political adversaries on different issues. 2016 and the following years marked a turnover in the already worsened mutual relations. A series of political issues such as recognising the Armenian genocide in 1915, open allegations and critical views against the Turkish President and prohibition of election campaigns for Turkish government politicians in Germany had driven political relations between the two countries to nadir. This obscure situation led the Turks of Germany (The phrases “Turks of Germany” or “Turkish migrants” are persons with migration background from Turkey who still bear Turkish citizenship or formerly were Turkish citizens. This group's ethnic or confessional identity is not recognised; their legal status and country of origin are preponderant.), who have close ties to their ancestors’ homeland and consider Germany as the centre of their lives, nolens volens into a limbo situation. Within the “guest‐worker program” framework in the second part of the 20th century, highly industrialised countries of Western Europe recruited migrant workers from different countries. This workforce should perform mostly blue‐collar labour in the receiving countries. After six decades of Turkish presence in Germany, the grandsons and granddaughters of the former guest workers are well‐represented in almost every sector of the society. However, their loyalty and integrability to the receiving country are challenged by German politics, especially by the governments of conservative chancellor Angela Merkel (2005–2021). If Turks of Germany feel closely connected to Turkey and Turkish culture (Workers from Turkey brought with them to the country of immigration their own “cultural assets”. Those are, language, religious and customary beliefs, social habits, dress, music, literature, social codes and manners, shared history, food, etc. However, migrants in the receiving country undergo a process of hybridity under the influence of the new cultural environment. (Please see: Bhabha [The location of culture, New York, NY: Routledge, 1994]) Culture within the framework of post‐colonialism has also been discussed in Edward W. Said's book “Culture and Imperialism” (Said [Kültür ve Emperyalizm. Kapsamlı Bir Düşünsel ve Siyasal Sorgulama Çalışması. Hil Yayın: İstanbul, 1998]). If Turks of Germany feel closely connected to Turkey and Turkish culture, they are not recognised as integrable members of the society. Identity‐based and culture‐oriented policies inexorably influence the willingness of migrants to feel like equal members in the host society, and it applies even to the new generations with migration backgrounds. The question of migrant integration is the most emotionally debated issue in Germany and seems to be the greatest challenge in the political agenda. Beyond the bilateral Turkish–German issues, the growing xenophobic sentiments, islamophobia and Europe‐wide political populism may cause a persistent bilateral tension in the medium term between the countries and among the transnational and native communities. Anti‐Turkish rhetoric in the media alienates the Turkish community and has a value to jeopardise integration efforts more and more.

Global Globin Network Consensus Paper: Classification and Stratified Roadmaps for Improved Thalassaemia Care and Prevention in 32 Countries.

The Global Globin Network (GGN) is a project-wide initiative of the Human Variome/Global Variome Project (HVP) focusing on haemoglobinopathies to build the capacity for genomic diagnosis, clinical services, and research in low- and middle-income countries. At present, there is no framework to evaluate the improvement of care, treatment, and prevention of thalassaemia and other haemoglobinopathies globally, despite thalassaemia being one of the most common monogenic diseases worldwide. Here, we propose a universally applicable system for evaluating and grouping countries based on qualitative indicators according to the quality of care, treatment, and prevention of haemoglobinopathies. We also apply this system to GGN countries as proof of principle. To this end, qualitative indicators were extracted from the IthaMaps database of the ITHANET portal, which allowed four groups of countries (A, B, C, and D) to be defined based on major qualitative indicators, supported by minor qualitative indicators for countries with limited resource settings and by the overall haemoglobinopathy carrier frequency for the target countries of immigration. The proposed rubrics and accumulative scores will help analyse the performance and improvement of care, treatment, and prevention of haemoglobinopathies in the GGN and beyond. Our proposed criteria complement future data collection from GGN countries to help monitor the quality of services for haemoglobinopathies, provide ongoing estimates for services and epidemiology in GGN countries, and note the contribution of the GGN to a local and global reduction of disease burden.

Does native country turmoil predict immigrant workers’ honesty in markets?

Does the onset of violent turmoil in an immigrant's country of origin affect their honesty in economic exchange? We test this question using Egyptian cab drivers in New York City. Native country turmoil could increase demand for remittances or spur anger or anxiety, which could boost cheating, as both financial pressures and anti-social emotions predict self-dealing. Alternatively, native country turmoil could induce prosocial, other-regarding emotions like empathy, gratitude, and compassion among immigrant workers who are both glad to be in safer surroundings and hoping for the safety of loved ones in their native country. These prosocial emotions predict prosocial behavior and less cheating in exchange. We find support for this latter prediction. In the immediate aftermath of Egypt's 2013 coup, a period of considerable political turmoil and violence in Egypt, our difference-in-differences tests suggest that the incidence of Egyptian cab drivers in New York City cheating customers drops by about half.

Book Review, Immigrant Japan: Mobility and Belonging in an Ethno-nationalist Society, by Gracia Liu-Farrer

Gracia Liu-Farrer’s Immigrant Japan: Mobility and Belonging in an Ethno-Nationalist Society is an intellectually stimulating invitation to rethink the traditional definition of immigrant country in an age of global mobility. The book provides the readers with rich narratives to understand how the immigration takes place in an immigrant society that emerged out of an ethno-nationalist one. Through the analysis of narratives of belonging and mobility, Liu-Farrer has shown how international migration occurs in non-traditional receiving countries, challenged the traditional definition of an immigrant country, and offered a promise of future Japan as an immigrant country. The book presents an essential addition to the literature on Japanese studies, area studies, and international migration and mobilities in Japan and beyond. It shows that micro-level individual narratives on mobility could pave the way to understanding transnationalism and connectivity at a larger scale as well as socio-cultural change taking place in a particular area. The book, finally, contributes to broadening the concept of an immigrant country, especially in the age of global mobility.

Interactive Narrative Strategies of Chinese American Literature in the Context of Big Data

<p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:16px;font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'">The United States is a multi-ethnic immigrant country, and its culture presents a distinctive ethnic color. Among them, literature as an important part of the culture embodies strong ethnic characteristics in the recent but outstanding literature history of the United States, Chinese American literature occupies a special place. The purpose of this article is to study the interactive narrative strategies of Chinese American literary works in the context of big data. Through the comparative analysis of the target text and the source text, the reconstruction of the myth by the role name, residence, lifestyle, language and spiritual world time in the target article is studied. In the context of big data, this research mainly starts from the development and characteristics of interactive stories, and introduces the potential and needs of VR, interactive narration. In this article, we will search for the main research directions and content of VR short films that have won awards at international and cultural and art festivals in the past five years. From the interactive nature of the image presentation of VR virtual technology, it analyzes the problem of VR on Chinese American literary works and the interactive narrative strategy planning of Chinese American literary works under the background of big data. Through technology in the era of big data, the interactive narrative of Chinese American literature has increased by as much as 50%.</span>

Leaving Homeland: The Evolving Conceptualization of Migration in the Iranian Cinema of the 2010s

Many of the Iranian films released inside Iran during the 2010s address the latest wave of Iranians’ emigrations since 2009. Examining the dominant tropes of migration in their narrative subsets, this article argues that the Iranian cinema of the last decade offers a paradigm shift in its conceptualization of migration which may reflect a gradual change in Iranian society. This study proposes that while some recent Iranian films have maintained the pre-established traditions of depicting the hosting countries of immigrants on utopic and/or dystopic terms, a high number of movies have instead presented temporary or permanent migration as a natural, self-evident, and righteous choice. Analyzing the representational strategies of these films obfuscates the imagined borders of a global community of Iranians and problematizes the classic definition of farangistan (foreign lands) by lessening its otherness from Iranshahr (the land of Iranians).

Ku lepszej przyszłości peryferii: regionalna polityka migracyjna

The peripheral regions are areas in need of development support. Traditional methods of support do not bring the expected results, so it is necessary to look for alternatives. This research shows that a regionally differentiated migration policy oriented to the increase in human capital may be a good choice, with a system of administrative incentives for immigrants designed to encourage immigrants to stay in the peripheral regions or to move there from other areas of the country of immigration. The subject of detailed analysis is the migration policy of Poland.

The Socialisation of Migrant Children in Transnational Settings

This article argues that it is central to consider the socialisation processes of migrant children in transnational settings when focusing on issues of integration and the transnationality of the next generation. A central experience of migrant children is that they grow up and are involved in both the emigration and immigration country (of their parents). Many of them circulate between Germany and Turkey several times and maintain multiple relationships across national borders when they are growing up. This has implications for their family relationships and educational careers in childhood, but beyond that it also has effects that are detectable into adulthood. The article shows that migrant children develop the potential and skills that enable them to live a transnational life. The question the article therefore addresses is whether and how a transnational childhood affects the transnationality and integration of the next generation in the adult life.

When Diaspora Politics Meet Global Ambitions: Diaspora Institutions Amid China's Geopolitical Transformations

Through a case study of China, one of the largest emigration states and a rising global power, this article probes how a homeland state envisions diaspora politics amid geopolitical transformations. Drawing on historical, policy, and interview data, I argue that China's changing positioning toward Chinese emigrants, triggered by the state's geopolitical vicissitudes, has reshaped and repurposed diaspora institutions. I find that since the 2010s, China's diaspora policies have shifted away from soliciting diasporic support for domestic economic growth and national unification and toward liaising externally with migrants to expand Chinese soft power abroad. In consequence, diaspora institutions with more extensive overseas connections and flexible working experiences have taken precedence over formal state agencies specialized in domestic policymaking. This article makes two theoretical contributions to a multilevel understanding of diaspora politics as traversing simultaneously the domestic and global political fields. First, following neo-pluralism, I examine China's diaspora bureaucracy as composed of a diverse set of state entities with distinctive, or even contradictory, interests, orientations, and philosophies. These organizational variations shape diaspora institutions’ different strengths and fluctuating significance in China's shifting geopolitical strategies. Second, by situating emigrants and diaspora institutions in the macrohistorical framework of world politics, this article pushes research on diaspora politics into more profound dialog with world-systems theory. Rather than assuming an asymmetric interdependence between weaker emigration countries and hegemonic immigration countries, I demonstrate how an aspirational homeland state seeks to challenge this established world order and accomplish its geopolitical ascendancy through diaspora re-strategizing and institutional reshuffling.

Results and Strategies for a Diversity-Oriented Public Health Monitoring in Germany.

Germany is a country of immigration; 27% of the population are people with a migration background (PMB). As other countries, Germany faces difficulties in adequately including hard-to-survey populations like PMB into national public health monitoring. The IMIRA project was initiated to develop strategies to adequately include PMB into public health monitoring and to represent diversity in public health reporting. Here, we aim to synthesize the lessons learned for diversity-oriented public health monitoring and reporting in Germany. We also aim to derive recommendations for further research on migration and health. We conducted two feasibility studies (interview and examination surveys) to improve the inclusion of PMB. Study materials were developed in focus groups with PMB. A systematic review investigated the usability of the concept of acculturation. A scoping review was conducted on discrimination as a health determinant. Furthermore, core indicators were defined for public health reporting on PMB. The translated questionnaires were well accepted among the different migrant groups. Home visits increased the participation of hard-to-survey populations. In examination surveys, multilingual explanation videos and video-interpretation services were effective. Instead of using the concept of acculturation, we derived several dimensions to capture the effects of migration status on health, which were more differentiated. We also developed an instrument to measure subjectively perceived discrimination. For future public health reporting, a set of 25 core indicators was defined to report on the health of PMB. A diversity-oriented public health monitoring should include the following: (1) multilingual, diversity-sensitive materials, and tools; (2) different modes of administration; (3) diversity-sensitive concepts; (4) increase the participation of PMB; and (5) continuous public health reporting, including constant reflection and development of concepts and methods.

Transcultural capital and emergent identities among migrant youth

The everyday practices and socio-cultural identities of migrant youth have become a focal point of contemporary sociological research in Western countries of immigration. This article engages with the concept of transcultural capital to frame the possibilities and opportunities embodied in young migrants’ multi-layered identities and cross-cultural competencies in the context of an increasingly interconnected and diverse world. By re-conceptualising diversity and difference as agentic, transformational capitals to be valued, fostered and mobilised, this transcultural approach brings to the fore the multitude of skills, networks and knowledge that migrant youth access and develop through multiple cultural repertoires. Drawing on the narratives of migrant youth in Melbourne (Australia), this article argues that access to different – and not necessarily oppositional – cultural systems opens up a space for understanding the ability of migrant youth to instigate, negotiate and maintain valuable socio-cultural connections in ways that recognise, disrupt and transform social hierarchies.

Migration and earnings in emigrant and immigrant countries - the case of Europe

Migration flows within Europe intensified after the EU enlargement that enabled easier procedures for finding a job in another country. Among the various effects that migration can have on emigrant and immigrant economies, this paper aims to focus on and quantify the impact of migration flows on income levels in both groups of countries. The research covers the period of 2006-2019 and applies dynamic panel data analysis, the results of which highlight that the number of emigrants has a statistically significant impact on earnings in immigrant countries, while the number of immigrants has no significant effects. On the other hand, migration variables do not indicate a statistically significant impact on the earnings of any household type in the group of emigrant countries, whereas macroeconomic variables have a strong impact.

Modern Socratic Dialogue and Resilient Democracy: Creating the Clearing for an American Bildung

Modern Socratic Dialogue and Resilient Democracy: Creating the Clearing for an American Bildung