Country Of Immigration Research Articles

Xenophobia as the major plight of African immigrants in South Africa: the example of Epiphanie Mukasano's selected poems

ABSTRACT The attacks on African immigrants in South Africa have generated a lot of media attention both within and outside the country. This issue has not yet garnered enough critical attention in the field of literature, especially poetry. The purpose of this research is to analyse selected poems from Epiphanie Mukasano's collection Kilimanjaro on My Lap (2010) that discuss the hardships of African immigrants in South Africa. For the purposes of this study, this research uses migration theory. The research finds that racism and xenophobia are to blame for the country's immigration issues in the poems selected for the study. Asserting that the majority of immigrants are seeking protection due to upheaval in their home countries, Mukasano implores those who commit abhorrent acts of xenophobia and racism to have mercy on the immigrants. Consequently, Mukasano's answers to xenophobic assaults in the selected poems are addressed in this study. Mukasano makes an attempt to persuade the perpetrators of racism and xenophobia in South Africa that Pan-Africanism ought to be seen as a brotherhood rather than an enemy. Poems by Mukasano generally focus on the critical observation of people and their attitudes towards immigrants in general, regardless of their status, as well as the challenging consequences faced by black people. Protest poetry by Mukasano is vocal and engaged in challenging the status quo. Her tone, style, and use of poetic forms, which show how she gets her message across, show that she accomplished this successfully.

THE SPATIAL LINKAGES BETWEEN INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND SECURITY: THE EMPIRICAL FINDINGS FROM TURKEY HOSTING MOST REFUGEE IN THE WORLD

The increasing international migration in the world, especially due to the conflict, have potential negative impacts in immigrant countries. An increase in crime rates caused by unemployed immigrants who cannot meet their food and housing needs is one of them. Accordingly, the study investigates the effects of international immigrants, whose numbers reached about 3,9 million in Turkey, on violent and financial crime rates. The Spatial Error Panel Model with Fixed Effects covering Turkey’s 26 NUTS-II regions and 2016-2019 period indicate that there are positive and statistically significant relationships between immigrants and these crime rates. However, the negative impacts of international migration on security are mainly observed in financial crimes rather than violent crimes. Furthermore, the most important determinants of these crimes are high food and housing costs. And also, there is a negative relationship between uneducated employment and financial crimes rather than violent crimes. On the other hand, the findings indicate that regions have spatial dependency positively in terms of violent crimes. It means that as average violent crimes increase in the neighbors of a region, the violent crimes of that region also increase.

Antigas e novas amizades de imigrantes latino-americanos

In view of the growth of international migration, including in Latin America, the present investigation aimed to analyze the history of old and new friendships of Latin American immigrants throughout their lives in the new country (Brazil, other Latin American countries, Spain and Portugal). More specifically, it was intended to investigate how recent migration affects existing friendships and the formation of new ones, with people of any nationality and culture. 40 immigrants participated in this descriptive-qualitative study (70% women and 50% between 30 and 39 years old), divided into four groups: A) 20 Latin Americans who lived in Brazil; B) three Brazilians who lived in another Latin American country; C) 12 Brazilians who lived in Spain; and D) five Brazilians who lived in Portugal. The instrument used was a questionnaire with open questions, sent and received by e-mail, producing written reports. In total, direct contacts were made by e-mail with national and international universities and educational institutions, as well as by messages on social networks with approximately 1,000 people, between August 2014 and January 2016. A detailed analysis of the data was conducted with a coding process (interpretation of the statements), and subsequent organization of the material into categories, based on qualitative content analysis. The main results of the study pointed out that most of the close friends are of the same gender and of the same nationality, and most of them reside in the country of origin of the immigrant. The ties in the immigrant's country of origin are close friendships, of many years, whose main means of contact are Facebook, Skype, WhatsApp, telephone, e-mail, internet and in person, and the frequency of contacts varies from daily to monthly. According to the participants, it is very good to see friends from their home country, with the most common shared activities being eating or going to restaurants, drinking or going to bars and staying at home. Both old (compatriots) and new friends (usually natives of the new country or other immigrants) are important in the process of migration from one culture to another. The beginning of friendships in the new country happens, for the most part, in the academic environment, through other friends and through relatives. Finally, Latin American immigrants in Brazil and Brazilians in other Latin American countries demonstrated a mostly positive view of natives before establishing friendships with them; and Brazilian immigrants in Spain and Portugal a negative view.

Recruiting people with selected citizenships for the health interview survey GEDA Fokus throughout Germany: evaluation of recruitment efforts and recommendations for future research

BackgroundGermany is the second most common country of immigration after the US. However, people with own or familial history of migration are not represented proportionately to the population within public health monitoring and reporting. To bridge this data gap and enable differentiated analyses on migration and health, we conducted the health interview survey GEDA Fokus among adults with Croatian, Italian, Polish, Syrian, or Turkish citizenship living throughout Germany. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effects of recruitment efforts regarding participation and sample composition.MethodsData collection for this cross-sectional and multilingual survey took place between 11/2021 and 5/2022 utilizing a sequential mixed-mode design, including self-administered web- and paper-based questionnaires as well as face-to-face and telephone interviews. The gross sample (n = 33436; age range 18–79 years) was randomly drawn from the residents’ registers in 120 primary sampling units based on citizenship. Outcome rates according to the American Association for Public Opinion Research, the sample composition throughout the multistage recruitment process, utilization of survey modes, and questionnaire languages are presented.ResultsOverall, 6038 persons participated, which corresponded to a response rate of 18.4% (range: 13.8% for Turkish citizenship to 23.9% for Syrian citizenship). Home visits accounted for the largest single increase in response. During recruitment, more female, older, as well as participants with lower levels of education and income took part in the survey. People with physical health problems and less favourable health behaviour more often took part in the survey at a later stage, while participants with symptoms of depression or anxiety more often participated early. Utilization of survey modes and questionnaire languages differed by sociodemographic and migration-related characteristics, e.g. participants aged 50 years and above more often used paper- than web-based questionnaires and those with a shorter duration of residence more often used a translated questionnaire.ConclusionMultiple contact attempts, including home visits and different survey languages, as well as offering different modes of survey administration, increased response rates and most likely reduced non-response bias. In order to adequately represent and include the diversifying population in public health monitoring, national public health institutes should tailor survey designs to meet the needs of different population groups considered hard to survey to enable their survey participation.

CONTEMPORARY MIGRANT CRISIS WITH THE SPECIAL OVERVIEW OF THE PROTECTION OF CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS OF THE CITIZENS OF IMMIGRATION COUNTRIES

The contemporary migrant (refugee) crisis that began in 2010 in the countries of North Africa and the Middle East is by no means accidental, but a very well-planned and executed migration of people. This plan slowly leads to the formation of a completely new world order in such a way as to destroy the previous national one, and create a completely new limited sovereignty. The de-sovereignation of nation-states has become a scourge of the modern age. A typical example is the European Union, which, in the era of the contemporary migrant crisis, has set itself a great challenge and task, to preserve the national identity of its member states. In the paper, the authors presented the legal and institutional framework for the protection of basic human rights of migrants. The paper contains a special reference to respect for the constitutional rights of citizens of the countries of immigration in the age of the migrant crisis. The contemporary migrant crisis has led to an enormous increase in people smuggling, but also influenced the increase in human trafficking. In the paper, the authors point to the distinction between human smuggling as a criminal offense against public order and peace and human trafficking as a criminal offense against humanity and other goods protected by international law. In the final deliberations, it was pointed out the necessity of respecting international documents, encouraging national, regional and global cooperation, as well as public condemnation of discrimination and hate speech.

Growing-up young adults and their social agency in migration: how Ukrainian children initiate and mediate their own migration within the family unit

ABSTRACT In an earlier period of migration studies, young people were overlooked, but scholars later began to study their position and perspective. Within the transnational family they are often studied as “abandoned” in the country of origin or as reunified with parent(s) in the country of immigration. Nevertheless, in both cases parents are seen as decision-makers whether young people will migrate or stay. A different angle provides studies of independent child migration or unaccompanied minors from Africa or Latin America. These young people are capable of developing their agency to the extent that they can migrate alone and neglect negotiation with parents as a result of conflict or different objectives. This article elaborates this topic and shows that growing-up adults from Western Ukraine (15–16 years-old when migrated) are also social agents, capable of triggering their own migration independently of parents as a consequence of experience from short-term stays in the country of immigration, as well as meritocratic principles and distinct generational outlooks.

მიგრაციის სოციალურ-ეკონომიკური გავლენის ანალიზი

The expansion of the boundaries of globalization in itself leads to the facilitation of the movement of people from one country to another. As the reality of past decades has shown, this could be voluntary or involuntary movement, which is caused by the need to find jobs. Over the years, the migration of these flows of people between countries has acquired a large scale and has become a pressing challenge. Migration is among the most important global challenges, which is accompanied by not only social, unsustainable, and severe economic problems, but also creates many difficulties in many countries throughout the world. One of the major reasons for present-day human migrations is due to socio-economic problems. The analysis of the migration balance showed us that in the first decade of independence (1994-2002), the negative migration balance was particularly high (25-190 thousand people). In 2022, as a result of the migration changes caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war, the positive migration balance amounted to 56,509 people. The analysis of these migration flows in terms of age, in 2022, has shown that the number of immigrants in all age-groups was higher than the number of emigrants, which is also the result of the migration changes caused by the Russian-Ukrainian war. As expected, emigrants and immigrants (economically active population) between the ages of 16 and 64 have the highest specific share, which made up 84% and 86% of their total number, respectively. Given the increased opportunities for international mobility and the driving factors of migration, a reduction in emigration flows is unlikely to occur in the near future. In our opinion, it will be important to bring these flows into a safe and legal framework, as well as to strengthen relations with the large Georgian diaspora living abroad and to involve them in the socio-economic development of the country. It should be noted that today, remittances continue to play an important role in the lives of migrant families remaining in Georgia. As studies show, despite their relatively high amount, remittances have little impact on the country's economic development. Thus, it is important to establish a migration policy in Georgia that will contribute to the reduction of irrational, intensive emigration, the legalization of migration, the increase of the efficiency of migration, the return of migrants and their socio-economic reintegration in their homeland, the harmonization of the migration policy of Georgia with the measures taken by the countries of immigration, and the normalization of immigration processes.

Between the inclusion and exclusion of immigrants in a peripheral European country: Housing inequality in Portugal

AbstractThe understanding of immigrants as disadvantaged low‐skilled workers has been widely explored in migration studies. On the opposite end of the social ladder, the number of scientific works about privileged migrants, from highly skilled professionals to retired people and digital nomads, shows a significant increase. However, migration research fails to expose and debate the sharp contrast between immigrants with distinct economic and socio‐professional backgrounds across several dimensions, namely in housing. With the aim to better understand the manifestations and interconnections of immigration within urban transformations, this study analyses the polarities between immigrants in the housing sector in Portugal, a peripheral European nation that recently acquired the status of a country of immigration and where access to housing has been a structural problem. Furthermore, this text discusses the impact of public policies on the generation of those inequalities. With this, we expect to contribute to the debate on the unequal power and positions of distinct groups of immigrants and their constraints in the housing market, taking into consideration processes of inclusion and exclusion.

The significance of local government in disaster management for international migrants: the case of Minoh City, Osaka Prefecture.

Disaster research predominantly focuses on citizens, not on migrants. This tilted spotlight needs to be readjusted, since many advanced countries around the world have become immigration countries, and safeguarding the lives of migrants at times of disaster has become an important and immediate policy issue. Hence, this research concentrates on disaster management to protect the lives of migrants in a disaster-prone and de facto immigration country. The particular country and event in question are Japan and the northern Osaka earthquake of June 2018. More than 100 migrants who lived near the earthquake's epicentre rushed to an evacuation shelter managed by the local municipal government of Minoh City, Osaka Prefecture. While non-governmental organisations attract more attention, this paper centres on a local government and demonstrates the key role that it can play in both bridging and building networks across different communities, and thus in safeguarding the lives of migrants at times of disaster.

Poland as an emigration and an immigration country – dynamics of change from the local and individual perspective

ABSTRACT Since the EU accession in 2004 Poland witnessed the biggest migration flows in the contemporary history, first mainly outflows to the Western European countries and recently also inflows from Eastern European countries. This movements have been a challenge especially for local communities experiencing an influx of significant numbers of people. The aim of this paper is to assess the interrelated nature of the two parallel processes of migration inflow and outflow. The two key questions are raised: how do multidirectional migrations influence the territorial dimension of the convergence process observed since the 1990 systemic transformation? and how these processes have been perceived among those who participate in them directly, and other inhabitants of receiving/sending areas? To allow for and facilitate comparisons between various aspects of migration the PESTEL analytical framework was used. The research confirmed that migrations influence the development and living standards in terms both structural and spatial. The perception of migratory processes differs between the representatives of local government (opportunity) and regular inhabitants (also a threat). These are mostly not just the kind of concerns known from Western European examples (cultural differences and competition on the labour market), as they often involve anxieties regarding access to public services.

The making of a global neighbourhood in China

Global neighbourhood, as a new immigrant settlement pattern, has been confirmed to benefit residential diversity and civic engagement in the United States. Based on fieldwork in Yiwu City, the world’s largest small-commodity distribution centre, we examine the formation of a global neighbourhood in China as a new immigrant destination country. Through field observations and in-depth interviews with immigrant residents, social workers and restaurant owners, we identify several factors contributing to the neighbourhood evolution, including immigrants’ market-driven rational choice, the local government’s multi-faceted service and the bridging role of Chinese ethnic minorities. This Yiwu model suggests a new way to think about immigrant settlement patterns that deserves more attention from urban scholars. Moreover, the patterns we discovered reveal new immigrant settlement mechanisms outside the US context, which enriches the current literature on global neighbourhoods and new immigrant destinations.

The Arc of Nordic Multiculturalism Policies (1974–2006). A Divergent Convergence

Abstract Nordic countries are similar when it comes to migratory trends. However, when the ‘multicultural question’ erupted in the 1970s, they opted for different policies. In the early 2000s, some scholars analysed a retreat from multiculturalism policies and a civic integrationist turn. Yet, our knowledge of the processes of convergence or divergence per se of these policies is still limited. Using the comparative method, this article shows that, during that period of time, the five Nordic countries were divided into two camps, with little mixing in terms of policy content: multiculturalist (Sweden and Norway) and assimilationist (Denmark and Iceland). Finland shifted its policy from assimilation to multiculturalism in the 1990s, when it became a country of immigration. It adopted the same range of multicultural policies as Sweden and Norway; Sweden was the leader on this and Denmark was the least multiculturalist. Negative feedback was the most recurrent mechanism of policy reproduction.

Culinary Authenticity and Diaspora: A Preliminary Enquiry

Food has traversed across boundaries with the advent of globalization. Food from various countries is now accessible to people across the globe, irrespective of the vast difference in culture or taste. Exposure to new kinds of food has become commonplace since migration, food trade and marketing expanded. Diasporic groups who migrate for different reasons carry their culture along, that they either spread the same in the immigrant country or seek nostalgic relief through food, lifestyle, relationships etc. Nonetheless, the mother culture and corresponding food habits do travel with people, more so if their occupation is related to food. While that happens, there’s always the burning question of authenticity of food. Some believe that a dish cooked by a native of a particular cuisine is authentic, some others consider use of traditional ingredients makes a dish authentic. In the context of globalisation, culinary ways, recipes and ingredients are borrowed and integrated across cultures. Due to these transactions, presuppositions on culinary authenticity are plenty and dynamic among stakeholders of the food industry, be it an immigrant consumer, culinary expert, food critic or a restaurateur. This paper attempts to study the various aspects concerning culinary authenticity and diaspora, analysing viewpoints of the stakeholders.

International Student Mobility in the Context of Migration and Development

The impact of international student mobility on the development in countries of origin is an under-researched topic in migration studies. In a global knowledge economy, immigration countries in the Global North perceive international students almost exclusively as ideal immigrants who are (mostly) young, flexible, and highly skilled when they enter the labour market after graduation. However, international students can play an important role for their countries of origin. For instance, our own research on international students and alumni from selected countries in the Global South (Colombia, Georgia, Ghana, and Indonesia) studying in Germany and the United States shows that they transfer development-related knowhow back to their country of origin by doing diverse activities in leading positions. They do that through return migration as well as by remaining in the country of graduation (by creating transnational social networks from abroad) and through circular mobility. However, these processes need more institutional support. Therefore, international student mobility should be an integral part of global migration governance, where scholarships for students from poor countries are the key drivers for international mobility. These considerations can stimulate the broader discussion about international migration and development.

Teaching and Learning in Italian Multicultural School Contexts: Outdoor Education and Inclusion Processes for Children with Migrant Backgrounds

Italy has recently and rapidly become a country of immigration with an increase in school contexts, especially of second-generation children, leading to the need to deal with the issue of inclusion. This contribution aims to enclose the scientific literature that addresses the inclusion of children with a migrant background within the national school context. After analyzing the ministerial documents and the literature that address this issue, the school context at the local level will be investigated, emphasizing the challenges that teachers must face within increasingly multicultural school contexts, in which they must cope with the numerous needs deriving from the relationship with CNI families and the management of cultural diversity at school.

Towards Algoritm-Assisted Career Management - the Challenge for New Immigration Countries. Predicting the Migrant"S Work Trajectory Using Ensemble Learning

Towards Algoritm-Assisted Career Management - the Challenge for New Immigration Countries. Predicting the Migrant"S Work Trajectory Using Ensemble Learning

Vast Workshop and Laboratory: Labor and Refugees to the Bohemian Lands and Czechoslovakia, 1914–39

AbstractAs a part of the conversation in the forum “Austria and the Czech Republic as Immigration Countries: Transnational Labor Migration in Historical Comparison” this article revisits the history of refugees in the Bohemian Lands and Czechoslovakia, from World War I until the occupation by Nazi Germany in 1939. Taking stock of existing research, it suggests alternative lines of thinking about the management of migrants' labor and contributes to the wider discussion about how to conceptually combine refugee studies and research on labor migration. For analytical purposes, it focuses on three distinct state approaches to managing refugee labor that often existed in parallel: mobilization of refugee labor in a crisis situation, the support of labor as a pathway to future citizenship, and the denial of work as a sign of statelessness. These three approaches show how refugees' work impacted their status, communicated ideas about the future, and reproduced hierarchies defined by ethnicity, class, or political persuasion.

Austria and the Czech Republic as Immigration Countries: Transnational Labor Migration in Historical Comparison

Abstract This article is an introduction to the forum that compares Austria and today's Czech Republic as immigration countries.

A Research on The Social Integration of Migrant Children: The Case of Mamak

Throughout history, there have been many social, cultural and economic changes due to migration movements in countries exposed to immigration. Because, by residing temporarily or permanently in the countries they migrate, immigrants both transform themselves and the society they live in. Türkiye has historically been a transit country for immigrants. However, in recent years, there has been a serious migration movement towards Türkiye due to the political, economic and social problems experienced in the surrounding countries. While some of the immigrants in Türkiye immigrated to Western countries, most of them continue to stay in Türkiye. For this reason, it is important for immigrants who are expected to live in Türkiye for a long time to adapt to Turkish society. In this context, in this study, the factors affecting the adjustment level of 90 Iraqi secondary school students between the ages of 9-15 residing in Mamak district of Ankara were investigated. In this study, which was based on Iraqi students, 8 Syrian, 1 Qatari and 1 Uyghur students from the same age group and schools were added, and the sample reached 100 people. In this direction, a questionnaire study was applied to these 100 students to have information about their perception about their adaptation processes. The data obtained were analyzed and interpreted by using the SPSS statistical analysis program. As a result of the analyzes; it has been observed that factors such as having a Turkish or near mother tongue, parental education level, country of origin, income level, number of siblings and length of stay in Türkiye have significant effects on the integration level of immigrant children. In line with the research findings, recommendations for policy and strategic goals were made to decision makers, NGOs and researchers in the field of migration so that the integration processes of migrant children can progress more effectively.

다문화·이주민 국가로의 전환과 ‘새로운 우리’를 위한 다문화교육 정책 방향 탐색

[Purpose] The purpose of this study is exploring the direction of multicultural education policy for the “new us” in Korean society, which is in the process of transitioning into a multicultural and immigrant nation.
 [Methods]This study collected policy cases from the UK and Singapore and derived implications to achieve the research purposes. As a country located in Asia, Singapore is a meaningful case in that it has incorporated a multicultural society into its national identity since the beginning of its founding, while the UK has been experiencing changes in national identity due to the large-scale influx of immigrants.
 [Results] First, the Singapore government is continuously making efforts to implement civic education suitable for a multicultural society. Emphasizing the role of public education, efforts are being made to establish individuals’ identity that encompasses cultural, national, and global civic identity. Second, in the UK, diversification is accelerating, and a huge budget is being invested to support youth competency development. It approached youth's social competency, social inclusiveness, and social participation in an integrated manner rather than treating them as different areas or approaching them from a fragmented perspective.
 [Conclusion]Multicultural education policy is not a policy for immigrants, but rather a core education for all youth, and to implement it cooperatively at the governmental level. It is important to realize that the reason the British government was able to secure a large scale budget, enact laws and reorganize the system, and collaborate among ministries was because it recognized that multicultural education should be a priority for the country. This is why it is important to navigate the new direction for multicultural education policy for South Korea in the era of the transition to a multicultural and immigrant country.