Economic Community Countries Research Articles

The effect of chlormequat on the yield and yield components of oil-seed rape

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of the chemical growth regulator chlormequat on the yield and yield components of oil-seed rape. Although this chemical is widely used in wheat production systems, its use as a morpho-regulator for oil-seed rape has not been examined thoroughly. A few Eastern European experiments have been published. Voskerusa (1972) applied it at 2, 4, 6 and 8 kg/ha to winter varieties in Czechoslovakia. His results, which agree with those of Fabry & Hannich (1972), demonstrated reduced winter kill using an autumn application. However, studies on modern varieties such as Rafal, now widely grown in European Economic Community countries, have not been reported in detail.

Proposal for a short-term toxicity test with Artemia nauplii

Although standardization of toxicity tests on aquatic organisms is an urgent necessity, very little has yet been achieved for the marine environment. As a first step in this direction, a simple, inexpensive and reliable short-term routine test with Artemia larvae is proposed. This test is the result of an extensive study in our laboratory, taking into account the advantages and disadvantages of Artemia bioassays published by various authors. The major advantage of the brine shrimp as a test species is its continuous availability under the form of dry cysts which can be hatched very easily; this eliminates all biological, technological, and financial problems of stock recruitment and/or culturing. The acute test presented is based on the determination of the LC 50-24 hr of instar II–III nauplii of a specific Artemia strain. Presently this test is the subject of an intercalibration exercise in North America; an analogous exercise is now in progress in the European Economic Community countries.

Rapid, Economical Method for Determination of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin in Animal Feedstuffs

A quantitative procedure widely used in European Economic Community (EEC) countries has been successfully scaled down to produce a rapid method for determination of aflatoxin B1 (and other aflatoxins) in animal feeds. Without modification, the method may be used for simultaneous ochratoxin A determination in simple feeds, but a slightly different extraction procedure is required for compound feeds. Validity of the method has been demonstrated by comparison with the full EEC procedure for aflatoxin B1 and the Nesheim method for ochratoxin A. Analyses may be completed within 2 h and there is a considerable savings in materials over the 2 reference methods. The procedure is also less hazardous because volumes of toxic extract are small, and the operator is exposed to minimum solvent vapor.

Current Issues in Asean‑Australian Trade Relations

In aggregate, Australia is a minor market for exports from the Association of South east Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries and a minor supplier of goods to ASEAN coun tries. In 1975, Australia absorbed 2.4% of exports from ASEAN countries. The main export markets for the ASEAN countries are Japan, the U.S., the European Economic Community (EEC) and other Asian countries. Australia supplied 4.6% of imports purchased by ASEAN countries in 1975, a figure dwarfed by Japan, the EEC, the U.S. and the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). While in total Australia's trade with the ASEAN countries is small, the importance of Australia as a trading partner varies amongst the ASEAN countries. Table 1 shows the share of total exports from the respective ASEAN countries that were sold to Australia, together with the proportion of their total imports supplied by Australia. In general. Malaysia and the Philippines are more concerned about their trade relation ship with Australia than are Indonesia and Thailand, but all four of these countries share the same basic set of problems. Singapore ? with the highest per capita income in Asia outside of Japan, with a different economic structure from the other ASEAN countries, and with a different development strategy ? places a different perspective on its relationship with Australia although, being an integral member of ASEAN and of Southeast Asia as a whole, it is also concerned with the problems faced by other ASEAN countries.

Opinion Paper: Euronet and its Effects on the U.S. Information Market

AbstractThe startup of Euronet in 1979 may eventually result in increased hourly charges to U.S. on‐line users. This would arise from a drain‐off of European business; access for Europeans to U.S. data processors has been made artificially expensive by the telecommunication charge established by the Postal and Telecommunications Administrations of the European Economic Community countries. Since the major data bases on the Euronet system will be U.S. produced, a plea is made for concerted effort by U.S. data producers and users to assure competitive communication rates in Europe.

The EEZ and the progress of fisheries negotiations January to May 1977

This paper discusses negotiations, relative to sea fisheries, in terms of international arrangements—arrangements between the European Economic Community (EEC) and Third Countries; and those between member states of the EEC.

Reflections on the prospects of the evolution of the structure of education systems

In 1965, Raymond Poignant published in Paris, on the initiative of the European Institute of University Studies, a work entitledEnseignement dans les Pays du Marche Commun. This work, which was subsequently translated and published in English and German has become a classic of its kind. The initial idea was to compare the structures and relative degrees of development of the educational systems in the European Economic Community (EEC) countries, the United States of America, the United Kingdom and the U.S.S.R., in order to see how school and university systems in the EEC countries were adapting to the most pressing human, social, democratic and economic requirements of the modern world. This idea originated in the apprehension that, because of the strength of their long educational traditions, the EEC countries might find it more difficult than others to make the necessary adjustments. The conclusions of this initial work in many respects confirmed this apprehension and contributed, at the time, to the development taking place in European educational systems. Under an agreement between IIEP and the European Cultural Foundation, Raymond Poignant is to publish a new work entitledL'Enseignement dans les Pays Industrialises (Education in the Industrialized Countries), which to some extent carries on from the first but is motivated by other preoccupations. In this second work, which is set in the general context of the studies undertaken by the European Cultural Foundation on European education in the year 2000, the point is not so much to emphasize the quantitative and qualitative differences still encountered in the educational systems of the eleven countries under consideration—Japan and Sweden having been added to the original sample—as to show up some of the most characteristic trends common to their development during the last two decades or the trends of development in the most ‘advanced’ countries, trends which, by the year 2000, a date so distant and yet so close at hand, may or should develop more rapidly or indeed become general. The author takes the changes noted since 1950 in the eleven countries considered, which he sees as being of some indicative value for the future, and outlines, in conclusion, the directions in which he feels they should continue in the three decades between now and the year 2000. He points out the forces of resistance of every kind which, in the short term, slow down the transformation of educational structures in the various European countries. He also emphasizes the decisive influence which the trend towards a levelling-out in the attitudes of different social groups towards secondary and higher education is likely to have on the dynamics of the development of European educational systems, of which he describes both the uncertainties and the most likely prospects. The European Cultural Foundation and the Nijhoff Publishing House have kindly given their permission for publication in the reviewProspects of a long extract from the conclusions of this work, which concerns future changes in the structure of European educational systems.