Countless Thousands Research Articles

Terror Attacks of September 11, 2001

During this extremely sad and traumatic time, we extend our sincere and heartfelt condolences to the families and loved ones of all those who lost their life on September 11th. We also wish for the speedy and full recovery of those who were injured, and we hope and pray that in the aftermath of the attacks, rescue crews can find as many people still alive as possible.The Black Radical Congress (BRC) strongly condemns the horrific terror attacks which occurred on September 11th, 2001. The brazen murder of countless thousands of civilians cannot be supported or condoned.

Disciples, Demigods, and Data

Scholars spend endless hours poring over texts in search of clues to the true meaning of an author's intent. In extreme cases, differences in interpretations have led to religious and social schisms that have claimed countless thousands of lives. For humans, quibbling is a ritual. Lawyers often appear to seek precedents rather than justice. We seem to have an almost primordial need to seek comfort and support, not necessarily in the correctness of our views, but in how deeply our views are anchored in history, the opinions of authorities, and tradition. Health care professionals are not immune from this curious pattern of behavior. We argue about the true intent of clinical gurus. Evidence is not important in this dialogue because our most prolific writers and preachers of practice methods are almost always unencumbered by data.… [ ARTICLE][1] [ ARTICLE][2] [ ARTICLE][3] [1]: /lookup/volpage/78/1046?iss=10 [2]: /lookup/volpage/78/1057?iss=10 [3]: /lookup/volpage/74/697?iss=8

Renting The Revolution: A Reply to Clark

Book reviews ought really to be written about the book the reviewer asked to review, not used as a platform for proclaiming the remarkable results of the reviewer's own, as yet unpublished and therefore untested findings.' Professor Gregory Clark, by quoting material from the Charity Commission records to declare that, despite the sweep of our work and the careful methodology that has been deployed, we have produced a rental series that is obviously deficient will not do. Our study of rents between 1690 and 1914 contains 5,355 observations for estates ranging from a 767 acre estate at Bradford, Wiltshire, in 1827, to the 290,000 acres of land held by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners and covering practically (if not actually) every county in England in the years 1900 to 1914. The average size of the individual properties 12,832 acres. Readers will realize it a database of estates rather than farms, but thereby it aggregates countless thousands of farm observations. At its thinnest in the early 1690s it covers only 6,562 acres, but from 1741 over 50,000 acres are covered annually, from 1774 over 100,000 acres, from 1796 over 200,000 acres, and at its most extensive the database covers over one million acres in every year from 1881 to 1892. From this body of data we produced two indices, for rent assessed and for rent received.2 It is, in other words, a very substantial body of data, carefully compiled and, in our view, reflecting the broad range of English farming over the period.

"Countless Thousands Mourn": America's Great Racial War

Although festschrifts often contain uneven and disparate essays, the period of the Civil War has prompted a surprisingly substantial set of collections, including works honoring such prominent scholars as Robert Durden, David Herbert Donald, and C. Vann Woodward.' Designed to celebrate the notable teaching career of Richard H. Sewell at the University of Wisconsin, Union and Emancipation can take its place among them. Certainly Sewell's own studies have set a strong example for the seven contributors. For instance, his second book, Ballots for Freedom: Antislavery Politics in the United States, 1837-1860 (1976), effectively explains the origins of the Republican party and its ideological development. Union and Emancipation also shows how salient traditional political history still is. Despite the welcome diversity of professional interests today, it is gratifying that digging into the letters of politicians, military leaders, reformers, and other conventional sources can still uncover new veins worth mining. In some cases, the contributors combine a thorough grounding in political history with interdisciplinary approaches, a breadth of intellectual curiosity for which Sewell himself might take partial credit. The first two essays explore old territory with new, complex readings of the Democratic and Republican parties in the 1850s. Robert E. May revisits the charges of a Slave Power Conspiracy that helped to undermine the administrations of Millard Fillmore, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan. According to antislavery Yankees, these Doughfaces secretly promoted the constant eruptions of southern filibuster campaigns beyond American boundaries. May points out that the succession of presidents sought obsequiously to placate the southern wings of their parties, but they would only go so far. Bellicose and slightly mad, some southerners on the far, far right sought to expand slavery's borders. Readers will be surprised by the number of freemen-like plots that, according to May, were hatched in southern ports. Such adventurers as William Walker collected arms, acquired ships, sometimes

La France pour tous?—The French Presidential Elections of 23 April and 7 May 1995

JACQUES CHIRAC WAS ELECTED FIFTH PRESIDENT OF THE FRENCH Fifth Republic on 7 May 1995. After 21 years, a politician claiming the Gaullist mantle is once again the occupant of the Elysée Palace. The spontaneous demonstration of countless thousands of Chirac supporters in the Place de la Concorde on the evening of the 7 May was sweet revenge for a candidate who had previously failed on two occasions to secure election, in 1981 and 1988 against the Socialist François Mitterrand. Like the former President, Chirac was elected on his third attempt. Like Mitterrand, President Chirac possesses the necessary presidential attributes of perseverance in adversity, a willingness to learn from past mistakes, and the support of a powerful political party.

Homeless Policy: The Need to Speak to Families

For years the most popular stereotype of the homeless in the United States was the bum on skid row, drinking wine from a brown paper bag or seeking handouts from passersby. However, during the last decade, the scarcity of affordable housing-coupled with other social and economic changes--thrust many faces into the homeless population. Unemployed workers, able-bodied veterans, farmers, and runaway youth joined the ranks of the homeless in growing numbers (Rossi, 1990). Perhaps the most distressing change in the composition of the homeless was the increasing number of homeless families. Families with children now represent the fastest growing segment of the homeless, accounting for approximately 43% of the homeless population (U.S. Conference of Mayors, 1993). The Institute of Medicine (1988) estimates that as many as 100,000 American children are homeless on any given night. In addition to the official homeless, there are countless thousands of families precariously doubled-up with relatives or friends, just one crisis away from becoming homeless. The present article focuses on homeless families, the new group among the homeless. The article summarizes current research on the characteristics of these families, presents a brief history of government homeless policy, and makes suggestions for formulating future homeless policies that incorporate family principles. CHARACTERISTICS OF HOMELESS FAMILIES Recognizing that families now constitute a sizeable percentage of the homeless, researchers and policy makers have begun to examine their characteristics. Nine out of 10 homeless families with children are female-headed households with a mean of two children per family (Kondratas, 1991). Three quarters of these families are members of racial and ethnic minority groups. The median age of homeless mothers is in the late 20s, approximately half have never been married, and approximately half have never finished high school (Milburn & Booth, 1990). Most homeless families receive public assistance, including Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC). Research suggests that many homeless families enter shelters because of a crisis event, such as the loss of a job, illness, change in a personal relationship (e.g., divorce, desertion), or loss of housing due to fire or flood. Homeless mothers have been found to experience a relatively high prevalence of disruptive family events, including divorce, illness, physical abuse, and sexual abuse (Goodman, 1991). Some studies have found that homeless mothers are more likely than housed mothers to experience social isolation and to lack supportive relationships with family, friends, and neighbors (e.g., Bassuk & Rosenberg, 1988). In contrast to single homeless adults, only about 10% of homeless parents report that they have been hospitalized for mental illness or treated for substance abuse (Kondratas, 1991). The vast majority of families are homeless for economic reasons. As McChesney (1987) reports, most homeless families were poor before they became homeless, frequently living from month to month and struggling to pay their bills. Such families often live in neighborhoods characterized by rampant violence, persistent unemployment, poor schools, and limited access to medical and social services. Although eviction or relationship problems precipitate homelessness for many single-parent households, the reality is that neither welfare payments nor the minimum wage earnings of these low-skilled women are sufficient to pay the rent, cover child care, and meet health care and other living expenses. Such economic problems may increase parental feelings of hopelessness, dependency, and depression, contributing to family dysfunction. In 1993, the U.S. Conference of Mayors (1993) reported a 13% increase in shelter requests from homeless families over the previous year. However, due to minimal housing resources, the 26 cities surveyed were unable to satisfy almost 30% of family requests for temporary shelter. …

The Audiences for the Medieval Cult of Saints

The medieval cult of saints is generally examined through its organizers, their texts and the spatial and visual environments they sponsored. None the less, whether it emerged spontaneously, as the clergy claimed, or was assiduously cultivated, the cult of saints required an audience. When the audience appears, however, it is often the same one-dimensional, enthusiastic but docile public mentioned in accounts by clergy who complain that their churches are too small to accommodate "countless thousands," all the while they set up dazzling shrines to encourage still more pilgrimage. Scholars have tended to ignore the complexity of these audiences and their voltaile relations with organizers and sponsors. This paper examines four revealing instances spanning the period of intensive cult activities, from the early eleventh to the late twelfth centuries. The conclusions to be drawn from these four examples--and perhaps by extension for other sites of pilgrimage--suggest that public ceremonies were volatile and by no means guaranteed the authority of sponsors or the consensus of their audiences; that local people and visitors were two distinct constituencies; that images and ceremonies attempting to assimilate the two often failed to create consensus, partly because revenues from the pilgrimage trade did not outweigh the burdens imposed by landlord clergy. Strategic appeals to saints and relics in magical ceremonies, in fact, tended to conceal the rational and pragmatic pursuit of the same objectives through compromise, litigation, and a spectrum of economic schemes.

If It Takes All Summer: The Battle of Spotsylvania (review)

262CIVIL WAR HISTORY the rewarding labors of Carol Bleser this remarkable document is available to all who seeka candid but forbidding portrait ofa man and a slave society wrestling with pride, arrogance, and what almost seems to be a death wish. Bertram Wyatt-Brown University of Florida IfIt Takes AUSummer: The Battle ofSpotsylvania. By William D. Matter. (Chapel Hill: University ofNorth Carolina Press, 1988. Pp. xv, 455. $29.95.) Surprisingly, after well over one hundred years and countless thousands of books, there are still major campaigns and battles of the Civil War that have not received comprehensive, scholarly treatment. Instead, these campaigns and battles have been covered anecdotally in reminiscences or superficially as part of larger works. Errors and special pleadings abound in the first category, and in the absence of critical analysis, they often find their way into the second. Until every major campaign and battle is scrutinized in a monograph utilizingall the resources and analytical tools modern scholarship can provide, generalizations on the military aspects ofthe war will remain suspect. Especially is this true of the Overland Campaign of 1864 in Virginia where stereotypes and half-truths prevail in the absence of solid works on all but one ofthe major encounters between Grant and Lee. Clearly the war in Virginia in 1864 differed greatly from that of previous years, but the reasons remain elusive because the monographic foundation upon which to build generalizations remains incomplete. William D. Matter has now contributed significantly to that foundation with the publication of IfIt Takes All Summer: The Battle ofSpotsylvania. Following the bloody but indecisive clash in the Wilderness, U. S. Grant elected to continue offensive operations in a southeasterly direction toward Richmond. Grant's initial objective was Spotsylvania Court House, which he hoped to reach before the Army ofNorthern Virginia could react. Philip Sheridan's incompetent performance and other factors, however, permitted Robert E. Lee to win the race to Spotsylvania. From the point ofinitial contact near the Spindle farm, both armies extended their lines for several miles through the maze of fields, woods, ravines, and small streams. For two weeks Grant tested the Confederate entrenchments, leapfrogging corps over one another as the action shifted from right to left, and then back again. All attempts to gain a decisive breakthrough failed, although a notable penetration occurred on May 12 at the salient known thenceforth as the Bloody Angle. In this action so many bullets were fired at such close quarters for so long that bodies of the fallen were reduced to unrecognizable pulp and an oak tree twenty inches in diameter was felled. But it was all BOOK REVIEWS263 for nothing as Lee's counterattacks boughtenough time for his engineers to construct a new line that eliminated the salient. Finally, after another nine days of indecisive maneuvering and bungled attacks by both sides, Grant again broke contact with Lee's army and headed south once more. Although the horrors of the fight at the Bloody Angle have long been a staple of writings about the Overland Campaign, no comprehensive treatment ofthe Spotsylvania action has been available until the publication of IfIt Takes All Summer. Matter begins his story at the close of the Wilderness battle and carries it forward in great detail until both armies have left Spotsylvania on their way to their next confrontation at North Anna River. Under the best of circumstances it is a complex story because of the broken terrain and the constant shifting of units by both armies from one flank to the other. Matter compounds the complexity by emphasizing the details of daily movement: order of units in column, route of march, distance to be covered, road condition, etc. These homely details provide a much needed corrective to the grand assertions ofthose unfamiliar with the procedures and physical limitations of campaigning. Military historians must understand such parameters or their work will be uninformed and irrelevant. Handled injudiciously, however, such detailed recitation offact may detrimentally affect both writing style and focus. Commendable as it is, Matter's decision to lead the reader through the minutiae of operations has resulted in a writing style often as turgid as the Spotsylvania mud itself. More important, the book's...

Music in Edmonton, 1880-1905

Helmut Kallmann has suggested that the main impression created by a study of musical beginnings in western Canada is that of amazing speed and variety of development (Kallmann 1960:170). Kallmann's account deals chiefly with Victoria, Vancouver, Regina, and Winnipeg, but it will become apparent that most of the factors responsible for this rapid growth were also at work in Edmonton. The presence of well-educated settlers, including many women who had learned to play the piano, the associated need to compensate for the hardships and cultural privation of pioneer life, and the influence of geographical isolation help to explain why musical establishments were, according to Kallmann, so quick to grow in western cities. It will also become clear that the presence of one energetic and talented person was often sufficient to act as a nucleus and catalyst for musical activities once the basic requirements for such activities were present. In addition, Edmonton's early years show how institutions of various kinds can be important in bringing such persons to a community and in providing continuity in times of transition. Historical background Edmonton House was first established on the banks of the North Saskatchewan River in 1795 as part of the rivalry between the North West Company and the Hudson's Bay Company. The two companies were amalgamated in 1821 and under the guidance of John Rowand, Edmonton House quickly became one of the most important furtrading posts in the Northwest, the depot for expeditions to the Pacific and to the Mackenzie (MacGregor [1967] 1975: 36). In spite of its importance, it was small. When Paul Kane, the artist whose journal and paintings give us such a vivid record of life on the prairies and west coast in the middle of the nineteenth century, visited Edmonton House in 1847, there were 130 people living in the fur-trading post (Kane [1859] 1925: 92-93). These were mainly Hudson's Bay Company employees engaged in the fur trade, their wives, almost without exception native women, and a few others who made their living hunting, farming, cutting firewood and freighting for the Company. By 1880 the population had grown very little: the Edmonton area now had a population of 275 (Edmonton Bulletin 27 December, 1880: 1). In other ways, however, there had been very significant changes. When Paul Kane had passed down the North Sasktachewan with the Hudson's Bay Company flotilla he saw thousands of buffalo. When John McDougall came to the Edmonton area in 1862 with his father, the Rev. George McDougall, there were still countless thousands of buffalo, and one of his main occupations in the winter was either hunting buffalo or trading with the Cree or Blackfoot Indians for buffalo meat to keep their missions at Victoria and Pigeon Lake supplied with food (McDougall [1903] 1983). By 1880 the buffalo were gone, the Indians, former lords of the Plains, were starving, and a transcontinental railroad was about to open the prairies to large numbers of settlers. Life in the Northwest Territories was changing very rapidly; in 25 years provinces and cities would exist where buffalo had grazed and Indians had camped. In that same time, musical life on the prairies grew from the simple customs associated with relaxation around the campfire and entertainment at Christmas dances to elaborate productions by amateur operatic and choral societies presented alongside a constant succession of musical and theatrical events organized by touring professional companies. This cultural growth is documented in the Edmonton Bulletin, which was inaugurated in December 1880 by Frank Oliver who later became a Member of Parliament for the Territories. He proudly called his new publication the smallest newspaper in the world - four pages, five inches wide by six inches deep - and it is from this time on that one can get a coherent, continuous account of life in early Edmonton. (MacGregor 1963: 140). The churches, of course, were one of the main centres of musical activity in any frontier town. …

Anesthesia for Victims of the Earthquake in Iran 1978

Anesthesia in disaster medicine, especially as practiced in developing countries, is fundamentally different from the anesthesia that is practiced during normal situations. Anesthetic procedures suitable for disaster situations must often take place under minimal conditions of instrumental availability and in a setting of less than modern technology. Such conditions, of course, limit the use of inhalatory anesthetics.The key factor present in disaster situations is the disturbed relationship between the number of injured, on the one hand, and the available resources to treat them, on the other. This includes medical personnel—both professional and para-professional. This has been substantiated by the earthquakes in Iran, Guatemala, China and Turkey. The earthquake which occurred in Tabas, Iran in December 1978, for example, lasted only thirty seconds, but left behind more than 20,000 dead and countless thousands of injured.

Literature as Textual Palingenesis: On Some Principles of Literary History

You can throw overboard every mental heritage that consciousness has prized. When you have done so, where are you? What has become of you? You remain incapable of uttering a word that has not its roots buried deep in the remotest past. You cannot open your lips without being used as a mouthpiece by myriads upon myriads of the dead. You are little more than a disk recording the reproducing traditions that no awareness can fathom, traditions deposited during countless thousands of years in your anatomical and physiological structure, in your tissues, in your nervous and glandular systems. Yet you fancy that you are free to start afresh as man did hundreds of mil-

FOOD and MIGRAINE

Regular migraine attacks are a curse, an agony suffered once a week, or even more often, by countless thousands of people. Certain foods are known to trigger off attacks in some individuals, but food may be a more common cause of migraine than previously recognised

“Legitimate Deviance” and Social Class: Bar Behavior during Grey Cup Week

Studies of deviant behaviour have focused on many forms of rule-break ing behaviour, from major violations such as crime, drug addiction, mental illness, sexual deviations, suicide, alcoholism and excessive drink ing, etc., to minor breaches such as pool hustling (Polsky, 1967) swear ing (Hartogs, 1967; Sagarin, 1962), smelling bad (Largey and Watson, 1972), being obese (Cahnman, 1969), and work-related infractions (Bens man and Gerver, 1963; Harper and Emmert, 1963; Stoddard, 1968). These works are predicated on the assumption that deviant behaviour is misbehaviour which is not socially sanctioned or highly tolerated, especially if it is widespread. Yet, it is commonly known that there are times when and places where widespread deviant behaviour is socially sanctioned and highly tolerated, when, it may be said, deviant behaviour is legitimate. During periods of legitimate deviance a is from the demands of accountability and conformity, social control is relaxed, and almost anything goes. Such Time Outs are often called by ceremonial ar rangement and take the form of ritualistic festivals, fiestas, celebrations, parties, and the like.1 For example, MacAndrew and Edgerton (1969) summarize a great deal of anthropological research illustrating the univer sality and frequency of the ceremonial Time Out among Indians and other native peoples. These Time Outs are characterized by a great amount of aggression, violence, debauchery, generally wild behaviour, and, in many cases, extreme drunkenness ? behaviour which is not tolerated in every day life.2 These ceremonial Time Outs are not restricted to primitive societies. Modern, urbanized, so-called developed societies also have a multitude of such rituals. There are countless thousands of festivals, celebrations, and spectacles at the community and other levels in North America and

Trends of Antibiotic Use In the United States

To the Editor.— It was with a feeling of horror that I read the article by Simmons and Stolley and some of the subsequent comments. I hastened to check the date and was only a bit reassured when I saw 1974 and not 1984. Gadzooks, what recommendations! Achtung, colleagues, achtung! In spite of "50,000,000 Frenchmen can't be wrong," Anatole France once stated that if 50,000,000 people spout nonsense, it's still nonsense. So it might be that countless thousands of community physicians are as wrong as a $3 bill about antibiotics, but it is just as possible from where I sit that dozens of ivory-tower investigators may be wrong too. My 40 years of medical school and general practice span the entire era. I am intellectually honest enough to recall the falling morbidity and mortality of scarlet fever before the advent of suitable medication. It is my impression, too, that the

Efficacy of Buquinolate Against Six Species of Coccidia

INTRODUCTIONALTHOUGH the use of chemotherapeutic agents in the control of coccidiosis is as old as the poultry industry, a completely satisfactory coccidiostat is yet to be found. Since Herrick and Holmes (1936) showed the efficacy of sulfur against coccidiosis, the search for more effective, more efficient drugs has been continuous. Countless thousands of compounds have been screened but less than 25 have been widely used commercially (Reid, 1961). However, the appearance of resistant strains of coccidia (Kendall et al., 1945; Waletzky et al., 1954; Cuckler and Malagna, 1955; McLoughlin and Gardiner, 1962) or various harmful side effects have caused the usefulness of many of these compounds to be cut short.In spite of the widespread usage of coccidiostats for several years, coccidiosis continues to be a major problem in broilers, as well as replacement and laying flocks. This continued incidence of coccidiosis (Covet, 1966) points out the importance of …

The southern cold temperate coasts, with special reference to South Africa

My own connexion with the southern ocean has been primarily during a ten-year residence in South Africa. I have also spent a year in Australia, but this was concerned with tropical shores. During the South African period a survey was made which revealed the presence of a cold temperate area on the South African coast, lying outside the Subtropical Convergence but affected by the upwelling of a body of cold water which may be antarctic intermediate water, although this attribution has been queried. Since then similar areas have been identified in southern Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand, and it was always clear that South America must possess such an area, although only recently do we know much about the ecology of its seashores. It has been possible to compare the populations of these several areas with one another and with those of some of the southern islands, not only by means of the published accounts, but in the light of conversations and correspondence with those who have visited them, assisted by very large numbers of photographs, both in colour and in monochrome. General studies of seashores are apt to lead to unexpected conclusions, especially if anything is taken for granted beforehand. For example, such work leads one to expect that any well-stocked shore will have representatives of various animal groups on it, such as periwinkles, barnacles, whelks, crabs, anemones and limpets. But in practice one can find shores on which any one of these groups (if not more than one) is missing. This is not necessarily because of special conditions, such as those prevailing in estuaries, where reductions would seem natural, but for no reason which has (as yet) been clearly determined. Similarly, where there is a circumpolar marine climate and a West Wind Drift, one would expect circumpolar marine populations. But this is just what we do not find. While acknowledging immediately that there are circumpolar species, genera and even families, we must realize that these have attracted so much attention as to obscure the other side of the picture, which is equally important and perhaps more surprising. The South African, South Australian and South American shores all have a high proportion of endemic species, particularly marked in Australia; they are very independent. More than this, the combinations of common plants and animals which form the communities characteristic of the South African shores are very distinctive, and they are not found, so far as we know, on any other shores. The same applies to South Australia and South America: nobody familiar with any one of these would confuse them with the others. Probably the same applies to the oceanic islands, or at least to those which are widely separated. This view of the situation does not conflict with the recent work of Knox, though at first sight it may appear to do so. We know from this work that certain dominant species are recurrent round the southern ocean or part of it, and that there is a standard type of zonation. But similarities in zonation exist not only in the southern ocean but all over the world, and they demonstrate not so much a similarity between communities, as a similar reaction to environmental circumstances of any communities which exist at a particular place. Widespread dominant species show more affinity between one area and another, but it may still remain true that the combinations of common species (i. e. the communities) characteristic of any one southern cold temperate area are distinctive of that area and on the whole paralleled but not repeated in the others. The limpets of South Africa may be mentioned in this connexion. South Africa possesses a limpet population which is perhaps unrivalled in the world. There are more than 25 common species, belonging to more than nine genera, and some of these are present in countless thousands and are large in size. Now southern Australia, New Zealand and Tasmania are by no means lacking in limpets, but few if any of them are the same as the South African ones, most if not all of which are endemic to South Africa. South America again has limpets, but a different selection. These three limpet populations are therefore very independent of one another, and although a few circumpolar limpets are known, they occur in regions farther south than South Africa.

The Quaker in the Dime Novel

108Bulletin of Friends Historical Association THE QUAKER IN THE DIME NOVEL By Thomas Kimber* In my recent study entitled "The Treatment of the Quaker as a Character in American Fiction (1825-1925) "x I examined a considerable number of works of fiction—novels and short stories —in which various authors have portrayed the Quaker as a character . I found that most of these writers, as is shown by Caroline Crew in her article "The Quaker in Fiction,"2 were themselves not members of the Society of Friends. It is only in quite recent years, in fact, that any considerable body of fiction by Quakers has made its appearance. Among the more significant works studied may be mentioned Whittier's Leaves From Margaret Smith's Journal, Hawthorne's "Gentle Boy," Melville's Moby Dick, Weir Mitchell's Hugh Wynne: Free Quaker and Hephzibah Guinness, Mrs. Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin, Bayard Taylor's The Story of Kennett, Chauncey Hotchkiss' Betsy Ross: A Romance of the Flag, Max Adler's The Quakeress, Caroline Atwater Mason's A Windflower, and Caroline Dale Snedecker's Downright Dencey. Soon after the close of the Civil War a new popular literary form made its appearance in the United States, a type of fiction later to be known as the "dime novel." Although die term is not entirely accurate, it was soon accepted by the mass of its readers and about 1870 came into general popular usage.3 The dime and nickel novels, dime libraries, half-dime libraries, and similar innovations , with their offering of violence, mystery, heroism, vülainy , and romance—all calculated for popular appeal—rapidly captured the public imagination, performing in the late nineteenth century much the same office which the mystery and detective stories do today. * Professor of English, Pasadena College, Pasadena, California. 1 Doctoral dissertation at the University of Southern California, completed in October, 1953. 2 The Dial, XXXV (October, 1913), 251-253. 3 See Albert Johannsen, The House of Beadle and Adams and its Dime and Nickel Novels (Norman, Oklahoma, 1950), I, 3. Notes and Documents109 It was somewhat surprising to discover the traditional Friend, clad in Quaker drab and broad-brimmed hat, making his way, albeit unwittingly, into the pages of the dime novel. Among the lurid titles of these sensational stories a number refer directly or indirectly to the Quakers. As examples of these may be cited the following: Wide Awake Len, the Quaker City Crook, Quaker City Ferret, Quaker Detective, Quaker Among the Red Skins, and The Fugitives; or, The Quaker Scout of Wyoming.4 Others like Saul Sabberday, the Idiot Spy make interesting use of the Quaker as a character. As examples of this type of fiction employing Quakers in melodramatic roles we may choose Ned Buntline's Saul Sabberday, the Idiot Spy and Edward S. Ellis's The Fugitives; or, The Quaker Scout of Wyoming. Jay Monaghan in his dashing biography of Ned Buntline declares that a review of the first fifty years of Buntline's life is the story of the rise of cheap literature in America.5 His books were read by countless thousands who probably knew little of the vagaries of the author's life. Probably Bundine's short period of residence in Philadelphia acquainted him with the ways of Friends. Saul Sabberday, the Idiot Spy is a specimen of the Beadle Dime Library novels. It is a Revolutionary War story, the hero being an eccentric young Quaker lad who plays the role of a spy in Washington's army. Saul must be classed with the "fighting Quakers." His brothers Seth and Simeon occupy respectively rather prominent positions in the small colonial navy and in Washington 's army. All three are sons of a Quaker widow, who appears to subscribe to Quaker pacifist principles. An attempt is made by the author to illustrate these principles but in an unconvincing manner. The widow, for example, makes little effort to restrain her halfwitted son Saul from his ambition to "wear a real sword" and join his loyal brothers in defense of his country.6 Later in the narrative, when Benedict Arnold is attempting to abductRuth Sabberday and 4 Johannsen, II, 393. 5 The Great...

Inabsorbability of boric acid in infant powder.

IN RECENT years, considerable attention has been directed to the dangers and hazards incident to the misuse of boric acid.* This, of course, has been very rightly inspired by the regrettable reports of accidental deaths, especially in small infants. It is unfortunate, however, that it has not been made clear either to the public or the profession that all reported cases have been due to the accidental, ignorant, and at times negligent application or ingestion of saturated solutions of boric acid, undiluted boric acid powder, or powders and ointments containing high concentrations of boric acid. No cases of local or systemic toxicity have been reported, for example, from the use of standard baby powders, most of which contain boric acid in concentrations up to 5%. These preparations, carefully tested and manufactured by ethical firms, have been safely used and are continuing to be used on countless thousands of infants without

Ocular Migraine and Prolonged Occlusion

SUMMARY A four-year research study in which several M.D.s helped by contributing their worst migraine cases. A complete survey of all credited types of migraine has been presented, showing that the term migraine is more inclusive than merely the classic pain syndrome of migraine simplex. To this group of accepted migraines I have added the new designation “ocular migraine.” Most writers in referring to chronic severe cephalalgia have ruled out the ocular mechanism and have stated that headaches of ocular origin are merely of the mild to average intensity. There has been presented herein substantial evidence that the most severe head pain syndrome known to medicine has been completely eradicated by proper vision therapy. Also, in a cephalalgia of multiple etiology, it is shown that success has not been complete with medical therapy because the latent visual problem has not been found. When both are treated together, complete success ensues. As the key that unlocks the door to these latent visual problems is a prolonged monocular occlusion test, the previous evidence of its impractical value is presented. This is greatly overshadowed, however, by the overwhelming evidence of practical value, provided the technique is standardised. The balance of the article goes into a step-by-step analysis of a standardised technique for prolonged monocular occlusion. It is felt that the role of the optometrist in the field of headache therapy and related neurasthenia problems is just beginning. The proper technique and interpretation of prolonged occlusion opens a whole new field of research for the specialist in vision. There are countless thousands who suffer with chronic cephalalgia merely because their problem is hidden to all diagnosis and, hence, incurable. Surely, the day is not far distant when great inroads into this “lost battalion” of sufferers will be made by men of vision.

Clinical Pediatric Urology.

This book is dedicated to the countless thousands of urologically handicapped children, and rightfully so. Only the father of present-day urology, Dr. Meredith Campbell, could present such a masterful work. The fact that this edition is in one volume makes it a handy reference book for the library of the general practitioner, pediatrician, urologist, abdominal surgeon, hospital resident, or intern. The preface explains clearly the reasons for the progress of urology of infants and children. In each chapter the author's vast amount of experience and the mass of material he has been able to study are ably presented. Observations of other workers are freely cited. An extensive bibliography based on the author's studies of the world's literature pertaining to urology in infants and children is alphabetically arranged at the end of each chapter. Every phase of urinary tract disease is covered systematically, including etiology, pathology, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. Definitive