Counterterrorism Research Articles

Analisis Penerapan Kerjasama Penanganan Terorisme Antara Indonesia Dan United Kingdom dengan Pendekatan Strategi 4 Pilar Kontra Terorisme

Terrorism is a transnational crime that endangers world peace and security. The terrorist danger is imminent in Indonesia and the United Kingdom. One of the efforts to counter terrorism is by establishing international cooperation. The latest counter-terror cooperation carried out by BNPT is with The Homeland Security Mission of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. As a new collaboration, more in-depth studies are needed regarding the implementation of this work. Therefore, researchers conducted research related to the Implementation of BNPT RI Counter Terrorism Cooperation with The United Kingdom. The theory used is neoliberal institutional theory and the concept of counter terrorism. The concept of counterterrorism as defined by the United Kingdom CONTEST document in 2018 is utilized in this study to examine the research topic. The concept consists of four strategic pillars namely prevent, protect, prepare and pursue. The researcher’s finding confirmed that the collaboration was conducted in accordance with the agreement. The forms of activities that have been implemented are Joint Working Groups, visits to the Royal College of Defense Studies, Expert Group Meetings on Prevention of the Terrorist Use of the Internet and Joint Overseas Protect and Prepare Representative Meetings. The implementation of partnership to combat terrorism in line with the four pillars of the counter-terrorism framework namely prevent, protect, prepare, and pursue.

International and local NGOs addressing violent and hateful extremism in Kenya

ABSTRACT A string of terror attacks in Kenya in the late 2000s necessitated robust counter terrorism responses by the Government. The Washington-led countering violent extremism strategy in 2011 came as a salvage tool for countering violent extremism programmes in Kenya and beyond. In September 2016, the government of Kenya launched the National Strategy for Countering Violent Extremism in line with the call promoted by international development partners and INGOs for softer preventative approaches. Drawing on extensive fieldwork in Kenya 2015–2021, the article examines the evolving top-down, international and national framings of the term ‘violent extremism’ and its mitigation within prevention and countering violent extremism (PCVE) programming. The article sheds light on the evolving threat of violent extremism (VE) and looks at contributions broader VE definitions can include, notably violent and hateful extremism addressing hatred and hate speech, toxic identity politics, misogyny, stigmatisation and marginalisation in PCVE initiatives.

A question of credibility: A focus group study examining the experiences of workers attending counter-terrorism training in UK crowded places

The UK authorities have exponentially increased the number of counter-terrorism (CT) training activities being delivered by the Police Service to workers in crowded places. Counter-terrorism training events are designed to help prevent attacks by raising awareness to hostile reconnaissance, assist workers to cope at the time of an incident, and aid recovery after an attack. This focus group study provided a reality check of what is happening on the ground in sessions. Eight focus groups were conducted in significant crowded places ( N = 55) and targeted workers who had already been in receipt of CT training. It found a paucity of evidence to indicate the effectiveness of CT training activities in improving the resilience of the public realm. Respondents supported the benefits of realistic and experiential training events closely related to their places of work. At the same time, they recounted how events were often poorly organised and delivered, with some CT practitioners lacking credibility. Sessions were often not based on learning need and were seldom evaluated. A series of recommendations are made to improve the credibility of CT products and their delivery, coupled with strategies to potentially aide evaluation and embedded organisational learning from events.

Challenges of Diplomacy in Securing External Defense Arrangement in Nigeria (2007-2022)

Nigeria defense strategy has since combined soft and hard diplomacy to negotiate, persuade and induce both global and regional allies to support her counter terrorism fight. This study examined challenges of diplomacy in securing external defense arrangement in Nigeria between 2007 and 2022. The study adopted mixed research design using both qualitative and quantitative methods. The study relied heavily on secondary sources such as books, journals, articles, periodical, government reports and publications, magazines, unpublished manuscript, and conference papers; also, on primary sources such as interviews and questionnaires. It was found out that a lot still need to be done to improve the strategies and methods of securing diplomatic arrangements in a way that will favor Nigeria in dealing with the challenges encountered in diplomatic defense relations to combat the effect of terrorism both locally and regionally. The study recommended that Nigeria must intensify efforts at holding regional security summits for defense diplomats while intensifying joint military exercises for regional states in the Multi-national Joint Task Force to promote unity, improve communication and information sharing; and that the state must improve defense budgeting while joining multiple counter terrorism coalition both regionally and globally.

The Current Responses by the Uganda Police Force in Enhancing Urban Peace Enforcement in Uganda; A Case of Kampala City

Purporse: This study examined the urban policing paradox in Uganda with specific regard to how rapid urbanisation poses challenges for policing and urban peace enforcement in Kampala city. This study was to explore the crimes accompanying rapid urbanisation in Kampala city; examine the role of the Uganda Police Force in urban policing and peace enforcement in Kampala city; analyse the challenges of urban policing and peace enforcement in Kampala city and finally explore the current responses by the Uganda Police Force in enhancing urban peace enforcement in Kampala city. The study employed two theories:the social contract and broken windows. Methodology: Different materials and sources were used during data collection, which included documentary reviews, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. Findings: The study found out that Kampala city remains a vulnerable place to urban insecurity primarily due to an ever-increasing population, coupled with the challenges that hinder effective policing in the city. Tthe study revealed that the Uganda Police Force has made various milestones like the CCTV Cameras, forensics capabilities, 999 communication system, interagency cooeperation and community engagement in promoting peace and security in Kampala city. These are done through collaboration with other stakeholders such as development partners, security agencies, government ministries and agencies, local leaders and the community. The specialized directorates and units within the Uganda Police Force were operationalized to strengthen urban security in the wake of different security threats like terrorism. While the members of the Uganda Police Force perform their duties, they encounter challenges that affect their constitutional duties' performance. Nonetheless, the police has greatly worked towards strengthening peace and security in Kampala. This has been through improvement on the anti-crime infrastructure such as the use of CCTV cameras, finger printing of guns, counter terrorism, revival of the 999 system, among other interventions geared towards strengthening urban policing and peace enforcement in Kampala City.

Automated facial expression recognition using novel textural transformation

Facial expressions demonstrate the important information about our emotions and show the real intentions. In this study, a novel texture transformation method using graph structures is presented for facial expression recognition. Our proposed method consists of five steps. First the face image is segmented and resized. Then the proposed graph-based texture transformation is used as feature extractor. The exemplar feature extraction is performed using the proposed deep graph texture transformation. The extracted features are concatenated to obtain one dimensional feature set. This feature set is subjected to maximum pooling and principle component analysis methods to reduce the number of features. These reduced features are fed to classifiers and we have obtained the highest classification accuracy of 97.09% and 99.25% for JAFFE and TFEID datasets respectively Moreover, we have used CK + dataset to obtain comparison results and our textural transformation based model yielded 100% classification accuracy on the CK + dataset. The proposed method has the potential to be employed for security applications like counter terrorism, day care, residential security, ATM machine and voter verification.

Reducing Terrorism Casualties: Analyzing Policies Effectiveness under a Systems Perspective

The present paper seeks to analyze and understand terrorism as a comprehensive process that, through various stages, transforms a “normal” individual with some grievances into a radicalized agent ready and available to be recruited and trained to perform terror attacks that produce casualties. The goal of this analysis is to produce recommendations regarding the leverage points in which policy interventions may be used to reduce the number of casualties that terror attacks in the west, and specifically in Europe, produce. To this end, the analysis is divided into two main sections. The first section will focus on a careful study of key literature regarding terrorism. A deep analysis is conducted in order to construct a qualitative understanding of radicalization and terrorism, finding common points among what is analyzed and developing a strong overview and understanding of the topic. The second section—the core of the paper—focuses on creating a novel System Dynamics model and on identifying leverage points. In this section, the System Dynamics model is used to construct a simulation model based on the findings from the first section. This model is then simulated on Silico.app® through various scenarios in order to identify leverage points in which policies would be best able to reach the stated goal of reducing casualties. Following these simulations, a few leverage points were evidenced, and some effective policies were also identified. The last section recaps the main findings of the analysis, its limitations and future extensions of the model (so to allow for deeper and more precise policy insight), and it is argued that System Dynamics can constitute a very powerful modeling approach in the context of counter terrorism policy making.

The law and politics of funding armed groups in Syria: how states (fail to) counter terrorism

This article examines the political and legal controversies around a counterterrorism programme conducted by the Dutch government to support the so-called moderate groups in Syria between 2015 and 2018. The controversies centred around the question how the Dutch government was able to define and support armed moderate groups in Syria and distinguish them from terrorist organizations. The objective of the article is to take up this question and unpack how the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs constructed and justified their definition of material support for moderate groups deployed in this programme, against existing definitions of terrorism funding and terrorist groups embedded in European counterterrorism financing regulations. Connecting to the debates around materiality in both International Relations and International Law, this article follows the material-semiotic practices through which definitions of terrorism come into being. The empirical analysis draws on interviews with legal professionals, policy documents and court transcripts, and provides a detailed overview of how multiple and even conflicting definitions of terrorism and terrorism financing are constructed by the Dutch state. Taking this interdisciplinary approach to materiality and based on the empirical analysis, I propose that this controversy on defining terrorism and terrorism financing reflects a Eurocentric assumption about the knowledge and responsibilities of the Western state in the War on Terror. While the empirics are grounded in the Dutch context, my analysis is relevant for multiple European countries who engaged in similar operations between 2015 and 2018, as well as for future counterterrorism efforts targeting terrorist groups.

“Phantom operators”: special operations forces and asymmetric warfare in Northern Nigeria.

ABSTRACT Across the world, Special Operations Forces (SOFs) play a leading role in asymmetric warfare. The unique trainings, skills, weapons, and equipment of these elite Tier 1 operators, differentiates them from conventional forces, making them the preferred choice in complex environments. SOFs are ideally deployed for short operations, which include direct action missions, hostage rescue, hunting high-value targets (HVTs), mobility operations, intelligence operations, airborne operations, counterterrorism (CT), counterinsurgency (COIN) operations, and covert operations among others. While the literature has mostly focused on the utility of major powers’ SOFs in the Global War on Terror (GWOT), with little attention on Africa’s SOF’s, this paper examines the origins, evolution, composition, and deployments of Nigeria’s SOFs specifically in the Northeast, Northcentral, and Northwest theatres of operation, against the Boko Haram insurgency and armed banditry, respectively. Drawing on primary data from interviews with key informants and other secondary data sources, the paper interrogates the successes, challenges, and prospects of Nigeria’s SOFs. The strategic utility and overreliance on Nigeria’s SOFs by political leaders and the Military’s High Command puts a strain on their strategic value which potentially undermines their strategic efficacy as a force-multiplier in the long run, against unconventional threats.

The Effectiveness ASEAN Political Security Community (APSC in The Implementation of ASEAN Convention on Counter Terrorism (ACCT) to Combat Terrorism in Southeast Asia

This research aims to explain the effectiveness of the ASEAN Political-Security Community (APSC) in implementing the ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism (ACCT) to combat terrorism in Southeast Asia. Using qualitative research methods and data collection techniques, literature studies through various scientific works to understand and study the phenomena that will be discussed in this journal. Researchers see the potential and strength possessed by APSC in implementing ACCT in Southeast Asia. However, the existence of the ASEAN Way will complicate the implementation of the ACCT itself. Coupled with evidence on acts of terrorism in the Philippines, ACCT under the auspices of the APSC has not been able to stop the issues. The researcher also examines how each terrorist group ends, presenting that terrorist groups end up using regulation from the country itself through the domestic police, without regulatory interference from international organizations. In conclusion, the APSC has played a crucial role in enhancing regional cooperation and coordination to combat terrorism in Southeast Asia. The establishment of the ACTC and the adoption of common strategies and policies have been significant achievements in the implementation of the ACCT. However, more needs to be done to address the challenges and ensure consistent and effective enforcement of counter-terrorism laws across ASEAN member states.

International Counter Terrorism Cooperation Efforts in Handling the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM)

International Counter Terrorism Cooperation Efforts in Handling the East Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM)

Towards a Decolonial Approach to New Zealand’s Counter Terrorism: Afrocentric Perspectives

New Zealand’s counterterrorism approach, like that of many other postcolonial states, stems from models which continue to operationalise and legitimise colonial continuities. These models are predominantly underpinned by the events of 9/11. However, the devastating attacks in Christchurch in 2019 raised concerns about the way domestic terrorism has been conceived of by the security and intelligence communities in New Zealand. Debates have emerged on the efficacy of the Western-centric Global War on Terror (GWOT) narrative on terrorism and how it fits within the realities of New Zealand’s counter-terrorism context, given the country’s national peculiarities and colonial history. Consequently, this article explores the GWOT ideology and attempts to expose terrorism as an a historical colonial concept. The argument is thus made for epistemic reconstitution and pluriversality of knowledges in how terrorism is understood and dealt with in the New Zealand context. In so doing, the article invokes decolonial thinking by drawing parallels between New Zealand’s experience and the African colonial experience, by discussing decolonisation through the lens of Afrocentrism. Animating New Zealand’s counterterrorism experience through the prism of Afrocentrism, therefore, the argument is made that the foundation of knowledge production in counter-terrorism within New Zealand is profoundly colonial.

Trans-disciplinary Dialogue on New Zealand’s Counter Terrorism Approach: A Call to Action for Researchers.

In this introduction we set the scene for the eight articles that follow. We begin by evaluating recent academic literature on preventing and countering violent extremism (PCVE) produced overseas before signalling why this literature matters to New Zealand security professionals today. We then situate this special issue in relation to New Zealand’s ongoing counterterrorism efforts. Taking seriously Recommendation 14 of the Royal Commission of Inquiry into the Christchurch terrorist attack on 15 March 2019, which called for the Government to establish a programme to fund independent New Zealand-specific research on the causes of, and measures to prevent, violent extremism and terrorism, we highlight the recent contributions academics have made to improving our understanding of the phenomenon of terrorism, violent extremism and radicalisation from a New Zealand perspective. We close out this introduction by signalling worthwhile academic contributions that remain to be realised.

De-Radicalization of Former Terrorists

This article depicts the reality of de-radicalization programmes for former terrorists in Indonesia. The article aims to clarify the central advocates for, and content of, the programmes. There are several institutions that are engaged in de-radicalizing former terrorists, including both government and non-government organizations. The government is represented by the National Counter Terrorism Agency or Badan Nasional Penanggalangan Terorism (BNPT). This article also examines how these institutions play a role in the process of de-radicalization. The actual voices of former terrorists obtained through fieldwork will also be analysed with regard to how they came to regret their actions in order to scrutinize the process of their religious metamorphosis. The concept of forgiveness in Islam will also be discussed. As some might believe that Islam is a religion of punishment, it is worth analysing the merciful side of Islam.

International Law Enforcement Observer IX.

Aim: This time, the international overview draws the attention of the readers of Belügyi Szemle to certain studies, which - in addition to providing results in the traditional areas (police endangerment, racism, criminal organisations, violent crime, terrorism, human rights interpretation) - also offer methodological surprises.Methodology: For scientific curiosity to lead to genuinely new knowledge, a fresh approach to research is needed. For example, the rejection of police vulnerability as a rule of law has traditionally taken as its task the sociological interpretation of norm-breaking and amoral official behaviour (Dieu, 1995). Less attention has been paid to the features of the law enforcement profession or the roots of the organisational culture that are responsible for the proliferation of malpractice. A review by Ágota Németh gives an insight into the character of the latter. An original perspective emerges in a study on the “fallibility” of the police, reported by Gergely Takács. The specific characteristics of the protection of public safety and the maintenance of public order have been confirmed again: the unexpectedness of the violation, the need for immediate reaction, the autonomy of the intervener (Hug, 1997). These features give room for general empowerment rather than limitation of police power, and at the same time they are a source of error in policing. A methodological innovation is reported by Zsombor Hermann, who illustrates the successful use of network theory by providing insights into British research on criminal organisation models.Findings: Ákos Erdélyi has turned his attention to research - taking the organisational fragmentation of the fight against terrorism and the sensitive nature of intelligence data into consideration - that seeks to find the answer to how counter-terrorism authorities can strike a delicate balance between sharing intelligence information and securely protecting it. The study reviewed by Tamás Suszter explores the potential of community policing as a solution to get over the racist attitudes in the police forces of the American continent. A typology of violent offenders can be drawn from an approach based on the criminal history of convicts serving their sentences. Sándor Dragon’s review presents such a research. The tightening of criminal sanctions against terrorism can be seen in the French legislation, which also allows for the deprivation of nationality acquired through naturalisation as a supplementary punishment for those convicted of terrorist acts. “Under French law, a person whose loyalty and allegiance are in doubt can lose his or her nationality, but only a naturalised citizen can be deprived of it. An extra safeguard is the requirement of a criminal conviction. Reading this section, it is clear that the negative link between immigration and security is reflected in the tightening of anti terrorism laws.” Barbara Mágó’s article points out the constitutional situation that places the right to citizenship within the sphere of human dignity, which is inviolable and cannot be restricted by criminal law. For a deeper understanding of the problem, it is undoubtedly necessary to clarify the social science concept of terrorism, as can be found in the domestic literature (Pék, 2022).Value: The latest foreign products of law enforcement research, in addition to their thematic diversity, testify to the common values of those working in the discipline. All of these works are based on the recognition that law enforcement administration can fulfil its social function with the rigour of the rule of law only if it succeeds in achieving harmony between efficiency and legality. Law enforcement science also has a major responsibility in this endeavour.

Combating Daesh: Insights into Malaysia’s Counter-Terrorism Experience and the Deradicalisation of Former Detainees

Malaysia is no exception when it comes to the Daesh threat. Several vulnerable Muslim populations have been previously targeted by Daesh via specific modus operandi to fulfil the terrorism agenda. Based on a persistent concern about Daesh-related issues and their consequences, this article critically explores the role of the security agency, the Counter-Terrorism Division within the Royal Malaysia Police (RMP), in addressing Daesh radicalisation in Malaysia. It examines the process and effectiveness of the top down and ‘soft’ approaches undertaken by the RMP via the rehabilitation and deradicalisation of former Daesh detainees before they rejoin society. The research is qualitative, and is based on a focus group discussion and in-depth interviews with representatives from the Counter Terrorism Division, terrorism experts, government officials and former detainees. The findings show that the RMP’s efforts to curb Daesh intimidation have been effective in terms of decreasing the number of new terrorism incidents, militant recruitment and the establishment of networks and cells. The introduction of ‘Module 30′, which involves theological and psychological improvement, and civil order, along with vocational training and ‘lifelong-monitoring’, has significantly contributed to rehabilitating and deradicalising the majority of former Daesh convicts in Malaysia, such that they embrace peace and renounce violence and religious extremism.

Network based Intrusion Detection System using the SPSS Method

An invasion detection system (NIDS) that makes use of networks can spot malicious activities on a network. For NIDS to inspect each and every packet of communication, including unicast traffic, invalid network access is often required. Along with being small structures that don't block traffic, NIDS are able to keep an eye on usernames and passwords, check for any signs of odd activity in the file integrity logs, port logs, mysql database file storage, etc. and alert the part of implementing as necessary. Since NIDS keeps an eye on live data, it can spot problems as they happen. On the other hand, HIDS uses historical data to identify skilled hackers who employ cutting-edge methods that are difficult to detect in real-time. A monitoring system called an intrusion notification system (IDS) looks for abnormal activity and sends out alarms when it does. A Counter Terrorism Center (SOC) analyst senior incident handler can look into the issue and take the necessary steps to resolve the threat based on these notifications. Every incoming packets are read by an NIDS, which scans them for any anomalous activity. Depending on the gravity of the danger, steps can be taken, such as alerting system administrators or preventing the initial IP address from connecting to the network. In the past decades, due to developments Increased use of networking techniques and internet, digital. Contacts entered into everything that happens on the world market. The hacker penetration attempts are taking place in parallel with these advances. Networks are expanding as well. Without permission, they attempted to modify some network data or increase network traffic in order to launch a denial-of-service attack. Intrusion prevention systems (IDS) are also favoured, especially for detecting malicious within a network system, even though a firewall may appear like an useful solution to avoid this type of attack. Machine learning algorithms have helped IDS become more successful in recent years, depending on the consequences of the training/learning process. Knowing what is important is very difficult and the learning algorithm is fast according to the problem Type. The complexity of the task, the size of the data sets, the number of nodes, the network design, the intended error rate, etc. all affect the choice of algorithm. Examine several network training functions in artificial neural networks with numerous layers created to provide effective intrusion detection systems. test outcomes The study provides evidence of the usefulness of the approach. Considering their speed and true-positive detection rates Death Penalty. SPSS statistics is multivariate analytics, business intelligence, and criminal investigation data management, advanced analytics, developed by IBM for a statistical software package. A long time, spa inc. Was created by, IBM purchased it in 2009. The brand name for the most recent versions is IBM SPSS statistics. Network Security, Intrusion Detection System, Neural Networks and Training Functions. The Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is .860which indicates 86% reliability. From the literature review, the above 50% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis. Emotional Intelligence the Cronbach's Alpha Reliability result. The overall Cronbach's Alpha value for the model is .860which indicates 86% reliability. From the literature review, the above 50% Cronbach's Alpha value model can be considered for analysis.

Prolongation of Professional Longevity of Patients with Arterial Hypertension in Military Personnel Participating in Modern Armed Conflicts

Arterial hypertension (AH) without proper treatment can lead to heart attack, stroke, kidney or heart failure, vision impairment and other complications. The determination of effective preventive measures to prolong siutability for military service based on the health status of experienced military persons with existing comorbid pathology is an urgent issue today and a component of national security. The objective: to analyze the effective measures that influence on the prolongation of the suitability for military service of military personnel with AH – the participants in the anti terrorist operation / operation of the United Forces (ATO/OUF), taking into account the existing comorbid pathology. Materials and methods. 213 servicemen – the participants of the ATO/OUF with AH and comorbid pathology were examined, who were divided into two statistically homogeneous groups according to the age. The first group included 126 patients with AH stage I, the second group – 87 persons who were diagnosed with AH stage II. CIRS cumulative disease scale was used to assess comorbidity. Results. It has been established that the most important prognostic factors (predictors) that influence on the prolongation of the professional longevity of servicemen with AH – the participants of ATO/OUF with comorbid pathology are timely diagnosis and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, reduction of total cholesterol and triglyceride levels, the prescribtion of hypolipidemic and antiplatelet drugs therapy, normalization of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, body weight and smoking cessation. Conclusion. The «Algorithm for determination of preventive measures for prolonging suitability for military service based on the health status of servicemen with AH – the participants in ATO/OUF with comorbid pathology was developed».

Suspicious cities: An analysis of the securitisation of urban everyday life in London and Brussels

ABSTRACT This article engages with the material-discursive ways in which urban everyday life in London and Brussels has transformed under the impression of (counter)terrorism and demonstrates how human and non-human bodies are entangled in this process. Following Barad’s understanding of posthumanist performativity, I conceptualise urban everyday life as an entanglement of intra-acting sites, objects, and people. My historiographic analysis of everyday life in London and Brussels shows how both metropoles have incrementally adopted a culture of pre-emptive security because more and more human and non-human bodies are increasingly assigned with material-discursive suspiciousness, while simultaneously more and more human and non-human bodies are charged with looking out for suspiciousness. As the notion of entanglement reveals how everyone and everything that intra-acts in urban everyday life is also to some extent accountable for its securitisation, my findings imply ultimately an ethical responsibility to counter the securitisation of everyday life in European metropoles which I argue constitutes a process of urban segregation.

Criminal Policy in Countering Terrorism in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze criminal policy in tackling criminal acts of terrorism in Indonesia. The research used a juridical empirical technique. The results of the study show that the criminal policy in the prevention of criminal acts of terrorism that occurs in Indonesia is a form of government responsibility, as stated in Article 43a paragraph (1) to paragraph (3) of Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning Amendments to Law Number 119 15 2003 concerning the Stipulation of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2002 Concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism Into Law. Further regulations, as described in Article 43b paragraph (1) to (5) of Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning Amendments to Law Number 15 of 2003 concerning Stipulation of Government Regulations in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2002 Concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism Into Constitution. In National Preparedness. In addition to increasing the capacity of the Indonesian Anti-Terror Organization to carry out the prevention and countermeasures of terrorism, the Indonesian government has formed a special organization (unit) to deal with terrorism that is developing in the country. These units include the National Counter-Terrorism Agency (BNPT), Densus 88, Counter-Terrorism Detachment, and Intelligence.