Counterterrorism Agency Research Articles

Criminal Policy in Countering Terrorism in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze criminal policy in tackling criminal acts of terrorism in Indonesia. The research used a juridical empirical technique. The results of the study show that the criminal policy in the prevention of criminal acts of terrorism that occurs in Indonesia is a form of government responsibility, as stated in Article 43a paragraph (1) to paragraph (3) of Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning Amendments to Law Number 119 15 2003 concerning the Stipulation of Government Regulation in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2002 Concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism Into Law. Further regulations, as described in Article 43b paragraph (1) to (5) of Law Number 5 of 2018 concerning Amendments to Law Number 15 of 2003 concerning Stipulation of Government Regulations in Lieu of Law Number 1 of 2002 Concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism Into Constitution. In National Preparedness. In addition to increasing the capacity of the Indonesian Anti-Terror Organization to carry out the prevention and countermeasures of terrorism, the Indonesian government has formed a special organization (unit) to deal with terrorism that is developing in the country. These units include the National Counter-Terrorism Agency (BNPT), Densus 88, Counter-Terrorism Detachment, and Intelligence.

Discourse on the Disbandment of Front Pembela Islam and Renegotiation of Democratic Ideas

The Indonesian government, through a joint decision of the Minister of Home Affairs, the Minister of Law and Human Rights, the Minister of Communication and Information, the Attorney General of the Republic of Indonesia, the Chief of the Indonesian National Police, and the Head of the National Counter-Terrorism Agency have designated the mass organization the Front Pembela Islam (FPI) as a prohibited organization. This decision has given rise to polemics and various discourse debates. The pros and cons of more robust public discourse are related to the problem of the idea of ​​democracy. Some of the narratives agree because FPI has been considered a threat to democracy. Some other articulations refuse because this decision violates the principles of democracy itself. Through the perspective of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe's Critical Discourse analysis, this paper attempts to examine the polemic of the discourse on the disbandment of the FPI and the renegotiation of the idea of ​​democracy. Several essential notes were found: First, the plurality of responses to the discourse on the disbandment of the FPI was caused by the various articulation formations concerning the preference for the meaning of democracy. Second, democracy is an empty sign whose meaning will always be constantly negotiated. Third, the disbandment of FPI can be read as a concrete form of the ambivalence of democracy, which, in principle, is always fluid to be articulated by any narrative configuration.

The Essential Things for Victims of Terrorism in Indonesia: Medical Assistance, Psychosocial and Psychological Rehabilitation

Terrorism is a crime that endangers the security, peace and welfare of people while posing a severe threat to the sovereignty of every nation. This was inextricably linked to the suffering of victims of terrorism-related crimes, who needed the government to provide them with legal protection. The study aims to analyze and compare some cases concerning how victims of terrorist crimes in Indonesia are protected by the law, particularly with regard to medical assistance, psychosocial and psychological rehabilitation. With a legal empirical methodology and descriptive analytical research criteria, this study used qualitative research techniques. The study was carried out in Jakarta at the National Counterterrorism Agency. Primary data and secondary data are also used. Using interviews and a literature review, the data is collected. The data were reduced, displayed, and categorize using the methods described above. using qualitative analytical techniques to provide data as narrative text descriptions. According to the study's findings, there are advantages and disadvantages to Indonesia's legal protection of those who have been victims of terrorist crimes. One issue is that the filing deadline for claims made on behalf of those who have already been victims of terrorism crimes is only June 22, 2021. The legal protection of victims of terrorist crimes is hampered by a number of reasons in Indonesia’s legal protection of those who have been the victims of terrorist crimes.

Measuring the Sociological Roots of the Emergence of the Phenomenon of Terrorism in Indonesia

This study aims to analyze efforts to measure sociologically the emergence of terrorism in Indonesia, as well as the development of terrorism and its prevention. As well as aiming to see in more detail the formation of the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) has more comprehensive steps in preventing terrorism in Indonesia. This research uses descriptive qualitative. The research approach uses library research which obtains secondary data which includes literature books, laws and regulations, official documents and others. The results of this study indicate that, apart from making arrests, the BNPT also conducts research, coaching and integration of former terrorists into society, with a deradicalization program for both former perpetrators and potential potential perpetrators. Anti-terrorism campaigns are also carried out in schools. In this writing, the writer uses an empirical juridical approach and a sociological approach to understand the culture of society. The results of this paper are that terrorism has many dimensions, namely local dimensions, regional dimensions and global dimensions. To overcome the sociological roots of the emergence of terrorism in Indonesia, to overcome this requires the cooperation of all parties, the government, the community and the international world, because the action to overcome it is not by using repression so that it can violate human rights, but also using a socio-cultural approach by inviting all components including religious leaders so that the seeds of terrorism that exist in society can be minimized, and cutting the roots of its development, the growth of understanding of radicalism in common life

De-radicalization Efforts Through Religious Moderation for State Islamic University of Raden Fatah Palembang Students

Prejudice and claims of university as center of radicalism seeds appeared, after The National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) released that it was successful to create "scared politics" because it was found that there were seven universities which have radical understanding. The purpose of this study was to know Radicalism seeds among of university student and efforts to de-radicalize religious understanding through religious moderation for UIN Raden Fatah Palembang students. This research used qualitative and quantitative methods (mixed methods) through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation technique. The data analysis technique used the Miles and Huberman model for qualitative data and descriptive statistical analysis for quantitative data. The results showed that there were potential seeds for radicalism that occur among 1590 new students (MABA) batch 2021 at UIN Raden Fatah Palembang who had a very low understanding of national commitment, open-minded/ tolerance, anti-violence, and accommodated local culture. The efforts to inculcate religious moderation to de-radicalize religious understanding were: 1) State Islamic University of Raden Fatah Palembang’s Policy in Curriculum Preparation, 2) Religious Student Organizations (Ormawa ) lead to become moderation agents through National Wirakarya Camps, 3) PBAK, Iftitah Lectures, Public Lectures, and Seminar on Strengthening Religious Moderation in Higher Education, 4) Establishing a house of religious Moderation at State Islamic University of Raden Fatah Palembang.

Indonesia’s Hard Approach and Soft Approach Counter-Terrorism Strategy

This research examines the dynamics of counter-terrorism policies in Indonesia from the Old Order (Orde Lama) era to the current period. Terrorist attacks have been a threat to Indonesia's national security since the beginning of the nation's independence. The government is required to counter terrorism through a series of effective policies. This research uses descriptive qualitative method with literature study. The results of the research obtained are that the pattern of countering terrorism in Indonesia is divided into two types of approaches, the hard approach and the soft approach. The hard approach method refers to the use of armed forces against terror organizations. The soft approach method prioritizes integrated and comprehensive actions in dealing with the problem of radicalism starting from the root of the problem. The hard approach was more used in the early era of independence until the New Order. Meanwhile, the soft approach has been massively used since the establishment of the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) in 2010 until now. Indonesia's policies in the counter-terrorism strategy are then divided into three, namely strengthening counter- terrorism regulations, making programs to prevent terrorism crimes, and increasing the capacity of anti-terror organizations.

Counter Narrative Policy to Handling Radicalism in Indonesia

Contra-radicalization was designed to counter radical ideology, primarily transnational ideology in Indonesia. In its realization, it has two approaches, soft and hard, with two methods, online and offline. However, based on the fact that those radical ideologies are still present virtually and in reality. Thus, this research aims to describe how the program is run by BNPT (National Counter Terrorism Agency) using its strategy, method, and approaches. This research used Grindle’s implementation theory of policy content, with the method used being descriptive and qualitative. The results showed that there are indicators challenging the implementation of the program such as the clarity of Interest affected, lack of resources used, and the characteristic of the regime.

Organisational Effectiveness of the National Counter-Terrorism Agency: An Exploratory of POLC Model Approach

The present study focused on the exploratory journey of the effectiveness of the National Counter-Terrorism Agency (BNPT) Indonesia on the counter-terrorism prevention. Organizational effectiveness dimensions which covered planning, organizing, leading and controlling was adopted on the 10 indicators of counter-terrorism prevention. A qualitative methodology using content analysis was employed to determine the detail of indicators and this research fundamentally contributed to the body of knowledge of conflict and resolution management as well as stakeholder on the area of counter-terrorism practices.

Sebuah Perbandingan Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Korban Tindak Pidana Terorisme di Indonesia dan India

Terrorism is a crime that is a major threat to the maintenance of every country that poses a danger to security, world peace, and harms the welfare of society. This is inseparable from the suffering of victims of crimes who need legal protection from the state. The purpose of this study is to compare forms of legal protection in the normative and empirical settings given to victims of criminal acts in Indonesia and India. This study uses a qualitative research method with an empirical juridical approach and descriptive analytical research specifications. The research was conducted at the National Counter-Terrorism Agency, Jakarta and the India Center for Victimology and Psychological Studies, New Delhi. The data used include primary data and secondary data. Methods of collecting data through interviews and literature study. The data obtained is processed by data reduction, data display, data categorization. Presentation of data in the form of narrative text descriptions, with qualitative analysis methods. The results of the study indicate that the legal protection of victims of criminal acts in both countries has its advantages and disadvantages, as for legal protection that requires further attention regarding medical assistance, another matter is that the rights of victims of past crimes are limited to 22 June 2021. whereas in India it will not harm the victim. Meanwhile, there are factors that hinder the legal protection of victims of criminal acts in Indonesia and India, seen from (1) the legal substance, namely the Government Regulation of Law no. 5 of 2018 does not yet exist while in India there is no specific regulation regarding psychological and psychosocial rehabilitation, (2) the law is the lack of human resources (HR) in the National Counter-Terrorism Agency (BNPT) while in India there is a shortage of human resources at the National Investigation Agency (NIA) , and (3) legal culture, namely the existence of differences between related differences in India, the lack of legal knowledge of the people regarding their rights.
 Terrorism is a crime that is a major threat to the maintenance of every country that poses a danger to security, world peace, and harms the welfare of society. This is inseparable from the suffering of victims of crimes who need legal protection from the state. The purpose of this study is to compare forms of legal protection in the normative and empirical settings given to victims of criminal acts in Indonesia and India. This study uses a qualitative research method with an empirical juridical approach and descriptive analytical research specifications. The research was conducted at the National Counter-Terrorism Agency, Jakarta and the India Center for Victimology and Psychological Studies, New Delhi. The data used include primary data and secondary data. Methods of collecting data through interviews and literature study. The data obtained is processed by data reduction, data display, data categorization. Presentation of data in the form of narrative text descriptions, with qualitative analysis methods. The results of the study indicate that the legal protection of victims of criminal acts in both countries has its advantages and disadvantages, as for legal protection that requires further attention regarding medical assistance, another matter is that the rights of victims of past crimes are limited to 22 June 2021. whereas in India it will not harm the victim. Meanwhile, there are factors that hinder the legal protection of victims of criminal acts in Indonesia and India, seen from (1) the legal substance, namely the Government Regulation of Law no. 5 of 2018 does not yet exist while in India there is no specific regulation regarding psychological and psychosocial rehabilitation, (2) the law is the lack of human resources (HR) in the National Counter-Terrorism Agency (BNPT) while in India there is a shortage of human resources at the National Investigation Agency (NIA) , and (3) legal culture, namely the existence of differences between related differences in India, the lack of legal knowledge of the people regarding their rights.

Indonesia Obligation to Repatriate Nationals Who Had Joined the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria

According to the Montevideo Convention of 1993, the requirements for founding a state are fulfilled possession of people, a region, government, capability to relate to other states, and recognition of sovereignty from other states, making it still debatable whether ISIS can be considered a state or a belligerent organization. Islamic State of Iraq and Syria claim that they possess people, a region, and a government, but in reality, they cannot make diplomatic relations with other states. The National Counter-Terrorism Agency (BNPT) has declared ISIS a radical and terrorist movement. Based on BNPT and Detachment 88 data, it is suspected that 1,276 Indonesian nationals have joined ISIS, and only approximately 297 Indonesian nationals possess Indonesian passports. A debate arises regarding whether the state of Indonesia becomes responsible for its presence and whether they still possess the status of Indonesian nationals. This article is written as the results of normative juridical research that analyzes how the state is responsible for repatriating Indonesian nationals who have joined ISIS. The research found that the nationals who joined ISIS may be categorized as Foreign Terrorist Fighters. Nonetheless, international law does not regulate the nationality status of an individual when the individual becomes a part of FTF. In principle, each state can determine the regulations that organize the acquisition and deprivation of a person's nationality; in other words, the nationality status of FTF who joined ISIS entirely depends on the national law of each state. Therefore, the government of Indonesia still possesses responsibility for returning (repatriating) WNI who have joined ISIS.

The Urgency of Gender-Based Counterterrorism Policy Regulation in Indonesia

Gender-based counterterrorism in Indonesia still has not yet obtained greater attention from policy stakeholders. The role of women in handling terrorism cases is still lacking and results in the absence of gender sensitivity. This research aims to analyse regulations regarding policies on terrorism that are spread out not only at the level of laws but also at a more technical level of regulations. This research also involves the analysis on the urgency for policy regulation for gender-based counterterrorism. This research combines both legal/juridical-normative research and juridical-empirical/socio-legal research. The results of this research indicate that counterterrorism regulation in Indonesia is still general or gender-neutral. From an institutional perspective, the institutions that handle the criminal act of terrorism, which are the National Counter-Terrorism Agency (BNPT) and Special Detachment 88 for Anti-Terrorism (Densus 88 AT), have not accommodated a gender perspective. Consequently, the involvement of female law enforcement officials is still limited. Further, the issue of “silo mentalities" among these institutions has resulted in partial counterterrorism policies that are issued by each institution. Policy stakeholders should cooperate with other government institutions and increase the involvement of women in counterterrorism strategies to ensure that counterterrorism policies integrate a gender perspective.

COMPARATIVE LAW REPATRIATION INDONESIAN CITIZEN EX FOEIGN ISLAMIC STATE IRAQ AND SYIRIA ABOUT INDONESIA LAW AND ISLAMIC LAW

The issue of citizen became the hot news on sosial meda country in Indonesian. On February 1 2020, the National Counter terrorism Agency exchanged international intelligence information with countries in the Middle East and got around 600 Indonesian citizens who were former combatants of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS). This polemic has become a hot topic of discussion among the government and the people of Indonesia about the fate of Indonesian citizens (WNI) whether they can be returned to their homeland or left alone in shelter camps in Syria. The formulation of the problem studied in this journal is to describe the views or opinion of Indonesian law on the concept of citizenship and explain the views of Indonesian law (law no. 5 of 2018 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism) and Islamic law (Opinions of Imam Malik and Imam Syafii) concerning the repatriation of Indonesian citizens who were former combatants of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria to Indonesia. In this study, the authors use normative research methods by conducting library research through the process of reading, researching, and reviewing ongoing discussions with this research. The results of this study indicate that in Indonesian law, referring to Law No. 5 of 2018, they must be repatriation to Indonnesia because they are the responsibility of the state in accordance with articles 43b, 43b, and 43d. whereas in Islamic law there is caution by asking them if they want to go back and repent for their actions, if they obey they can be repatriation to Indonesia, if not they are fought. and the decision will ultimately be left to the government about their fate.

DERADICALIZATION OF RELIGION IN SUMENEP DISTRICT

Deradicalization is the main strategy of the Indonesian government in countering terrorism in Indonesia. This effort is embedded in the main task of the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT). Throughout 2017, there were 172 suspects in terrorism cases. This number is higher than in the previous two years, namely 163 in 2016 and 73 in 2015. Sumenep is one of the districts on the eastern tip of the island of Madura where the majority of its citizens are Muslims. members of Jamaah Islamiyah (JI) (Kompas daily 11 November 2021. The arrest of the alleged terrorists certainly captured a lot of public attention, including the largest religious organizations in Sumenep district, namely NU and Muhammadiyah. The purpose of this study was to find out how the progress of 2 religious organizations was This research uses qualitative research with a phenomenological approach, with primary and secondary data sources and uses data collection procedures of observation, interviews and documentation.
 The results obtained from the research are that the Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah social organization movements with their ideological basis and da'wah methods have a significant role in tackling radicalism movements, so that society in general can be protected from these movements, as well as structural and cultural forces that intensively guard social life.

RATIO LEGIS KEPUTUSAN BERSAMA ENAM LEMBAGA NEGARA TENTANG LARANGAN KEGIATAN DAN PENGGUNAAN SIMBOL/ATRIBUT FPI RATIO LEGIS OF THE JOINT DECISION OF SIX STATE INSTUTIONS REGARDING THE PROHIBITION OF FPI ACVITIES AND USE OF ITS SYMBOLS AND ATTRIBUTES

This research is propted by Law Number 30 of 2014 concerning Government Administration. The object of study in this paper is focused on the discussion of the Legis Ratio of the decree made by the Republic of Indonesia’s Minister of Home Affairs, Minister of Law and Human Rights, Minister of Communication and Information, Attorney General, and the Head of the National Counter-Terrorism Agency, Number 220-4780 of 2020, Number M.HH-14.HH.05.05 of 2020, Number 690 of 2020, Number 264 of 2020, Number KB/3/XII/2020, Number 320 of 2020 concerning the Prohibition of Islamic Defender’s Front (FPI) activities and use of its symbols and attributes. This study is intended to analyse the Legis Ratio of the Joint Decisions made by the Six State Institutions that meet the legal conditions of the decision and its legal effects.The result of this study shows that the decrees of the Six Institutions are not in accordance with the reasons for consideration and the purpose of the FPI Decree towards the necessity to contain the reasons for juridical, sociological, and philosophical considerations as a ratio legis in deciding. In addition to that, the decrees do not meet the legal requirements of a decision on the element of authority which make the legal effects invalid hence the legal effects are non-binding since the decision was made. This means that all legal effects that have arisen from the decree are considered to have never existed and are deemed to not fulfil the elements of procedure and matter hence its legal effects are not binding from the time they are revoked or remain valid until the revocation is made.

Counterterrorism, Civil Society Organisations and Peacebuilding: The Role of Non-State Actors in Deradicalisation in Bima, Indonesia

Indonesia’s ongoing battle against terrorism has made deradicalisation programmes a major focus of the government. The National Counter-Terrorism Agency (BNPT) has primary responsibility for persuading terrorists to desist from, if not reject, violence as part of their Islamic struggle, but its ability to deal directly with terrorists and other radicalised communities is hampered by the depth of distrust and animosity that these communities feel towards the state and its security services. As a result, BNPT has partnered with Muslim civil society organisations (CSOs) in running anti-terrorism programmes for jihadists. Indonesia’s dominant Islamic organisations, Nahdlatul Ulama and Muhammadiyah, have been in the vanguard of state-CSO counter-terrorism cooperation. Eastern Indonesia has experienced persistent terrorist activity over the past two decades, including many fatal attacks on police. This article takes as a case study CSO initiatives in the West Nusa Tenggara city of Bima, with particular attention given to Ustadz Gunawan, a pivotal figure in local jihadist circles who, in 2019, renounced violence and became a proponent of peaceful jihad. This article examines the history of extremist jihadism in Bima and the counter-radicalisation efforts of CSOs and state institutions. We argue that three key factors—personal relations between jihadists and CSO leaders, family pressure and generous material incentives from state agencies—have created space for peace promotion in communities that previously condoned, if not supported, jihadist bellicosity.

КОГДА РАДИКАЛИЗАЦИЯ ВСТРЕЧАЕТСЯ С БЮРОКРАТИЕЙ: ПЛАВНАЯ РАДИКАЛИЗАЦИЯ И ЕЕ ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ ДЛЯ ВЫРАБОТКИ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИХ АЛЬТЕРНАТИВ В ИНДОНЕЗИЙСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКЕ ДЕРАДИКАЛИЗАЦИИ

The increasing attention to counter-terrorism practices through counter-terrorism and de-radicalisation policies has not been matched by in-depth and comprehensive studies on terrorism and radicalisation.As a result, there is a misconception of both, leading to discriminatory counter-terrorism and de-radicalisation policies, which allow certain groups and the state to commit violence and take freedom from groups stigmatised as radical.This study seeks to examine terrorism and radicalism by exploring the interpretation of the government as an institution, which has the authority to interpret terrorism and radicalism,resulting in de-radicalization and counter-terrorism policies. A dataset consisted of news items about government activities on terrorism and radicalisation from three ministries/non-ministerial institutions wasused for corpus linguistics (CL) and critical discourse analysis (CDA) assisted by AntConc application. We found that the three agencies developed interpretations of radicalisitonas part of their main duties and functions. Radicalisation has become a very flexible concept, adapting to bureaucratic spaces, not to be solved but to obtain budget spaces. Finally, the government responded to the entry of radicalism as a public issue by fragmenting the whole concept of radicalisation and splitting it into various agencies, where it is suitable to be resolved,rather than unifying it comprehensively inthe National Counter-Terrorism Agency's mission.

The News Coverage of the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) Ban in Indonesian Print Media

In late 2020, the Indonesian government has decided to ban the Islamic Defenders Front (FPI) and its activities. The ban was based on a joint decree (SKB) issued by six officials, i.e.: Minister of Home Affairs, Minister of Legal Affairs and Human Rights. Minister of Communications and Informatics, Attorney General, Indonesian National Police Chief, and National Counterterrorism Agency Head. The ban has caught the attention of Indonesian people, including being the subject of news in various media, i.e.: print, electronic and online. This research aims to examine the news coverage of the FPI ban in the selected Indonesian print media. This research used the qualitative content analysis method. The results found that there were some differences between the selected Indonesian print media in their news coverage practices.

PERSEPSI MAHASISWA TERHADAP SOLIDARITAS SOSIAL DAN INTEGRASI BANGSA (Survei Kualitatif Pada Mahasiswa FISIP Universitas Lampung)

Researches conducted by the Indonesian Institute of Science (LIPI) and the Indonesian National Counter-Terrorism Agency (BNPT) have revealed that students in some of the major universities in Indonesia have become potentially radical. This study aims to: (a) find out students' perceptions on social solidarity; (b) understand the student perceptions on national integration; (c) analyze the potential of being radical among the students. We conducted a qualitative survey to analyze the student’s perception of radicalism, social integration, and national integration. The study results show that: first, the majority of informants have a positive perception toward social solidarity to their fellow citizens in the community who have a different social, cultural, religious, ethnicity and language background. Second, the majority of informants have a very positive perception of national integration. Third, there is no indication of increasing radical behavior among FISIP University of Lampung’s students.

THE PERSPECTIVES OF ISLAMIC SCHOLARS ON RELIGIOUS DERADICALIZATION AND SOCIAL MEDIA ROLES

Tackling religious radicalism is a challenge in Indonesia. This study aims to explore the perceptions of Islamic scholars in Yogyakarta regarding the deradicalization of religion and the role of social media in religious deradicalization. This research uses a case study method which is part of qualitative research. Researchers collected data by conducting in-depth interviews via offline or online interviews via the Zoom application. Participants consisted of 16 male and female Islamic scholars coming from various backgrounds of Islamic organizations, such as Muhammadiyah, Nahdlatul Ulama, the Indonesian Islamic Da’wah Institute, Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia, and the Qur’an Tafsir Council. The location of this research is Yogyakarta Special Region. Interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis methods. This study of religious deradicalization found four major themes, namely strengthening awareness of being Indonesian, prioritizing an inclusive approach as a soft approach in fighting radicalism, promoting a deep understanding of Islam, and utilizing social media. This research can contribute to the government, religious leaders, educational institutions, and BNPT (National Counter-Terrorism Agency) where religious deradicalization programs need to be focused on a soft approach, involving the use of social media, targeting blind spot areas such as study programs of medical, engineering, and pharmacy at universities and ensuring mosques uncontrolled by radical groups.

The Stigm and Communication Pattern of Radical-Labelled Group Communication in Bengkulu

Bengkulu Province is an area that according to a survey by the National Counterterrorism Agency (BNPT) in 2017 has the highest potential for radicalism in Indonesia. The BNPT data is quite surprising because Bengkulu province has never been recorded as a place of radicalism and terrorism. This research explores the causes of religious groups that are considered radical in Bengkulu province. The method used in this research is qualitative with a case study approach. The results of the study provide the fact that there is a growing discourse in society that creates the image of SS s as a radical group in North Bengkulu and Rejang Lebong districts. The SS label as a group that adheres to radicalism can be explained from two perspectives. First, from the internal side, this group lives exclusively and does not interact intensely with the surrounding community. This exclusive life makes the perspectives, attitudes and behavior of SS group members differ from those of society. Differences in viewpoints, attitudes and actions become the embryo for conflicts with the surrounding community, especially in terms of beliefs. Meanwhile, from the second point of view, the surrounding community has also labeled the SS group as adherents of radicalism without knowing what the meaning and limitations of radicalism itself are. The role of the mass media in reporting on radical groups with several easily recognizable symbols such as robes, veils and beards also influences people's perceptions of the SS groups around them. This condition was further strengthened by the labeling carried out by several religious and community leaders who were used as references to portray SS groups. The label and image of radicalism in the end make the SS group's relationship with the surrounding community social distancing and foster stereotypes and prejudice.
 Keywords: exclusivity, label, prejudice, radicalism, Bengkulu