Countermeasure System Research Articles

The social conditioning of criminal responsibility for illegal deprivation of liberty

Personal freedom is an inalienable property of a person embedded in his very essence, it is the embodiment of individuality and self-sufficiency of everyone, a normal condition for the development of an individual and society as a whole. We suggest that socially dangerous acts, which are provided by art. 146, 1461, 147, 149, 151, 349, 3491, 371, 444 of Criminal Code of Ukraine.Every time, researching the issue of the existence of criminal responsability and the forms of its implementation, scientists do not bypass the question of the social conditioning of these legal phenomena. In modern conditions of globalization, all civilized countries are trying to build their legislation, including criminal legislation, and, accordingly, to develop a system of countermeasures against socially dangerous acts, based on international normative acts. The international legal need to establish criminal law prohibitions in Ukrainian legislation depends on the international obligations that Ukraine has assumed before the international community. In accordance with such obligations, national legislation must be brought into line with the requirements and recommendations established in international legal documents to which Ukraine is a party. All these conventions establish the right of a person to personal freedom. In addition, some of them contain provisions on the need to establish criminal responsability and punishment for crimes related to illegal deprivation of liberty.Characterizing the criminally illegal acts connected with illegal deprivation of liberty to date, and analyzing in detail their crime-forming features, one should talk about their social danger. And the nature and degree of public danger of such criminally illegal acts is determined by the value of the entire system of criminal law protection objects, which are negatively affected.

Clinical evaluation of the BioFire Global Fever Panel for the identification of malaria, leptospirosis, chikungunya, and dengue from whole blood: a prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study

Acute febrile illness is a common presentation for patients at hospitals globally. Assays that can diagnose a variety of common pathogens in blood could help to establish a diagnosis for targeted disease management. We aimed to evaluate the performance of the BioFire Global Fever Panel (GF Panel), a multiplex nucleic acid amplification test performed on whole blood specimens run on the BioFire FilmArray System, in the diagnosis of several pathogens that cause acute febrile illness. We did a prospective, multicentre, cross-sectional diagnostic accuracy study to evaluate the GF Panel. Consenting adults and children older than 6 months presenting with fever in the previous 2 days were enrolled consecutively in sub-Saharan Africa (Ghana, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda), southeast Asia (Cambodia, Thailand), central and South America (Honduras, Peru), and the USA (Washington, DC; St Louis, MO). We assessed the performance of six analytes (chikungunya virus, dengue virus [serotypes 1-4], Leptospira spp, Plasmodium spp, Plasmodium falciparum, and Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium ovale) on the GF Panel. The performance of the GF Panel was assessed using comparator PCR assays with different primers followed by bidirectional sequencing on nucleic acid extracts from the same specimen. We calculated the positive percent agreement and negative percent agreement of the GF Panel with respect to the comparator assays. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02968355. From March 26, 2018, to Sept 30, 2019, 1965 participants were enrolled at ten sites worldwide. Of the 1875 participants with analysable results, 980 (52·3%) were female and the median age was 22 years (range 0-100). At least one analyte was detected in 657 (35·0%) of 1875 specimens. The GF Panel had a positive percent agreement for the six analytes evaluated as follows: chikungunya virus 100% (95% CI 86·3-100), dengue virus 94·0% (90·6-96·5), Leptospira spp 93·8% (69·8-99·8), Plasmodium spp 98·3% (96·3-99·4), P falciparum 92·7% (88·8-95·6), and P vivax or P ovale 92·7% (86·7-96·6). The GF Panel had a negative percent agreement equal to or greater than 99·2% (98·6-99·6) for all analytes. This 1 h sample-to-answer, molecular device can detect common causative agents of acute febrile illness with excellent positive percent agreement and negative percent agreement directly in whole blood. The targets of the assay are prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions globally, and the assay could help to provide both public health surveillance and individual diagnoses. BioFire Defense, Joint Project Manager for Medical Countermeasure Systems and US Army Medical Materiel Development Activity, and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

Diving Technology Design in a Mine Countermeasure System Part II Reliability

Abstract The article is another paper in an unintended series on designing the technology of diving [1,2,3]. It refers to the elements of the methodology1 used in the works to develop the technology of using the Mx/O_2-SCR CRABE SCUBA2 type diving apparatus in the mine countermeasure system as an example [4,5]. The previous article focused on the impact of the NATO Standardization Organization requirements on the purpose of the main process implemented in the system that constitutes the aforementioned diving technology. The present article discusses the reliability of the process implemented in the system.

Investigation of means of counteracting optical channels of information leakage using UAVs

The article provides a brief overview of systems for detecting and countering unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which can be used, among other things, to intercept information via an optical channel. Currently, small UAVs are widely used for unauthorized surveillance of important objects, carrying out terrorist attacks and sabotage, carrying prohibited goods, as well as in military affairs. In this regard, the task of countering UAVs, especially small UAVs, has been updated. The problem of countering UAVs, in particular, small UAVs, is multifaceted and has not yet been effectively resolved. An analysis of publications shows that there are quite a few analytical articles in this area, especially in the Russian-speaking segment. Most of the works are dominated by overly optimistic conclusions regarding the effectiveness of countering UAVs with existing means. Objective. Research and review of systems for countering and suppressing UAVs, as well as an assessment of the distance from which it is possible to recognize information of a different nature. Results. The article presents the results of the analysis of various systems for countering and suppressing unmanned aerial vehicles. Analysis of the sources made it possible to identify the basic principles of operation of UAV countermeasure systems. To date, the Russian segment of the market has quite effective countermeasure systems that allow combating UAVs without damaging the infrastructure of the protected facility. Also in the course of the research, theoretical calculations were made of the range of recognition of text and a person's face using a camera that can be installed on a mini-UAV.

Double metamaterial layers covered antipodal Vivaldi antenna

In this article, metamaterial with composite structure is presented to improve the radiation properties of antipodal Vivaldi antenna (AVA). Metamaterial layers, which have a high permittivity than substrate, are used to direct the electromagnetic waves radiated from the sides of the AVA to the end-fire direction in the frequency band of 1–8 GHz. On this basis, the proposed antenna can achieve a high gain in the whole operating band, and the maximum gain is 18.24 dBi at 7 GHz. At the same time, a narrower half-power beamwidth (HPBW) is obtained both on H-planes and E-planes. Compared with the simulation results, the measurements show a better agreement with them. Thanks to these properties, this antenna has a potential in ground penetrating radar, UAV countermeasures system and other broadband wireless systems like these.

A Review of Counter-UAS Technologies for Cooperative Defensive Teams of Drones

In recent years, the drone market has had a significant expansion, with applications in various fields (surveillance, rescue operations, intelligent logistics, environmental monitoring, precision agriculture, inspection and measuring in the construction industry). Given their increasing use, the issues related to safety, security and privacy must be taken into consideration. Accordingly, the development of new concepts for countermeasures systems, able to identify and neutralize a single (or multiples) malicious drone(s) (i.e., classified as a threat), has become of primary importance. For this purpose, the paper evaluates the concept of a multiplatform counter-UAS system (CUS), based mainly on a team of mini drones acting as a cooperative defensive system. In order to provide the basis for implementing such a system, we present a review of the available technologies for sensing, mitigation and command and control systems that generally comprise a CUS, focusing on their applicability and suitability in the case of mini drones.

Implementation of building information modeling on slope stability and mitigation analysis in Aceh, Indonesia

Slope failure in the well site area in Aceh, Indonesia caused the termination of gas distribution and resulted in financial loss. Based on the visual observation, the slope failed due to the high intensity of rainfall, which influenced the reduction of soil shear strength of the slope embankment. Moreover, the slope reinforcement has been damaged due to the collapsed trees on the slope embankment. Slope stability analysis was carried out by using a two-dimensional (2D) numerical method in several section areas to determine the appropriate slope reinforcement or countermeasures. Based on the 2D slope stability analysis, the Building Information Modeling (BIM) was performed by using a 3D projection drawing to evaluate the detailed information of the area which was applied by the countermeasures system. This method describes the total area and material quantity covered by the countermeasure system to determine the information material quantity and land acquisition area. Furthermore, the implementation of BIM in this study provides detailed information during the construction process to ensure comprehensive landslide mitigation.

Combating Adversarial Covert Channels in Wi-Fi Networks

Physical layer covert channels exploit the characteristics of radio signals to convey secret messages while remaining inconspicuous within wireless channels. With specifically designed modulation schemes, covert channels effectively disguise secret messages as noise. Since the intentionally embedded noise dissipates when the radio signal is decoded as a bitstream, adversaries can maintain a stealthy breach in communication systems. IoT devices, particularly, often utilize vendor-specific firmware and hardware whose security verification is too complex for everyday users. Hence, these devices can easily be compromised to transmit their data to unauthorized adversaries via the covert channels. To this end, we propose a novel countermeasure system, <i>Ghost-Fi Detector</i>, which detects the covert channels reliably and comprehensively. Our attack models reflect a real-world wireless network technology,Wi-Fi, and cover three aspects of its radio signal characteristics including amplitude, phase, and frequency. Since each model induces distinct manifestations in the received signal, there is no dominant universal detection mechanism that detects all the attack models simultaneously. Instead, <i>Ghost-Fi detector</i> consists of six precisely designed complementary defense mechanisms that perform passive radio-frequency analyses. Evaluation results show that <i>Ghost-Fi Detector</i> achieves an average hit rate of 95% with an almost zero false-positive rate for arbitrary Wi-Fi frames.

МЕТОД ПРОТИДІЇ ПОШИРЕННЮ ТА ВИЯВЛЕННЯШКІДЛИВОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ В СОЦІАЛЬНИХ МЕРЕЖАХ

The paper studies the task of detecting and counteracting the spread of malicious information in social networks, including "fake news". There is a particularly urgent need to counter the spread of news on social media that generates panic waves during a pandemic. Currently, there is a war in Ukraine. Fake news travels six times faster on social media than the truth. Russian propaganda has become one of the main elements of the war in Ukraine, it is qualitatively camouflaged under the guise of Western media materials - DW, CNN or BBC. The main difficulty in detecting and counteracting the spread of malicious information in social networks follows directly from the use of information technology development trends at the present stage, namely: an increase in the speed of dissemination of malicious information in social networks; the rate of emergence of new sources of dissemination of malicious information; increase in the volume of information containing malicious information; speed of replication of messages in the network; the number of scenarios for attracting the attention of the audience; level of data heterogeneity. By their architecture, social networks are multicomponent solutions; the network architecture contains: components that process content; components that provide the functions of marketing, administration, data storage. Social networks do not contain a separate component for detecting and counteracting the spread of malicious information on the network. The analysis and study of evaluating the effectiveness of information-analytical systems and informatization of processes showed that the problem of detecting and counteracting the spread of malicious information in social networks cannot be considered solved and requires new research at this stage and allows us to determine the general requirements for the countermeasure system, as the basis for implementation which is based on the model-methodical apparatus. In order to increase the effectiveness of the countermeasure system in Internet networks, the problem of developing an appropriate approach to improve the validity of the decision to counter the spread and detection of harmful information by increasing the number of parameters taken into account when choosing an information object of influence and effective countermeasures has been solved. The solution of the task is achieved by ranking countermeasures and analyzing the sources of the network of malicious information. A method of counteracting and detecting the spread of malicious information in social networks is proposed, based on the use of the proposed models, algorithms, provides, unlike analogues, the analysis of information from social networks; formation of lists of information objects of influence on the conduct of counteraction to objects, sorting of information objects; providing the system operator with a countermeasure to the proposed and alternative options with a justification for the choice. The developed method of detecting and counteracting the spread of malicious information in social networks differs from the existing ones by using algorithms for evaluating message sources, analyzing and ranking countermeasures, as a result, the validity of decision-making on countering the spread of harmful information and choosing a countermeasure increases, correspondingly, the time of the system operator in the process is reduced countermeasures against the spread of malicious information in social networks.

A Missile Jamming Design for Aircraft Defence Using Infrared Automated Counter Measures

Infrared guided missiles possess a greater threat towards aircrafts in the scenario of defence. Securing aircrafts from such attacks requires an active directed infrared counter measure. Since DIRCM systems require the parameters of the missile signals to be known in advance, they suffer when attempted to be applied in real time. This paper proposes anInfrared Automated Counter Measures (IRACM) system with an equippedmissile alert equipment (MAE) capable of estimating the signal parameters once the signal is detected. Jamming is performed by which the missiles are subjected to miss the target along the field of vision by updating the jammer frequency based on the signal parameters. Since IR flashes in IRACM are emitted directly towards the missiles, it is considered more efficient when compared with the flare methods which emits in all directions. The experimental results of proposed method reveal that the system performs well in estimating missile signal parameters and the jamming effect is influenced by the estimated parameters.

Optimizing Tandem Speaker Verification and Anti-Spoofing Systems

As automatic speaker verification (ASV) systems are vulnerable to spoofing attacks, they are typically used in conjunction with spoofing countermeasure (CM) systems to improve security. For example, the CM can first determine whether the input is human speech, then the ASV can determine whether this speech matches the speaker's identity. The performance of such a tandem system can be measured with a tandem detection cost function (t-DCF). However, ASV and CM systems are usually trained separately, using different metrics and data, which does not optimize their combined performance. In this work, we propose to optimize the tandem system directly by creating a differentiable version of t-DCF and employing techniques from reinforcement learning. The results indicate that these approaches offer better outcomes than finetuning, with our method providing a 20% relative improvement in the t-DCF in the ASVSpoof19 dataset in a constrained setting.

Principles of Generation of Integrated Impact Signal by Addressable Countermeasure System of Unmanned Aircraft

Principles of Generation of Integrated Impact Signal by Addressable Countermeasure System of Unmanned Aircraft

ANALYSIS OF EXPERIENCE IN THE APPLICATION OF MISSILE LAUNCH DETECTION SYSTEMS

Analysis of combat losses of aircraft in local armed conflicts in recent decades shows that most cases of aircraft hits are related to the impact of guided surface-to-air and air-to-air missiles equipped with homing warheads.&#x0D; The use of modern guided missiles equipped with homing warheads is one of the main threats to aircraft of various types. This is due to the fact that modern guided missiles are characterized by high speed, maneuverability, accuracy of aiming and difficulty of detection.&#x0D; Solving the problem of protecting aircraft from guided missiles consists of several stages: detection of missile launch; confirmation that the detected missile is heading directly toward the protected object; missile identification and decision-making on the most effective countermeasure system employment.&#x0D; At present, there are no missile launch detection systems that guarantee a 100% probability of threat detection, but an analysis of aviation combat losses in local armed conflicts in recent decades convincingly shows that the number of combat losses of aircraft equipped with such systems is much lower than those in which missile launch detection is carried out visually. For example, most of the Soviet Union's losses during the war in Afghanistan and the United States‟ losses during Operation “Desert Storm” in Iraq were related to the use of portable anti-aircraft missile systems, which missiles were equipped with infrared homing warheads. Realizing the scale of the threat posed by such missiles, most of the world's leading countries have significantly increased the expenses on development new or improvement existing countermeasures. As a result, the aggregate losses of coalition forces in Iraq, Afghanistan and Syria since 2001 clearly suggest that these costs have paid off, with losses from the use of portable anti-aircraft missile systems significantly reduced, while the total number of combat sorties increased.&#x0D; Therefore, in the face of all the challenges and threats posed to Ukraine due to the aggressive actions of the Russian Federation, conducting research in the interests of aviation of the Armed Forces of Ukraine to improve the effectiveness of missile detection systems for ensuring timely detection of threats, warning of aircraft crew and activation in the automatic mode the means of countermeasures is as relevant as ever.

GF-KCF: Aerial infrared target tracking algorithm based on kernel correlation filters under complex interference environment

Aerial infrared target automatic tracking technology is the core technology of the photoelectric coun-termeasure system of infrared imaging missiles. The correlation filter (CF) tracker has attracted considerable attention in the field of aerial target tracking owing to its excellent performance in tracking accuracy and timeliness. We propose a correlation filter tracking based on Gabor filter (GF) features (GF-KCF) in the frequency domain for aerial infrared target tracking. This tracker constructs a set of frequency-domain GFs, which effectively suppress background noise and highlight target texture information. In view of the large overload maneuver and rapid deformation of aerial infrared targets in the process from near to far distance, we propose a scale estimation method in the frequency-domain based on GF features. The eigenvectors of the target spectrum scale are extracted to improve the accuracy of target scale information estimation. To address the problem of partial occlusion of targets by infrared decoy flares, we propose an anti-interference tracking strategy based on a high-confidence patch model. High-confidence patches are used to track the reliable part of the target, which provide more target information and improve the robustness of the algorithm in case of reappearance of the occluded target. Compared with other trackers, the average accuracy of the proposed tracker was improved by 15.2%, and the frame frequency reached above 110 Hz.

Investigation of the Notable Maneuvers of a Low-speed Air Platform to Get Away from Surface-to-Air Threats

The most reasonable attitude in order for low-speed aerial platforms including helicopters and unmanned air vehicles which do not involve any counter measure system to survive is to get away with a convenient maneuver when they are subjected to man-portable surface-to-air rockets and missiles. The mentioned approach may become challenging for low-speed platforms. In this study, the effectiveness of notable escape maneuvers is investigated using relevant computer simulations for a low-speed aerial platform. This way, it is shown that the aerial platforms can escape from surface-to-air threats under the circumstance of lack of any counter measure opportunity.

Bandwidth superposition of linearly chirped microwave waveforms based on a Fourier domain mode-locked optoelectronic oscillator

Optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs) are promising for radar, communication and electronic countermeasure systems. Among them, frequency-scanning OEOs with wide instantaneous bandwidth are needed for many advanced applications. In this work, we demonstrate a novel system to generate bandwidth-doubled linearly chirped microwave waveforms (LCMWs) based on bandwidth superposition using a Fourier domain mode-locked OEO (FDML OEO). In the proposed system, bandwidth-doubling is achieved by re-modulating the generated LCMW of the FDML OEO onto a frequency-scanning optical carrier signal with the help of an external Mach-Zehnder modulator. LCMWs with wide frequency scanning instantaneous bandwidth of 10 GHz are experimentally obtained. Meanwhile, these LCMWs are tunable in an ultra-wide frequency range from 1 to 39 GHz. Moreover, they are with high frequency sweep linearity of 0.5%. Our work presents a simple method to generate tunable wide-band LCMWs for potential microwave sources.

Broadband hybrid plasmonic graphene modulator operating at mid-Infrared wavelength

A broadband modulator with hybrid plasmonic graphene waveguide is proposed. The waveguide is very convenient to transfer graphene and improve fabrication tolerance. We use tip enhancement effect of graphene-based hybrid wedge SPPs mode to enhance light absorption modulation. The interaction between the hybrid plasmonic graphene structure and the optical field is numerically investigated. We get the geometrical optimization value by sweeping the parameter with FDTD method. The result demonstrates that modulation depth of our proposed modulator exceeds 3 dB when wavelength changes from 3.3 to 3.7 µm. Moreover, compared with previous papers, our proposed modulator can obtain broader modulation bandwidth (156.49 GHz) and need lower power consumption (477 fJ/bit), which has a better performance in potential applications such as optoelectronic countermeasure systems and optical signal processing.

Indonesian Government Mitigation Efforts towards Climate Change in the Marine and Fisheries Sector

Aims: This study aims to determine the Indonesian Government's mitigation efforts in dealing with climate change, especially in the marine and fisheries sector.&#x0D; Study Design: Literature study model.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Yogyakarta, Indonesia; 2020-2021.&#x0D; Methodology: This study method utilized a qualitative approach with a literature study model. Sixty scientific national and international journals, online mass media, and legislations were collected. Data sources were used to explain the mitigation policy analysis of climate change in the marine and fisheries sector. The study stages started from article searching, theme classification, literature mapping based on discussions of various scientific journals, books, and online mass media with different orientations, data analysis, interpretation, and data presentation.&#x0D; Results: The results of the study reveal that the impact of climate change on the marine and fisheries sector is very significant so that the Indonesian government establishes various policies, undertakes mitigation efforts to strengthen its identity as a maritime country, eradicates illegal, unreported, unregulated (IUU) fishing, imposes a moratorium on ex-foreign ships, accelerates the growth of national economy, enhance food sovereignty and promote the development of maritime and marine economies. However, there are still problems in implementing policies, so it is necessary to improve the management system for climate change countermeasures in the marine and fisheries sector in Indonesia.&#x0D; Conclusion: Mitigation strategies in the marine and fisheries sector in Indonesia that can be implemented include applying sustainable aquaculture management practices suitable for carrying capacity and developing an integrated cultivation system. Various climate change mitigation policies in the marine and fisheries sector of the Government of Indonesia are commendable given many recognized successes, but there are still many problems with policy implementation. Ineffective application of policies is due to the government's focus on tackling climate change based on forestry and energy sectors, weak application of laws, and other problems. There is still a need for improvement in the management system for climate change countermeasures in Indonesia's marine and fisheries sector.

Joint use of frequency-time division and antinoise coding in radio communication systems with FHSS

In the context of continuous improvement of radio prospecting and active radio jamming technics along with introduction of automated active countermeasures systems (ACS), the frequency-hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) radio communication systems (RCS) are widely used in order to improve reliability and noise immunity of data transmission. The noise immunity of the RCS affected by unintentional or deliberate interference can be significantly perfected by the combined use of frequency-time division and antinoise coding. This paper explores the case when the interference created by an ACS system with a limited transmitter power covers a part of the RCS frequency range. The receiver gets input mix of the wanted signal, the receiver noise, and probably a deliberate interference also considered as a noise. The article analyzes the noise immunity of signals reception with FHSS in the low-speed radio systems with joint use of frequency-time division of information subsymbols and noise combating codes when the deliberate interference destructively impacts a part of the RCS working band. Dependence of the bit error probability on the signal-to-noise ratio is calculated for the joint use of frequency division of information subsymbols and noise combating codes. It is shown that due to effective use of the frequency-energy resource of a radio line, considering the use of correction codes, a quite high noise immunity of RCS under the influence of deliberate interference can be assured. The indicated dependences of the error probability on the signal-to-noise ratio confirm that the reliability of data transmission can be significantly increased by the proper combination of signal spectrum spreading, applying of correction codes, and frequency division of subsymbols followed by their weight processing.

Photonic-Assisted Microwave Frequency and Phase Shifter for Deception Jamming

A new microwave photonic signal processing structure that has the ability to realise frequency and phase shifting operation is presented. The proposed structure uses Serrodyne phase modulation in a dual-polarisation binary phase shift keying (DP-BPSK) dual-drive Mach Zehnder modulator to shift the frequency of an input microwave signal. This has the advantage over the conventional frequency mixers that the unwanted frequency components adjacent to the frequency translated microwave signal can be largely suppressed. It is suitable for use in deception jamming in electronic countermeasures systems. The phase shifting operation is realised by controlling the bias voltages of the DP-BPSK modulator. The dual-function microwave photonic signal processor has a simple structure and a wide bandwidth. The structure enables commercial modulator bias controllers to be used to provide long-term stable performance. Experimental results are presented that demonstrate a wide operating frequency range of 3 to 16 GHz, an over 35 dB suppression on the spurious signals and 0° to 360° phase shift on the frequency translated microwave signal. Using bias controllers to maintain a large spurious suppression ratio of around 35 dB is also demonstrated.