Effect Of Counterions Research Articles

Conformational Changes and Coordination Stability of Flexible Tripeptides During Ni(II)-Mediated Self-Assembly.

The rational design of artificial supramolecular structures with specific properties and functions hinges the comprehensive understanding of the coordination and noncovalent interactions driving self-assembly. Herein, the self-assembly of supramolecular systems through octahedral coordination between Ni(II) ions and a flexible tripeptide was theoretically investigated using quantum chemical calculations. These calculations utilized the B3LYP functional with the polarizable continuum model. Our results indicate that tridentate sites have a greater propensity for coordination, and that the presence of chloride anions and conformational shifts enhance bidentate and monodentate coordination. Insights into the effect of counter anions on the stability of octahedral coordination and the prerequisites for self-assembly were gained by determining the stable conformation and potential reaction pathways of the tripeptide before and after adding chloride anions through an efficient automated conformational search. The formation of intramolecular hydrogen bonding interactions during the conformational changes was also studied using model calculations. Possible processes for initial self-assembly of tripeptide were proposed. This study enhances the fundamental understanding of the conformational behavior of building blocks during supramolecular formation and advance the potential for constructing future bioinspired complexes.

Investigation the binding and partition properties of azithromycin drug using drug-surfactant mixed micelles in the presence of trisodium citrate electrolyte

The significance of mixed micelle in pharmaceutical industries is improving the binding and solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. This work highlighted the effect of organic counterion (NAC) for improving the micellization association of zwitterionic (CAPB) and cationic drug (DPC) by surface tension measurements. The Corrin–Harkins (CH) approach assessed the CAPB, DPC and CAPB-DPC counterion binding values for DPC in the aqueous and NAC media at 25 °C. The counterion binding B for CAPB-DPC from αDPC 1.0–0.0 was found 0.536, 0.3801, 0.368, 0.355, 0.310 and 0.272 in the presence of NAC which indicated that DPC improved the counterion binding in the mixed micellar system. The Gibb’s free energy of micellization (ΔGmic°) were increased and became more negative, suggesting that the CAPB–DPC interaction was controlled by electrostatic interaction. Furthermore, the application of mixed micelle was utilized to enhance the binding constant (LogKb) and partition coefficient (LogKx) of the poorly water-soluble drug (AZI) in aqueous and NAC media at 25 °C using a UV spectrophotometer. From UV spectra, The LogKb and LogKx of AZI were lower in single micellar systems and higher in mixed micellar systems of CAPB-DPC. The maximum LogKb values at αDPC 0.4 were found 3.091, 3.233, 3.417, and 3.368 and LogKx values were found 4.749, 4.919, 5.087 and 5.049 in the presence of 0.0, 0.5, 3.0 and 20 mmol L−1 of NAC. AZI molecules are found in the palisade layer of mixed micelle when the DPC mole fraction is less than αDPC 0.6, while more than αDPC 0.6 causes steric hindrance, increasing hydrophobicity in the system. Furthermore, surfactant-drug mixed micelles could serve as poorly drug-solubilizing agents, as well as a multidrug delivery system in pharmaceutical applications.

Polysorbate stability: Effects of packaging materials, buffers, counterions, and pH

Polysorbates, widely used excipients in drug formulations, present a stability challenge due to complex degradation processes. This study investigates the hydrolysis of polysorbate (PS) under temperature stress (50 °C), focusing on the impact of primary packaging materials (glass vs. plastic vials), buffers (histidine and acetic acid), counterions (chloride vs. malate), and pH (4–7). Our findings reveal that leachables from plastic vials inhibit PS degradation in both histidine and acetic acid buffers. Kinetic parameters derived from sigmoidal fitting suggest distinct degradation mechanisms for each buffer. Furthermore, the malate counterion with histidine displays inhibitory effects on PS hydrolysis. Principal component analysis was employed to identify key factors. These results highlight the critical role of excipients and packaging in PS stability, providing valuable insights for biopharmaceutical formulation development and a deeper understanding of PS degradation complexities.

Regulation of thermal migration channel in cellulose hydrogel to enhance thermopower

Ionic thermoelectric material is gaining increasing attention, and many attempts have been devoted to obtain huge ionic thermopower, which remains a big challenge. Herein, the idea of “ion thermal migration channel” was propose, and a high ionic thermopower was achieved by regulating the thermal migration channel in cellulose hydrogel system. It is found that the channels size as well as the channel-ion interaction played dominant roles. Initially, the channel size in cellulose/KCl hydrogel were optimized to enlarge the channel-Cl− interactions via counter-ion condensation effect, which improved the thermopower from 2.45 mV·K−1 to 8.13 mV·K−1. Then, sodium alginate as polyanion was doped and multi-valance ion cross-linking was carried out, to further enhance the channel-Cl− interaction, and a high thermopower of 22.09 mV·K−1 was realized. In addition, the cellulose based ionic thermoelectric hydrogel displayed viable basis for energy harvesting and temperature sensing as wearable flexible devices. The present work not only provides a systematic strategy for the thermopower regulation, but also supplies an applicable approach for the preparation of sustainable thermoelectric materials with biomass resources, demonstrating great potential in sustainability and green energy.

Effects of Counter-Anions for the Engineering of Metallo-Hydrogels for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions

Effects of Counter-Anions for the Engineering of Metallo-Hydrogels for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen and Oxygen Evolution Reactions

Deciphering the Concept of Solubility by Strategically Using the Counterion Effect in Charged Molecules.

Solubility is an essential concept in chemistry that describes the ability of a substance to dissolve in a particular solvent. Despite its importance in many fields of science, understanding the basic principles of solubility is challenging for many undergraduate students. Notably, students often encounter difficulties in comprehending the role of counterions when dealing with charged molecules. Here, we bring the opportunity to assimilate the key concepts of solubility regarding the role of counterions by developing a straightforward, cheap, and visually appealing experiment that focuses on the strategic use of counterions to control solubility. A student questionnaire delivered encouraging results with most of students giving positive feedback in both interest and training their hands-on skills. Hence, our experiment offers a proficient understanding of the solubility concept, thus preparing undergraduate students for advanced courses in the various subject areas of chemistry.

Counterion Effects in [Ru(bpy)3](X)2-Photocatalyzed Energy Transfer Reactions.

Photocatalysis that uses the energy of light to promote chemical transformations by exploiting the reactivity of excited-state molecules is at the heart of a virtuous dynamic within the chemical community. Visible-light metal-based photosensitizers are most prominent in organic synthesis, thanks to their versatile ligand structure tunability allowing to adjust photocatalytic properties toward specific applications. Nevertheless, a large majority of these photocatalysts are cationic species whose counterion effects remain underestimated and overlooked. In this report, we show that modification of the X counterions constitutive of [Ru(bpy)3](X)2 photocatalysts modulates their catalytic activities in intermolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions operating through triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTEnT). Particularly noteworthy is the dramatic impact observed in low-dielectric constant solvent over the excited-state quenching coefficient, which varies by two orders of magnitude depending on whether X is a large weakly bound (BArF 4 -) or a tightly bound (TsO-) anion. In addition, the counterion identity also greatly affects the photophysical properties of the cationic ruthenium complex, with [Ru(bpy)3](BArF 4)2 exhibiting the shortest 3MLCT excited-state lifetime, highest excited state energy, and highest photostability, enabling remarkably enhanced performance (up to >1000 TON at a low 500 ppm catalyst loading) in TTEnT photocatalysis. These findings supported by density functional theory-based calculations demonstrate that counterions have a critical role in modulating cationic transition metal-based photocatalyst potency, a parameter that should be taken into consideration also when developing energy transfer-triggered processes.

Effects of counteranions and solvents on the binuclear and trinuclear Ni(II) complexes derived from an asymmetrical salamo-based ligand: Experimental and theoretical analysis

An asymmetrical salamo-based ligand H2L was synthesized, its binuclear and trinuclear Ni(II) complexes, [Ni2L2(MeOH)2] (1) and [{NiL(EtOH)(μ-OAc)}2Ni]∙2EtOH (2), were obtained firstly by adding a certain amount of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O/Ni(OAc)2·4H2O solution to the ligand H2L methanol/ethanol solution, respectively. The binuclear complex 1 consists of two utterly deprotonated (L)2- anions, two Ni(II) ions, and two methanol solvents. However, complex 2 consists of two utterly deprotonated (L)2- anions, three Ni(II) ions, two μ-OAc- counter-ions, and two ethanol molecules. The reason why the two complex′s crystal structures have different nucleation numbers and geometries is likely owing to the different reaction solvents and Ni(II) salts applied in single crystal cultivation. The complexes were elucidated via Infrared spectral analysis and ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy. Using DFT theoretical calculation, Molecular electrostatic potential, Interaction Region Indicator and Hirshfeld surface analysis to analyze further the molecular interactions and reaction sites. Ultimately, the fluorescence characteristics of H2L and its complexes 1 and 2 were discussed.

Ionic liquid interactions with cellulose and the effect of water

Ionic Liquids (ILs) have been used to address issues such as recyclability, cost-effectiveness, and tailored thermophysical properties. This is most relevant to recent efforts directed at dissolving cellulose for filament spinning and bioproduct development. Herein, we introduce a simple method to investigate how interactions between cellulose films (roughness, Rh = 37 nm) and ILs specifically 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([bmim][OAc]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([bmim][Cl]), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([emim][OAc]), and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([emim][Cl]), along with their water mixtures (0, 5, and 10 wt%) affect thermophysical properties relevant to cellulose dissolution (surface tension, γ; contact angle, θ; diffusivities, D; and bulk density, ρ) at 363.15 K and 0.1 MPa under argon and air atmospheres. Thermophysical properties relevant to cellulose dissolution were measured at 363.15 K and 0.1 MPa under argon (surface tension, γ, contact angle, θ), and air (diffusivities, D and bulk density, ρ) atmospheres to reveal the effect of the IL counter ions on the involved interactions with water. In general, water increased γ, θ, but reduced D, which supports experimental observations indicating the detrimental effect of water on IL-cellulose interactions. The [emim]+ cation (in [emim][OAc] and [emim][Cl]), produced a lower contact angle with cellulose while the interfacial properties (γ, θ, D) for ILs with the [OAc]− anion were marginally affected by water. By contrast, the two ILs carrying [Cl]− anions exhibited a significant reduction in D (from 11.7·10-13\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\cdot {10}^{-13}$$\\end{document} to 2.9·10-13m2s-1\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\cdot {10}^{-13} {m}^{2}{s}^{-1}$$\\end{document}) in the cation shift from [emim]+ to [bmim]+ at 363.15 K and 0.1 MPa, with 0% water content. Overall, we present a methodical approach rooted in experimental and theoretical approaches to facilitate our understanding of ionic liquids (ILs), especially within the domain of bioprocessing.Graphical

Enhancing Effect of Fullerene Guest and Counterion on the Structural Stability and Electrical Conductivity of Octahedral Metallo-Supramolecular Cages.

Metallo-supramolecular cages have garnered tremendous attention for their diverse yet molecular-level precision structures. However, the physical properties of these supramolecular ensembles, which are of potential significance in molecular electronics, remain largely unexplored. We herein constructed a series of octahedral metallo-cages and cage-fullerene complexes with notably enhanced structural stability. As such, we could systematically evaluate the electrical conductivity of these ensembles at both the single-molecule level and aggregated bulk state (as well-defined films). Our findings reveal that counteranions and fullerene guests play a pivotal role in determining the electrical conductivity of the aggregated state, while such effects are less significant for single-molecule conductance. Both the counteranions and fullerenes effectively tune the electronic structures and packing density of metallo-supramolecular assemblies, and facilitate efficient charge transfer between the cage hosts and fullerenes, resulting in a notable one order of magnitude increase in the electrical conductivity of the aggregated state.

Enhancing Effect of Fullerene Guest and Counterion on the Structural Stability and Electrical Conductivity of Octahedral Metallo‐Supramolecular Cages

Metallo‐supramolecular cages have garnered tremendous attention for their diverse yet molecular‐level precision structures. However, physical properties of these supramolecular ensembles, which are of potential significance in molecular electronics, remain largely unexplored. We herein constructed a series of octahedral metallo‐cages and cage‐fullerene complexes with notably enhanced structural stability. As such, we could systematically evaluate the electrical conductivity of these ensembles at both single‐molecule level and aggregated bulk state (as well‐defined films). Our findings reveal that counteranions and fullerene guests play a pivotal role in determining the electrical conductivity of aggregated state, while such effects are less significant for single‐molecule conductance. Both counteranions and fullerenes effectively tune the electronic structures and packing density of metallo‐supramolecular assemblies, and facilitate efficient charge transfer between the cage hosts and fullerenes, resulting in a notable one order of magnitude increase in electrical conductivity of the aggregated state.

Diffusion Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Measurements on Cationic Gold (I) Complexes in Catalytic Conditions: Counterion and Solvent Effects.

The amount of free ions, ion pairs, and higher aggregate of the possible species present in a solution during the gold(I)-catalyzed alkoxylation of unsaturated hydrocarbon, i.e., ISIP (inner sphere ion pair) [(NHC)AuX] and OSIP (outer sphere ion pairs) [(NHC)Au(TME)X] [NHC 1,3-bis(2,6-di-isopropylphenyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene; TME = tetramethylethylene (2,3-bis methyl-butene); X- = Cl-, BF4-, OTf-; and OTs- BArF4- (ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3)], has been determined. The 1H and 19F DOSY NMR measurements conducted in catalytic conditions indicate that the dissociation degree (α) of the equilibrium ion pair/free ions {[(NHC)Au(TME)X] [(NHC)Au(TME)]+ + X-} depends on the nature of the counterion (X-) when chloroform is the catalytic solvent: while the compounds containing OTs- and OTf- as the counterion gave a low α (which means a high number of ion pairs) of 0.13 and 0.24, respectively, the compounds containing BF4- and BArF4- showed higher α values of 0.36 and 0.32, respectively. These results experimentally confirm previous deductions based on catalytic and theoretical data: the lower the α value, the greater the catalytic activity because the anion that can activate methanol during a nucleophilic attack, although the lower propensity to activate methanol of BF4- and BArF4-, as suggested by the DFT calculations, cannot be completely overlooked. As for the effect of the solvent, α increases as the dielectric constant increases, as expected, and in particular, green solvents with high dielectric constants show a very high α (0.90, 0.84, 0.80, and 0.70 for propylene carbonate, γ-valerolactone, acetone, and methanol, respectively), thus confirming that the moderately high activity of NHC-Au-OTf in these solvents is due to the specific effect of polar functionalities (O-H, C=O, O-R) in activating methanol. Finally, the DOSY measurements conducted in p-Cymene show the formation of quadrupole species: under these conditions, the anion can better exercise its 'template' and 'activating' roles, giving the highest TOF.

The effect of the outer-sphere cations on the photophysical and magnetic properties of rare earth complexes with 2,2,2-trichloro-N-(diphenylphosphoryl)acetamide

Two series of rare earth coordination compounds have been synthesized (Na[RE(L4)] (labeled as 1RE) and PPh4[RE(L4)] (labeled as 2RE), where RE = Y3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, L = 2,2,2-trichloro-N-(diphenylphosphoryl)acetamide) to determine the possibility of modifying their photophysical and magnetical properties by changing the counterion. The crystal structure of 1RE was determined based on the single-crystal X-ray diffraction and the crystal structure of 2RE was determined based on quantum chemistry computational procedures. Characterization of the physicochemical properties of the compounds was carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy as well as FT-IR, absorption and luminescence spectroscopy in the temperature range of 300 - 77 K. The rate constants of radiative (Arad) and non-radiative (Anrad) transitions, intrinsic (QLnLn) and overall (QLnL) emission quantum yields, sensitization efficiency (ηsens), the experimental and theoretical intensity parameters (Ωλ), the forward (WS, WT) and backward (WbS, WbT) intramolecular energy transfer (IET) rates were determined. Magnetic properties of Tb3+ compounds were studied in a constant field of 0.5 T in the temperature range of 1.8–300 K. Dynamic AC magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out as a function of temperature and frequency for 1Tb and 2Tb. Only in the case of 2Tb, in the presence of an external DC field, a slight temperature dependence of in-phase χ′ and out-of-phase χ'' susceptibility was recorded. Based on experimental and theoretical results, the significant effect of counterion on the photophysical and magnetic properties of RE chelates has been demonstrated and clarified, providing valuable guidance for the design of bifunctional electromagnetic radiation converters.

Counterion docking: a general approach to reducing energetic disorder in doped polymeric semiconductors

Molecular doping plays an important role in controlling the carrier concentration of organic semiconductors. However, the introduction of dopant counterions often results in increased energetic disorder and traps due to the molecular packing disruption and Coulomb potential wells. To date, no general strategy has been proposed to reduce the counterion-induced structural and energetic disorder. Here, we demonstrate the critical role of non-covalent interactions (NCIs) between counterions and polymers. Employing a computer-aided approach, we identified the optimal counterions and discovered that NCIs determine their docking positions, which significantly affect the counterion-induced energetic disorder. With the optimal counterions, we successfully reduced the energetic disorder to levels even lower than that of the undoped polymer. As a result, we achieved a high n-doped electrical conductivity of over 200 S cm−1 and an eight-fold increase in the thermoelectric power factor. We found that the NCIs have substantial effects on doping efficiency, polymer backbone planarity, and Coulomb potential landscape. Our work not only provides a general strategy for identifying the most suitable counterions but also deepens our understanding of the counterion effects on doped polymeric semiconductors.

Counter-ion effect to the Ising-type magnetic anisotropy and magnetic relaxation in trigonal bipyramidal Co(II) complexes

Counter-ion effect to the Ising-type magnetic anisotropy and magnetic relaxation in trigonal bipyramidal Co(II) complexes

Important Counteranion Effect on Adsorption Efficacity of Hydrogen Sulfide by Silver(I)-Dithione Coordination Polymers.

Four new coordination polymers (CPs) have been prepared and evaluated for their efficacy in adsorbing hydrogen sulfide. The reactions of the structurally flexible assembling dithione ligand, L, with different silver(I) salts lead to four new metal-organic coordination architectures (CPs I, III, V, and VIII) exhibiting either one- or two-dimensional networks. CP I, 2D-[(Ag2Cl2)L]n, exhibits a linear series of rhomboid (S)2Ag(μ2-Cl)2Ag(S)2 secondary building units (SBUs) where S is one of the thione functions of L, altogether forming a 2D-network. CP III, 2D-[(AgI)L]n, is built upon parallel staircase-shaped 1D-[Ag2(μ3-I)2]n SBUs bridged by S atoms of L that form a 2D-grid. CP V, 2D-[(AgL)(NO3)]n, presents parallel 1D-folded S-shaped [AgL]n+ chains linked by strong argentophilic Ag···Ag interactions, forming a 2D-scaffolding. CP VIII, 1D-[(Ag2L3)(Cr2O7)]n, shows 1D-zigzag [{Ag(η2-μ2,η-μ,μ-L)}2]n2n+ chains accompanied by Cr2O72- counteranions. The adsorption isotherms of H2S gas by these new CPs were examined and compared to those of related CPs [(Ag2Br2)L]n (II), [(AgCN)4L]n (IV), [(Ag2L)(CF3SO3)2]n (VI), and [(Ag2L)(NO3)(ClO4)]n (VII). Among the tested polymers, the 3D-CP IV featuring cyanide anions exhibits the highest adsorption capacity of the CPs studied in this work. In order to determine the reason for this marked difference, density functional theory (DFT) computations were used. All in all, it turns out that the electrostatic interactions (CN-···H-SH) are significantly stronger than the O-···H-SH ones. This investigation provides a valuable conceptual tool for other designs of CPs and MOFs having the purpose of capturing toxic gases.

Probing effect of counterions on electric field stimuli responsive behaviours of smart organoboron-based polyelectrolytes

This is the first study to be introduced to the electrorheology (ER) literature focusing on organoboron-based polyelectrolyte colloidal systems namely: polymeric lithium tartaric acid borate (Poly-LiTB) and polymeric sodium tartaric acid borate (Poly-NaTB). Syntheses of functional polyelectrolytes were monitored via 1H-NMR, ATR-FTIR and SEM-EDX analyses. Electrical conductivity measurements indicated that Poly-LiTB and Poly-NaTB were in semi-conductive region indicating potential smart ER behaviour. A higher polarizability was detected for 20 wt.% Poly-LiTB dispersions in silicone oil (SO) by dielectric measurements. As expected, improved ER performances were obtained for Poly-LiTB/SO colloidal dispersion (τy = 265 Pa, EReff = 87, G′ = 80 kPa at 10 Hz, τc = 98 Pa, recovery% = 68) compared to Poly-NaTB/SO colloidal dispersion (τy = 195 Pa, EReff = 38, G′ = 42 kPa at 10 Hz, τc = 42 Pa, recovery% = 67). To sum up, it was determined that the best ER activity was detected by the organoboron-based polyelectrolyte containing Li+ counterion with smaller ionic radius and higher ionic mobility when their physicochemical properties are taken into account.

Effect of Counterions on the Soft Ionization Mass Spectra of Analytes with Multiple Permanent Charges.

Multiply permanently charged analytes (MPCAs) are of great interest for various applications. MPCA soft ionization mass spectra (MS) strongly depend on the counterions of MPCA. We have studied thoroughly this effect to expand the use of MS in MPCA characterization. To this end, β-cyclodextrin-based MPCAs with 7 (MIM7NBCD) and 14 (MIM14BCD) quaternary ammonium charges with a series of monovalent counterions were prepared and their MS were measured using two of the most popular soft ionization techniques, electrospray ionization (ESI) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI). MALDI MS of both analytes were well resolved, with signals assignable to the analytes only with the two least basic tested counterions (ClO4- and TfO-). Similarly, analyte-assignable signals were observed in ESI MS of MIM14BCD only with ClO4- and TfO-. The situation was opposite with ESI MS of MIM7NBCD where assignable signals were observed with Cl- but not with TfO-. Thus, to get high-quality MS, binding between the MPCA permanent charges and the counterions must be of the optimal effective strength, given also by the number of analyte permanent charges as shown by the simple combinatorial model of binding. Of practical interest is the observation that unsuitable counterions can be replaced in situ by an excess of corresponding acid. The findings form a coherent framework for interpreting and improving MPCA mass spectra.

The long-term leaching behavior of heavy metals in geopolymers and Portland cement bricks containing MSWI fly ash: A comparative study

Geopolymers was considered as an ideal alternative to cement solidification/stabilization for municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWI FA). However, the long-term leaching behavior of heavy metals in geopolymers had attracted less attention. In this study, the long-term leaching behavior of heavy metals in geopolymers containing MSWI FA was investigated and compared with Portland cement bricks under various corrosion scenarios. The findings revealed a consistent trend of "slowly increasing - slowly decreasing - gradually stabilizing" in the pH changes in the effluent of all samples and the absence of corrosive risk in the utilization of geopolymers. The maximum pH values of the effluent were G2 (12.00) > G1 (11.90) > G3 (10.83) > C1 (9.67), suggesting that geopolymers were not corrosive in resource utilization. The long-term leaching behavior of heavy metals under different corrosion conditions could be divided into two stages, which included quick release in stage Ⅰ and gradual stabilization in stage Ⅱ. Compared with Portland cement bricks, the cumulative leaching concentration of heavy metals in geopolymers was lower, indicating less environmental risk. Due to the strongest corrosiveness from simulated acid rain (SAR), C2 and G2 exhibited significant compressive strength loss rates of 20.2% and 9.25%, respectively. In the leaching of CO2-saturated water (CSW), the leaching behavior of heavy metals was mainly regulated by the nucleation-dissolution trade-off of carbonates, however the dissolution mechanism of heavy metals in SAR could be summarized as follows: (1) corrosion/replacement of H+, and (2) counter-ion effect. this study will promote the resource utilization of MSWI FA. In a word, this work systematically studied the long-term environmental risk of geopolymers, which was beneficial to the resource utilization of MSWI FA.

Tin-oxo nanoclusters for extreme ultraviolet photoresists: Effects of ligands, counterions, and doping

Tin-oxo nanoclusters for extreme ultraviolet photoresists: Effects of ligands, counterions, and doping