Counterfeit Coin Research Articles

A framework for image-based counterfeit coin detection using pruned fuzzy associative classifier

Counterfeit coins pose a significant challenge in various real-world applications, from vending machines to currency exchange systems, making their reliable detection a matter of utmost importance. This research presents a novel framework designed to tackle this issue by harnessing the power of image-mining techniques. Our proposed framework is developed in two modules. In the first module, a method to detect the region of interest (ROIs) is applied that focuses on blob detection. In the second module, image mining is applied to find image patterns present in coin images using fuzzy association rules mining. The enhancement lies in utilizing Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) within the image mining module. PSO refines the threshold parameters, thereby improving the efficiency of the fuzzy association rules mining process. This integration allows for the automatic determination of optimal values, contributing to the overall robustness of the counterfeit coin detection system. Comprising two modules, this framework offers a unique advantage as a compress, serving as a knowledge attainment tool. By harnessing the full power of fuzzy association rule mining, this paper introduces pruning methods to reduce redundant and insignificant rules. Moreover, we propose a novel algorithm for feature selection and a pruned-based fuzzy associative classifier to establish a robust counterfeit coin detection system. Comparative analysis with other methods using the same dataset showcases the superiority of our framework, exhibiting lower feature dimensions, smoother boundaries, and maintaining satisfactory accuracy. The generality of this study's problem formulation offers a common framework for addressing similar challenges across various domains.

Analytical study of an 1899 Peruvian dinero: unveiling the mystery of a coin that wasn’t officially minted

The present paper presents the analytical study of an unusual Peruvian 1899 dinero coin whose authenticity has been questioned since the 1970’s. This coin, which is present in some numismatic collections although there is no record of having been minted officially, has been characterized using non-destructive techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results are consistent with a cast counterfeit coin made at the turn of the 19th and 20th using a copper base alloy that was silver-platted to pass unnoticed among the public. The alloy used, generally known as german silver, was common for counterfeits in North America and Europe in that period. The historical reasons for the appearance of this unexpected coin in Peru during a time of economic difficulties, where the public experienced a shortage of small-change coins, are briefly outlined.

Development of Electromagnetic Acoustic Transducer System for Coin Classification

In this work, a method for identifying counterfeit coins based on an electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT) to detect the difference in the coin's natural acoustic frequency response is presented. In the experimental system, the acoustic oscillation induced by a pulsed magnetic field is received by a microphone and recorded by an oscilloscope. The natural acoustic frequency of the coin is resolved by the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method on the computer. It is found that the natural frequencies of the possible counterfeit coins deviate significantly from the standard ranges of 16.9 to 17.4 kHz for the authentic 50 New Taiwan Dollar (NTD) coins. The observed natural frequencies of the coin are consistent with the values predicted by analytical estimation. We also built a prototype EMAT coin classification system to detect the natural acoustic frequency by direct frequency counting using a microcontroller. The prototype system demonstrates that a counterfeit coin can be identified by its natural frequency in less than 30 ms using the EMAT method. The proposed technique can be applied to the vending machine to improve the accuracy in discriminating between authentic and counterfeit coins.

Population identification strategies for counterfeit coin detection.

Advances in manufacturing, 3-d imaging, and globalization have led to a rise in fraudulent coinage and a world-wide interest in coin authentication. Modern manufacturing methods allow the alloy, construction, and struck image of coins to be more readily reproduced. Larger coin denominations and efforts to reduce the cost of coining add additional incentive. Detection of fraudulent coinage can parallel authentication of food, beverages, and manufactured goods by studying product-inherent features. Reverse-quality-engineering provides clues to authenticity. One promising method is in the use of finite mixture models to compare individual measurements of groups of coins to assist in authentication. An example is provided using the coin weights of two groups of coins. Authentication of a Questioned set of coins is explored, comparing the weight population of Example coins drawn from circulation with the weights of a Questioned set drawn from an unknown origin. In the test, just over half of the Questioned coin set matched the distribution of the Example coin set. The other portion, nearly half of the coin sample, did not match the Example coins drawn from circulation. If this were combined with a similar analysis of other coin properties, similar results would help validate the finding. The example shows that groups of coins can be authenticated by using one or more measures of properties of populations of Questioned coins versus Example coins that are largely authentic.

Detection of counterfeit coins based on 3D height-map image analysis

Detecting a counterfeit coin using 2D image processing is nearly impossible in some cases, especially when the coin is damaged, corroded or worn out. Edge detection is one of the most widely used techniques to extract features from 2D images. However, in 2D images, the height information is missing, losing the hidden characteristics. In this paper, we propose a 3D approach to detect and analyze the precipice borders from the coin surface and extract significant features to train an ensemble classification system. To extract the features, we also propose Binned Borders in Spherical Coordinates (BBSC) to analyze different parts of precipice borders at different polar and azimuthal angles. The proposed method is robust even against degradation which appears on shiny coins after 3D scanning. Therefore, there is no need to restore the degraded images before the feature extraction process. Here, the system has been trained and tested with four types of Danish and two types of Chinese coins. We take advantage of stack generalization to classify the coins and add the reject option to increase the reliability of the system. The results illustrate that the proposed method outperforms other counterfeit coin detectors. The accuracy obtained by testing Danish 1990, 1991, 1996, and 2008 datasets are 98.6%, 98.0%, 99.8%, and 99.9% respectively. In addition, results for half Yuan Chinese 1942 and one Yuan Chinese 1997 were 95.5% and 92.2% respectively.

M. Gorky’s play “The counterfeit coin”: a new reading

M. Gorky’s play “The counterfeit coin”: a new reading

Statistical edge-based feature selection for counterfeit coin detection

The number of counterfeit coins released into circulation is persistently increasing. According to official reports, the mass majority of these coins are circulated in the European Union member countries. This paper presents a robust method for counterfeit coin detection based on coin stamp differences between genuine and counterfeit coins. A set of measures based on edge differences are proposed in this paper. The proposed method compares the edge width, edge thickness, number of horizontal and vertical edges, and total number of edges between a test coin and a set of genuine reference coins. The method extends the measures to generate a defect map by subtracting the test coin image from the reference coins to count the number of pixels in small regions of the coin. Additionally, the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), and Structural Similarity (SSIM) which are well-known measures to track the differences between two images are also applied to the coin image. The sets of features are then placed into index space where each vector represents the features of one test coin and a reference coin. The final feature vector represents the features set of one test coin and is computed by averaging the feature value of vectors in the index space. This feature vector is used to train a classifier to learn the edge feature differences between the two classes. The proposed method achieved precision and recall rates as high as 99.6% and 99.3% respectively, demonstrating the effectiveness and robustness of the selected edge features in authenticating coins. The method was evaluated on a real-life dataset of Danish coins as part of a collaborative effort.

After. Economics and politics of the post-pandemic world

The coronavirus pandemic that has shaken the world will lay a long shadow for many years. It puts humanity in the face of incredible challenges that coincide with other negative mega-trends and unresolved economic, social and political problems. The enormous consequences and costs of the pandemic — human and social, economic and financial — will be known only ex post. While some lose nothing, others lose everything, sometimes even their lives. The heterogeneous, post-pandemic future — in which under the conditions of irreversible globalization various political and economic systems will interact with each other — will follow many paths, with the position of highly developed countries becoming relatively weaker. Tensions on the US—China line will increase, geopolitics and geoeconomics will change. The confrontation between democracy and authoritarianism will intensify, the synergy of the market and the state will be transformed. It will be particularly dangerous to turn two sides of the same counterfeit coin as an alternative: neoliberal capitalism versus populist capitalism. Chances for the better future may be created by a gradual transition to new pragmatism. It is a strategy of moderation in economic activities and a triple — economically, socially and ecologically — sustainable development based on the outline of an innovative, unorthodox and holistic economic theory. Pandemic is also an immense challenge for social sciences, not only for economics, because old manner of thinking will often occur to be useless for analyzing and explaining new situations.

Parasites and Post‐Truth Climate

This article argues that the Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC), an exemplary climate change skeptical organization, attains persuasive power by striking up a parasitic relation to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and associated discourse genres. Drawing upon theories of citationality and genre, along with conceptual accounts of the parasite (Serres 2013 [1980]; Nakassis 2013; Kockelman 2010, 2017), I construe parasitism as an asymmetric structure of relation that recurs across various sites and scales. As parasitic actors, corporate climate change skeptics like the NIPCC imitate and incorporate host institutions and discourses in order to mine scientific authority while undermining scientific consensus regarding anthropogenic climate change. At the same time, this relation between organizations and their respective discourse genres generates informatic noise or static (French parasite) within established channels of popular science communication. In the case examined here, the NIPCC interrupts an economy of expertise within which the UN‐sponsored IPCC holds a privileged position. An uncanny resemblance between the two organizations, between parasite and host, erodes the latter's claims to authority, just as a counterfeit coin erodes public trust in the currency it mimics.

Mobile Agent Platform based Wallet for Preventing Double Spending in Offline e-Cash

Electronic cash (or e-cash) research has been going on for more than three decades since it was first proposed. Various schemes and methods are proposed to improve privacy and secu-rity in e-cash, but there is one security issue that less discussed mainly in offline e-cash, namely, double-spending. Generally, the mechanism to deal with double-spending in offline e-cash is performing double-spending identification when depositing the coin. Even though the mechanism is successful in identifying double-spender, but it cannot prevent double-spending. This paper proposes the Mobile Agent Platform based Wallet (MAPW) to overcome the double-spending issue in offline e-cash. MAPW uses the autonomy and cooperation of agents to give protection against malicious agent, counterfeit coin and duplicate coin. This model has been verified using Colored Petri Nets (CPN) and has proven to be successful in preventing double-spending, and overcoming malicious agent, and counterfeit coins.

Balanced Number System

The article explores the application of binary and ternary number systems to three classical mathematical puzzles–weight problem of Bachet de Meziriac, binary numbers magic trick, and the detection of a counterfeit coin. The article further elucidates the generalization of these puzzles using the balanced number system.

João do Rio in Portugal: Counterfeit Currency and Luso-Brazilian Desleixo

In this article, I examine an anecdote concerning a counterfeit coin included in João do Rio’s Portugal d’agora (1911). After contextualizing Rio’s interest in Portugal, I argue that the anecdote reveals a latent anxiety about the security of money as a reliable signifier, and about the integrity of the Portuguese monetary system. I contend that this anxiety constitutes one side—the obverse, in numismatic terms—of Rio’s portrait of Portugal during the first years of the 20th century. The "reverse" consists of his descriptions of what we, following Sérgio Buarque de Holanda in Raízes do Brasil (1936), might term Luso-Brazilian desleixo. In my conclusion, I connect Rio’s two-sided view of Portugal with his later positions, as articulated in the journal Atlântida (1915-20), which he co-edited with João de Barros.

Baudelaire and the Literary Fabrication of the Poor

Baudelaire and the Literary Fabrication of the Poor Maud Meyzaud (bio) By the time Baudelaire starts his work-in-progress prose-poems project, the Petits Poëmes en prose (1857–1865), also known as Le spleen de Paris (Paris Spleen),1 the poor, a recurrent protagonist of these short narratives, have already achieved a successful literary career of three decades. This evolution has mainly taken place in the rising genre of the novel, which, from the 1830s onward, interacts with an emerging mass public, whether one thinks of Dickens' Oliver Twist; or, the Parish Boy's Progress (1837–39), the Newgate novels, Eugène Sue's likewise widely popular Les mystères de Paris (1842–1843), George Sand's La mare au Diable (1846) or Francois le Champi (1847–48). At that time, Hugo's masterpiece, Les misérables (1862), which would have a tremendous impact on Baudelaire's prose poem project, is still to come. Because of its media-related feature, the serial novel both addresses the poor as its protagonist and enables literary works to reach social classes that cannot afford to buy a book. In this sense, it is not surprising that the very first work to be published in Paris in 1836 as a serial novel, Lazarillo de Tormes (1554), is credited to have founded the genre of the picaresque novel, also called romance of roguery. During the same period, especially before the Revolution of 1848, the poor have been addressed by early socialist literature and even self-help books. By letting them enter several pieces of his prose poems, as is the case in "The Widows," "The Old Acrobat," "The Bad Glazier," "The Cake," "The Pauper's Toy," "The Eyes of the Poor," "The Counterfeit Coin," "Let's Beat Up the Poor!" and "The Good Dogs," Baudelaire is not only drawing on a former urban experience, but also on motifs, semantics and a rhetorical figure developed by his predecessors. One of the last drafted prose poems, "Assommons les pauvres" ("Let's Beat Up the Poor!"), does not stage an opening reading scene by chance.2 The scene connects the concerns of the prose poem explicitly with that time and implicitly warns the reader not to read what follows too literally, i.e., the narrator's testing of a reversed 'philanthropy' on a beggar. My concern is to ask to what extent the prose poems react to a general culture of philanthropy and a language of compassion to which not only theoretical positions contribute, but also novels such as Dickens' Oliver [End Page 156] Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress, Eugène Sue's Les mystères de Paris or Victor Hugo's Les misérables, i.e., literature in the narrow sense of the word and Baudelaire's own field. Walter Benjamin's notion that Baudelaire's Les fleurs du mal might have profited from the mere fact that its author did not write any novel (The Writer 167), applies even more accurately to his prose-poems project. In this sense, one can grasp this project per Jonathan Monroe as the "novelization of lyrics" (25). The European novel at that time embodies an understanding of prose that Baudelaire will be writing against, especially while drafting most of his pieces from 1860 to 1865. Given the direction taken by the European novel—say, 'realism' – on the one hand, and Baudelaire's search for what he coined himself in his essay "Le peintre de la vie moderne," 'modernity,' on the other,3 one can suspect the figures of the poor to be closely linked to the act of rewriting that characterizes his prose poems in general. The political relevance of this aesthetic operation becomes clear when, instead of linking it to the versified poems of Les fleurs du mal (as Barbara Johnson did in Défigurations du language poétique, her classic study on Baudelaire's The Flowers of Evil and his Paris Spleen), one chooses to focus on the political framing of the rhetorical operation by which the poor have been addressed by literature since then. I will show how Baudelaire's prose writing is directed against the rhetorical figure of 'giving a voice' to...

Between Counterfeit Coin and Genuine Article: From Copying to Originality in Tit-Bits

Between Counterfeit Coin and Genuine Article: From Copying to Originality in Tit-Bits

Weighing designs to detect a single counterfeit coin

In this article, we discuss at length a combinatorial problem which has been of historic interest. It has appeared as a puzzle in several different versions with varying degrees of difficulty. It can be simply stated as follows: We are given a number of coins which are otherwise identical except that there may be at most one fake coin among them which is either slightly heavier or slightly lighter than the other genuine coins. Using only a two-pan weighing balance, we must devise a weighing scheme to identify the counterfeit coin and determine whether it is heavier or lighter (or declare that all coins are normal). We construct both sequential and non-sequential (that is, simultaneously declared) weighing plans for any given number of coins containing at most one fake coin using the minimum number of weighings needed.

Direct printing of reduced graphene oxide on planar or highly curved surfaces with high resolutions using electrohydrodynamics.

Electrohydrodynamic inkjet printing of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is de-monstrated to form complex geometric devices with high resolution (line width ≈ 5 mm). Both planar and highly curved surfaces (radius of curvature ≈ 60 mm) can be used as substrates. Demonstrations of counterfeit coin recognition using RGO patterns and all-printed RGO transistors suggest substantial promise for applications in security and electronics.

Puzzled: Weighed in the balance

Many of us have pondered puzzles involving a set of n coins and a balance scale, the idea being typically to find the counterfeit coin and determine whether it is lighter or heavier than the others using the fewest possible weighings. Here we take a slightly different tack, but the equipment is familiar: a set of coins and a balance scale that can tell us which of two sets of coins is heavier or that they are of equal weight.

Quantum counterfeit coin problems

The counterfeit coin problem requires us to find all false coins from a given bunch of coins using a balance scale. We assume that the balance scale gives us only “balanced” or “tilted” information and that we know the number k of false coins in advance. The balance scale can be modeled by a certain type of oracle and its query complexity is a measure for the cost of weighing algorithms (the number of weighings). In this paper, we study the quantum query complexity for this problem. Let Q(k,N) be the quantum query complexity of finding all k false coins from the N given coins. We show that for any k and N such that k<N/2, Q(k,N)=O(k1/4), contrasting with the classical query complexity, Ω(klog(N/k)), that depends on N. So our quantum algorithm achieves a quartic speed-up for this problem. We do not have a matching lower bound, but we show some evidence that the upper bound is tight: any algorithm, including our algorithm, that satisfies certain properties needs Ω(k1/4) queries.

Using the Optical Mouse Sensor as a Two-Euro Counterfeit Coin Detector

In this paper, the sensor of an optical mouse is presented as a counterfeit coin detector applied to the two-Euro case. The detection process is based on the short distance image acquisition capabilities of the optical mouse sensor where partial images of the coin under analysis are compared with some partial reference coin images for matching. Results show that, using only the vision sense, the counterfeit acceptance and rejection rates are very similar to those of a trained user and better than those of an untrained user.

PASSING COUNTERFEIT WHITENESS AND MULATTA WEALTH IN LOS MISTERIOS DE BARCELONA

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size Notes 1. I would like to thank Ed Vermue of the Special Collections at the Oberlin College Library for his crucial assistance in making available to me a copy of this rare book. Elisa Martí-López provides a full summary of all the subplots in the appendix to her book Borrowed Words. See pp. 139–42. 2. For example, when discussing probable fathers for Carolina, the novel's characters disqualify the deceased Juan Bardisa because he believed that (Spanish) men should marry the black and mulatta women in Cuba with whom they have children. That is, it is clear to these characters that Carolina's father is white and her mother is not. 3. This reading of the novel does not imply that in historical terms Spain was or is free from “racist” sentiments—dehumanizing attitudes, words and actions—towards others whose bodies are seen as physically different. 4. See The King's Two Bodies for an analysis the medieval foundation of this idea. For a list of legal cases regarding “passing counterfeit coin” in the USA during the nineteenth century see McKinney McKinney , William M. The Federal Statutes Annotated: Containing All the Laws of the United States of a General and Permanent Nature in Force on the First Day of January . Northport, NY : E. Thompson , 1903–1906, 1918. [Google Scholar] VII, 722–6. 5. See Schmidt-Nowara, Chapter 3 “Free Trade and Protectionism”. 6. Although it is obviously a stereotype, the 1852 Real Academia Española .. Diccionario de la lengua castellana . 10th ed . Madrid : Imprenta Nacional , 1852 . [Google Scholar] Diccionario de la Real Academia Española Real Academia Española . Diccionario de la lengua castellana . 9th ed. Madrid : Imprenta de D. Francisco María Fernández , 1843 . [Google Scholar] includes ‘‘avaro, usurero’’ as an acceptable use of the word ‘‘judío’’. Up to and including the previous edition of 1843, metaphorical use of the word is limited to a ‘‘voz injuriosa y de desprecio de que suele usarse en casos de cólera y enojo’’. 7. For example, in Gloria, the narrator speaks of the ‘decaimiento de la raza española” (35) but also the difficulty arising from the fact that it cannot be regenerated via Catholicism but from within Spaniards themselves. Here we see the beginning of the idea that Spanish race is something other than wholly based on religion. Donoso Cortés Cortés , Juan Donoso . “Discurso sobre Europa.” Obras completas. Recopiladas y anotadas, con la aportación de nuevos escritos . Dr. don Juan Juretschke . Vol. 2 . Madrid : Editorial Católica , 1946 . 299 – 315 . [Google Scholar] identifies the source of contemporary crises in the race of Spanish statesmen to be the conflict between the “raza borbónica” and the “raza austríaca” (“España” 328); similarly, he defines “razas eslavas” according to their religion. In both examples he bases his theories of race on “civilization”. (See also Colas Colas , Dominique . Races et racismes de Platon à Derrida: Anthologie critique . Paris : Plon , 2004 . [Google Scholar] 344.) 8. Among the best-known examples are La Regenta by Leopoldo Alas, Llibertad! by Santiago Rusiñol, El amigo Manso by Benito Pérez Galdós, the aforementioned La febre d'or and, from the early twentieth century, Alberto Insúa's El negro que tenía el alma blanca. The anxiety of whiteness in Misterios is a wholly modern one, but the idea that Spaniards may not recognize their African heritage dates to the era of extensive peninsular slavery. In the Tratado Primero of Lazarillo de Tormes, the narrator recalls his mother's “Moreno” friend who would spend the night at their house and his stepbrother, born soon after: a “negrito muy bonito”. This young boy, accustomed to seeing only his white mother and brother, shrank from his father's blackness without knowing that he, too, was what he most feared (5–6). 9. See Vindication of the Rights of Women, especially Chapter 9, and Sab. Not coincidentally, many years later, the founder of the Sociedad abolicionista, Rafael María de Labra, would also found the Sociedad para la Abolición de la Prostitución Legal o Tolerada to criminalize prostitution in Spain (Fernández Fernández , Pura. Mujer pública y vida privada: Del arte eunuco a la novela lupanaria . Woodbridge : Tamesis , 2000 . [Google Scholar] 233).