Deradicalization Research Articles

Representation of the moderate education curriculum in Indonesia; integration of NU and Muhammadiyah thought

This study aims to analyze the curricula of NU and Muhammadiyah educational institutions, focusing on their contributions to supporting moderate Islamic education. The research was conducted in Central Java, Indonesia, using a descriptive qualitative method. Data collection techniques included classroom observations, in-depth interviews with school principals and teachers, as well as an analysis of curriculum documents and teaching materials. The findings reveal fundamental differences and similarities between the two curricula. NU's curriculum is rooted in the concept of "Islam Nusantara," emphasizing the integration of Islamic teachings with local culture and national identity, fostering harmony with state principles such as Pancasila and Bhinneka Tunggal Ika. Meanwhile, Muhammadiyah's curriculum is based on the concept of "Progressive Islam," prioritizing modernity and incorporating contemporary sciences and social issues into the educational framework. This comparative analysis concludes that both educational institutions significantly contribute to shaping moderate Islamic perspectives through their curricula. The NU curriculum focuses on cultural preservation and religious harmony, while the Muhammadiyah curriculum emphasizes innovation and progress, aligning Islamic education with modern global challenges. This study highlights the potential of these curricula as frameworks to address socio-religious challenges, foster peace, and counter radicalism in Indonesia.

Counter Radicalization in Cyberspace by the Police

Counter Radicalization in Cyberspace by the Police

Deradikalisasi Agama melalui Internalisasi Nilai Moderasi Beragama: Studi pada Kementerian Agama Kota Cirebon

Religious radicalism in Indonesia has emerged as an urgent issue in recent years, influenced by various political, social, economic, and religious factors. Although Indonesia is known for its diversity, the increase in radical activities is highly concerning. Key factors contributing to the spread of radicalism include political instability, social conflict, economic inequality, and religious extremism. The rapid dissemination of radical ideologies through social media and the internet further exacerbates the problem. Cirebon, a city in West Java, mirrors national trends with its own specific challenges. Political dissatisfaction, economic disparity, and radical religious teachings contribute to this issue. The Ministry of Religious Affairs (Kemenag) in Cirebon plays a crucial role in carrying out religious deradicalization through programs that promote moderation and religious tolerance. Kemenag's initiatives include interfaith dialogue, religious education reform, and close collaboration with law enforcement. These efforts aim to counter radical influences and foster a peaceful and diverse society. Despite the challenges, Kemenag's proactive measures and local-global collaboration are essential in mitigating the impacts of radicalism, ensuring security, and promoting social stability.

A Critical Overview of Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS)’s Origin, Goals, and Its Fall through the US and Allied Forces

The origins of ISIS were traced to the Arab Spring that created instability in the Middle East. This instability was exacerbated by the American-led coalition's invasion of Iraq in 2003, prompted by the 9/11 attacks. The paper aims to have an overview of the origin and goals of the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and the strategies employed by the U.S. and Allied Forces to make ISIS fall. A systematic literature review approach was adopted to review the selected literature. ISIS was formed out of various militant groups in the country whose goal is to establish an Islamic caliphate governed by strict Sharia law. The goal of ISIS was to establish an Islamic caliphate in Iraq, Syria, and beyond with a caliph as the leader of the territories, thereby eradicating state borders and governments they deemed to be illegitimate. This caliphate is to be governed by strict Sharia law. This analysis delves into the strategies used by the US-led coalition to reclaim territories from ISIS. These strategies include military strategies, economic strategies, political strategies, and social strategies. It was, therefore, recommended that to combat ISIS's ideology effectively, the United States may need to collaborate more with Muslim clerics all over the world to promote interpretations of the Quran that counter radicalization in Islam.

Using Agent Based Modelling to Advance Evaluation Research in Radicalization and Recruitment to Terrorism: Prospects and Problems

Our paper argues that Agent Based Modelling (ABM) can play an important role in evaluating interventions for counter radicalization and recruitment. Its advantages are due to three realities of research and practice in this area of study. First, field research on radicalization and recruitment raises significant ethical and human subjects dilemmas beyond traditional criminological and social research that are not present to the same degree in ABM experiments. Second, given the lack of existing studies and especially existing evaluation studies, ABMs provide a mechanism for identifying which programs or practices should be focused upon in field experiments, thus allowing researchers to focus in on interventions which have most promise of success. Third, ABM allows researchers to examine very large populations of individuals, which can solve the base rate problem for evaluating interventions focused on rare events, for example on recruitment to terrorism or terrorist attacks. We illustrate these advantages of ABM studies for assessing programs and policies in the context of an ABM model developed in Proton (an Horizon 2020 project). We focus in particular on how ABMs can be developed in ways that provide valid outcome results. In this context, we emphasize the importance of a strong theoretical foundation for ABM studies, creating a realistic landscape with actual data, and testing the ABM model for its fit to outcomes in the real world.

Case management interventions seeking to counter radicalisation to violence and related forms of violence: A systematic review.

Case management interventions seeking to counter radicalisation to violence and related forms of violence: A systematic review.

‘Outsourcing patriarchy’ in preventing and countering violent extremism (P/CVE)

In recent years, many Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE) programs, formed to counter radicalisation into ‘jihadist’ extremism, have begun to address far-right extremism. In this paper, we critically assess this expansion through a focus on masculinities. We conduct an in-depth intersectional analysis of representations of masculinities in 87 publications by ten influential organisations working in transnational P/CVE. We explore how these representations intersect with identity markers of race, age, class and geographic location and how they are connected to notions about gendered and political violence as systemic or aberrant. We relate this to an underlying dynamic which Inderpal Grewal has termed ‘outsourcing patriarchy’, a move which aligns patriarchal and misogynist ideas with the Non-West. Our analysis shows that despite efforts to overcome both gender-blindness and the singular focus on ‘jihadist’ extremism, P/CVE programs still tend to be based on notions of masculinities that perpetuate patriarchal and colonial legacies.

Systemic innovation for countering violent radicalization: Systems engineering in a policy context

AbstractThis paper brings a systems engineering approach to policymaking in the context of violent radicalization. We test strategies to combat terrorism under the premise that violent radicalization is a complex system of social contagion resulting in terrorism. We built a simulation using DIME‐PMESII military standards to replicate a terror contagion occurring over 10 years in both physical and online environments under optimal, realistic, and worst‐case scenarios. We then tested antiterrorism, counterterrorism, and counter radicalization strategies as policy experiments in this simulation. These experiments identified four key dynamics relevant for developing policies to reduce terrorism. First, most well‐known policies are ineffective in containing terrorism driven by social contagion. Second, strategies generating backlash can become worse than doing nothing at all. Third, perceived grievance determines the carrying capacity of terrorism in a system, allowing disrupted networks to regenerate. Fourth, variable public support may result in sharp secondary waves of violence under certain contingencies. Experimenting with our model, we explore effective ways to address the violent radicalization problem.

Peacebuilding education in building religious moderation as a counter radicalism At Ma'had Al-Jami'ah UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

<span lang="EN-US">Anti-corruption education from an Islamic perspective for students is an alternative in eradicating Corruption. integration education anti-Corruption in the Qur'an and Hadith courses is education anti-Corruption merges in Al-Qur'an and Hadith courses through development Theory because of course part the material contain payload score and behavior anti-Corruption, as well as through development learning methods and media. Based on data processing obtained for category moral knowing It was found that the ICP PAI students of UIN Maliki Malang class of 2020 reached 82%. For category moral feeling by 86%, and for category moral action as much as 84%. Then the students of ICP PAI UIN Maliki Malang batch of 2020 are more put forward heart conscience and empathy for anti-corruption actions with percentage which enough tall that is as big as 86%. In other words, the integration of anti-corruption education from an Islamic perspective in Al-Qur'an and Hadith courses contribute positively to the internalization of anti-corruption educational values in students</span>

Interfaith Dialogue to Counter Radicalization in Bangladesh: An Approach to Move from Extremism to Pluralism

The fundamental objective of this research paper is to examine how interfaith dialogue can be an effective mechanism to combat the forces of radicalization and extremism in Bangladesh. To unveil the answer to this question, this study has explored the nature of the politicization of Islam and the scope of Islamic fundamentalism in Bangladesh. Reviewing the existing pieces of literature, this research paper has identified that there has been a rise in Islamic extremism since the beginning of the 21st century, which evolved throughout the last two decades changing in its nature and intensity. It has illustrated that after the military coup of 1975, the military rulers and the following democratic governments of Bangladesh carried on the tendency of politicizing religion and have used state mechanisms to Islamize Bangladeshi society. However, to address this recent trend of rising militancy, interfaith dialogue can be an effective approach that will shrink the potential of radicalization and extremism in Bangladesh. This study proposes incorporating an interreligious curriculum in the education system of Bangladesh and the engagement of religious preachers as well as mass people of different faiths including various sects of each religion in such interfaith dialogue initiatives to improve understanding and compassion. Social Science Review, Vol. 40(1), Jun 2023 Page 165-184

Kultum Pemuda Tersesat: Mengonter Radikalisme di Indonesia Lewat Pelibatan Pemuda Kekinian

Indonesia’s socio-religious context hindered by youth radicalism issue, which later formulated as the use of illegitimate actions as a mean to express their restlessness. Contra-Radicalism then existed as a preventive discourse with Positive Youth Engagement as one of its’ concrete actions. This research elaborates Kultum Pemuda Tersesat (KPT), an alternative religious youth engagement with popular comedy formats as an approach. By using qualitative content analysis method, this research had three key findings which are [1] KPT based its’ engagement with “Islam Cinta” which has a liberal-progressive tendency to counter radicalism discourse with its’ Islamic-conservative tendency. [2] KPT adjusted itself with the trend by utilizing social media to create an emancipate engagement spaces for youth. [3] KPT offered comedy as an alternative approach in religious engagement for youth. Though potential, KPT’s effectiveness for countering radicalism in Indonesia require a further study.

Multicultural Education as an Alternative to Countering Radicalism in the Era of Globalization: Thoughts of Prof Muhammad Tholchah Hasan

This research discusses multicultural education as an alternative to counter radicalism in the era of globalization based on the ideas of Prof. Mohammad Tolchah Hasan. This study aims to explore Prof. Mohammad Tolchah Hasan's ideas and identify multicultural education concepts that can be a solution to counter radicalism in the era of globalization. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method by analyzing Prof. Hasan Mohammad Tolchah Hasan's writings and related literature. The results show that Prof. Mohammad Tolchah Hasan emphasizes the importance of multicultural education as a solution to counter radicalism in the era of globalization. Prof. Mohammad Tolchah Hasan emphasized multicultural education concepts, including understanding differences, respecting diversity, and strengthening national identity. In addition, multicultural education can enhance critical thinking skills, tolerance, and empathy. However, implementing multicultural education in Indonesia still needs to overcome various obstacles, such as a lack of support from the government and society and problems in the curriculum and teaching. Therefore, joint efforts from the government, educational institutions, and society are needed to strengthen the implementation of multicultural education as an alternative to counter radicalism in the era of globalization.

PROTOCOL: Case management interventions seeking to counter radicalisation to violence: A systematic review of tools and approaches.

This systematic review consists of two parts. Part I seeks to synthesise evidence from primary or secondary research studies examining the implementation and effectiveness of case management tools and approaches currently being used to counter radicalisation to violence. Part II is an 'overview of reviews' that seeks to identify relevant and transferable lessons from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of case management tools and approaches used in the broader field of violence prevention that could be applied to counter-radicalisation practice.

Religious Moderation Education to Counter Radicalism in Students at SMAN 5 Cirebon

Abstract: The problems discussed in this study regarding religious moderation education to counteract radicalism in adolescents at SMAN 5 Cirebon. This study aims to determine the implementation of religious moderation education at SMAN 5 Cirebon in an effort to ward off radicalism in the educational environment. In addition, this study aims to determine the views or attitudes of students towards religious differences, tolerance, issues of radicalism, and terrorism. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative method with a field research approach. Data collection techniques used in this study are observation, interviews, and documentation. In this study, researchers conducted field studies to obtain data from research subjects, namely; PAI teachers, counseling teachers, and students of SMAN 5 Cirebon. The result of this study is that students know and understand the attitude that must be taken to ward off radicalism. SMAN 5 Cirebon is also a public school that has implemented religious moderation education in learning activities to increase tolerance among students. Therefore, the attitude shown by students is mutual respect and never discriminates between Muslim and non-Muslim friends.
 
 Abstrak: Permasalahan yang dibahas dalam penelitian ini mengenai pendidikan moderasi beragama untuk menangkal radikalisme pada remaja di SMAN 5 Cirebon. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui implementasi pendidikan moderasi beragama di SMAN 5 Cirebon dalam upaya menangkal radikalisme di lingkungan pendidikan. Selain itu, pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pandangan atau sikap siswa terhadap perbedaan agama, toleransi, isu radikalisme, dan terorisme. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan studi lapangan. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Dalam penelitian ini peneliti melakukan studi lapangan untuk mendapatkan data dari subjek penelitian yakni; Guru PAI, Guru BK, dan siswi SMAN 5 Cirebon. Hasil penelitian ini yaitu siswa mengetahui dan memahami terkait sikap yang harus dilakukan untuk menangkal radikalisme. SMAN 5 Cirebon juga merupakan sekolah umum yang telah menerapkan pendidikan moderasi beragama dalam kegiatan pembelajaran untuk meningkatkan sikap toleransi antar siswa. Oleh karena itu, sikap yang ditunjukkan siswa diantaranya sikap saling menghargai dan tidak pernah membedakan antar teman muslim dan non-muslim.

Deradikalisasi Pemikiran Agama di lingkungan PTKIN Melalui Penguatan Mata Kuliah Perbandingan Madzhab: Studi pada Mahasiswa di UIN Prof. K.H. Saifuddin Zuhri Purwokerto dan UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta

Radicalism is a religious ideology it’s characterized is intolerant to diversity and differences that occur in religious and life state, so that it threatens the integrity and upholding of the Unitary State of NKRI. One of the causes of radicalism that can be embedded in individuals in society is because of the wrong understanding of religious teachings received from sources that cannot be accounted for. One of the efforts that can be done in the framework of the deradicalization project, and counter radicalism (anticipation of radicalism) is to instill a religious ideology that is characterized by wasathiyyah, moderate, and tolerant to diversity and differences in teachings and cultures in society. It was through strengthening the comparative madhhab courses in the PTKIN environment, especially students of the comparative madhhab study program. Based on research conducted by researchers, it turns out that there is a strengthening of comparative madhhab courses, according to the students, it is able to influence them to have a moderate paradigm, although according to some lecturers they think it is still weak, and cannot be maximized, so it needs a lot of curriculum development, and also create a climate and culture of discussion about moderation among students on campuses

Islamic Moderation of Ibn Rushd’s Thoughts to Counter Radicalism in Indonesia

This paper discusses the moderation attitude to counter radicalism in Indonesia. Why is this research interesting to discuss? Fundamentalism is dammed by education and understanding of diversity. Therefore, the author offers the thoughts and personality of Ibn Rushd. In historical records, Ibn Rushd is a scholar who never attacks personally and accuses his opponents of infidelity. The moderation attitude showed by Ibn Rushd can be used as a model for character building for Muslims today. In terms of methodology, this article is of library research type. Furthermore, the writer digs up data from Ibn Rushd’s books and uses a philosophical approach with content analysis or hermeneutics. According to Ibn Rushd, a scholar must have several essential moderation personalities. There are three parts: before, in, and after thinking. Before thinking, a scholar must have an open, honest, curious, sceptical, courageous, and patient personality. Scholars’ personality in thinking is speculative, willing to be guided by experience and reason, willing to accept, ready to face mistakes and dare to make decisions. Furthermore, the personality, after thinking, are tolerant and forgiving

Sufism and Religious Moderation in Counter Radicalism

The discourse of religious moderation is still an interesting discussion, especially among academics. Some circles greeted religious moderation with a positive and negative responses. This study aims to formulate the concept of religious moderation based on other approaches or not the same as in general, such as Sufism, renewal of thought, secularization, and local wisdom. Through the library research method strengthened by interviews, observations, and sources of written documents, whether articles, books, or online news, this research concluded that Sufism could prevent radical behavior because it is precisely radical inward, in contrast to extremists who are radically patterned outwards. Second, the enlightenment of religious thought, mainly carried out by the Nahdlatul Ulama circle, plays a strategic position in stemming radical thinking. Third, the accusations of religious moderation that are considered projects of religious secularization are very unfounded and excessive because they do not fit the context of space and time. Fourth, one of the moderate indicators is to appreciate local wisdom, not that it means that you must like or follow the existing traditions and culture.

Correctional Institutions as a Place of Guidance to Counter Radicalism for Terrorist Prisoners in Indonesia

Correctional Institution as a place to house terrorist inmates have not managed to solve the problem ofderadicalization to complete for terrorist inmates, so it is necessary to cooperate with other relevant stateinstitutions. But the deradicalization process has obstacles such as inmates being unwilling to cooperate and theabsence of synergy with other applicable state institutions. The parameters of the success of correctional institutionsin conducting deradicalization are necessary to strengthen the process of returning terrorism convicts to thecommunity, so that this research is important to do. This study uses the research method that is juridical normativeby collecting primary data and secondary data. The results of this study describe the correctional institution to bethe vanguard in the process of deradicalization of terrorism convicts to be ready to return to the community so thatthe implementation of effective deradicalization required cooperation from correctional institutions, relevant stateinstitutions, and inmates. Correctional institutions are an important vector in the fight against radicalism. The roleof correctional institutions in the deradicalization of terrorism prisoners is to synergize with other institutions tofoster terrorist prisoners to become good human beings when they leave correctional institutions.

Peran Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme (BNPT) dalam Upaya Penanggulangan Kelompok Kriminal Bersenjata (KKB) sebagai Kejahatan Terorisme (Studi di Badan Nasional Penanggulangan Terorisme)

This riset discusses the role of the National Agency for Combating Terrorism, especially in the effort to overcome the Armed Criminal Group (KKB) in Papua as a crime of terrorism. Terrorist activities in Indonesia have threatened and claimed many victims. One of the actions carried out by the KKB in Papua. At first, this group labeled themselves as the Free Papua Organization. The OPM is a separatist group whose goal is to separate themselves from the Republic of Indonesia. The Indonesian government has agreed to categorize the KKB in Papua as a terrorism group based on Law Number 15 of 2018 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism. So far, KKB has only been categorized as a criminal group, where the way it is handled is different from that of a terrorist group. The purpose of this study was to determine the countermeasures carried out by BNPT in dealing with KKB in Papua as a crime of terrorism and also to find out the obstacles faced by BNPT in efforts to overcome KKB as a crime of terrorism. The type of research in this thesis is using empirical legal research or also known as juridical-sociological legal research. This study uses empirical facts taken from human behavior, both verbal behavior obtained from interviews and real ones through direct observation. The results of this thesis research are, BNPT in an effort to overcome KKB as a crime of terrorism has two approaches, namely a soft approach and a hard approach. In terms of the soft approach, BNPT has 3 programs in its implementation, namely the deradicalization program, counter radicalization, and also national preparedness. After that the hard approach.

State Regulation of the Activities of Faith-Based Organizations in African Countries in the Late 20th — Early 21st Centuries: Macro-Regional Tendencies

The article focuses on reasons and manifestations of restrictive policies on the operation of religious and faith-based organizations (FBO) on the example of Africa. The problem is regarded as a result of (1) intensification of religious competition during the transformation of the African religious landscape, and (2) developing self-reliance and efficiency of religious organizations and FBO’s throughout the implementation of the “humanitarian” or “civilizing” mission. The later allowed some of these organizations to take place of the key economic and political actors in the region in the end of the 20th century. The research combines quantitative and qualitative methods of geography of religion, history, political science, and incorporates a vast number of sources. It allowed to reveal shifts in the Africa religious landscape’s structure in 1910–2010; to assess the scale of “humanitarian” mission; to evaluate the legislative framework for the operation of religious organizations and FBO’s in African countries and actual restrictions applied to them. Established, that the change of historical context of religious organizations’ activities and their interaction with the authorities in the end of the 20th century manifested itself in the stricter control on the operation of organizations affiliated with religion. This claim supported by the evidence from countries of North Africa, Sudan-Sahel Corridor, Rwanda, Kenya, Zambia, etc. Governments always declare that restrictive measures are implemented due to the need to treat their citizens, but in reality, it may also pursue other aims, such as: to support of certain religions (religious favoritism), to gain or re-establish state’s monopoly of the exercise of public authority, including through the counter radical groups, which affiliate themselves with a religion. However, restrictive policies have also impacted religious organizations and FBO’s that provide essential services for the large number of vulnerable communities. Such practices may have disruptive consequences on the socio-economic and political development of the continent.