Counter Effect Research Articles

Ampere-level reduction of pure nitrate by electron-deficient Ru with K+ ions repelling effect

AbstractElectrochemical nitrate reduction reaction offers a sustainable and efficient pathway for ammonia synthesis. Maintaining satisfactory Faradaic efficiency for long-term nitrate reduction under ampere-level current density remains challenging due to the inevitable hydrogen evolution, particularly in pure nitrate solutions. Herein, we present the application of electron deficiency of Ru metals to boost the repelling effect of counter K+ ions via the electric-field-dependent synergy of interfacial water and cations, and thus largely promote nitrate reduction reaction with a high yield and well-maintained Faradaic efficiency under ampere-level current density. The pronounced electron deficiency of Ru metals boosts the repelling effect on hydrated K+ ions, as indicated by the distance of K+ ions to catalyst surface, which can loosen the water layer to depress hydrogen evolution and accelerate nitrate conversion. Consequently, the optimized electrode loaded with electron-deficient Ru atomic layers can directly produce 0.26 M ammonia solution in pure nitrate solution in 6 h, providing a high yield (74.8 mg mgcat–1 h–1) and well-maintained the Faradaic efficiency for over 120 h under ampere-level reduction.

Impact of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity on quality of life in rural Punjab, India

BackgroundAdverse health conditions are believed to reduce one’s quality of life (QoL). However, the impact of common lifestyle-related conditions like hypertension, obesity, and diabetes on the QoL in rural communities in India remains largely unexplored. This study aims to understand the impact of hypertension, diabetes, and obesity on the QoL in rural Punjab, India.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted among 931 individuals of both sexes, aged 20–75 years, in the Mansa district of Punjab, India. Sociodemographic data were collected by using a pre-tested interview schedule. Somatometric measurements, blood pressure (BP), and fasting glucose were measured using standard protocols. QoL was evaluated using WHOQOL-BREF.ResultsIndividuals with already-diagnosed hypertension were at a significantly higher risk of poor QoL, both overall and specifically in the psychological and social relationships domains than those with normal BP. Underweight individuals exhibited a greater risk of poor QoL in the physical health domain compared to those with normal weight. Additionally, individuals with diagnosed diabetes were at an elevated risk of poor QoL in the psychological health domain compared to non-diabetics. However, neither general nor central obesity, nor newly screened cases of hypertension and diabetes (individuals who were previously unaware of their conditions), showed a significant impact on QoL.ConclusionsThe study suggests that the diagnosis of hypertension and diabetes, rather than the mere presence of these conditions, may be associated with poor QoL. Counseling and awareness post-diagnosis may help reduce the effects of diagnostic labeling and counter misinformation.Graphical

Effectiveness of skin counter warming at extremities in controlling shivering: a singlecenter randomized trial

Effectiveness of skin counter warming at extremities in controlling shivering: a singlecenter randomized trial

Quercetin ameliorates depressive-like phenotypes and memory deficits in hypoxia-induced murine model of stress

BackgroundHypoxia is believed to induce a form of stress that contributes to the exacerbation of certain disease conditions such as heart diseases. Most of these conditions revolve around the central nervous system (CNS) since the brain consumes a significant percentage of oxygen. PurposeThis study aims to determine the specific effect of hypoxia on mood and cognitive behaviours using behavioural assessment and histological methods in mice. Additionally, this study investigated the counter effect of quercetin (QCN) on the hypoxia-induced changes. MethodsA total of thirty (30) mice were equally divided into five (5) groups. Group 1 and 2 received 5 % DMSO while only the latter was subjected to the hypoxia protocol. Groups 3–5 received graded doses of quercetin (10, 20 and 40 mg/kg), respectively. Approximately 24 h after a consecutive seven-day treatment, the mice were tested for depressive-like symptoms as well as dysfunctional memory function using recognized pharmacological tests. Afterwards, histology of specific brain regions was conducted. Finally, the data were analysed by one-way ANOVA and statistical significance was set at p<0.05. ResultsIn comparison with the normal control, mice of the model control group scored significantly (p<0.05) higher in the tests that assess depression and significantly (p<0.05) lower in the tests that assessed memory function, both indicators of adverse effects of hypoxia. Also, the contributing brain regions were also negatively affected by hypoxia. However, a significant attenuation of these effects was observed in the groups that received quercetin. ConclusionIn conclusion, quercetin is a nutritional flavonoid that possesses the ability to improve behaviour and cognition in individuals regularly exposed to hypoxia or suffering from conditions that affect oxygen delivery within the body.

Large eddy simulations of the turbine vane pressure side film cooling flows of cylindrical and fan-shaped holes with a saw-tooth plasma actuator

Large eddy simulations were conducted to study the film cooling performance of turbine pressure side with cylindrical hole, fan-shaped hole and saw tooth plasma actuator (STPA). A detailed analysis of the time-averaged film cooling flows was made. The results showed that the dual control effects of the combined design of the fan-shaped hole with the STPA reduced the exit momentum and blowing off effect of the jet flow, remaining the jet flow close to the pressure side. The combined design also effectively weakened the entrainment effects of counter rotating vortex pair (CRVP) and enlarged cooling film coverage. Therefore, the spanwise averaged cooling efficiency was improved more than 30% in comparison to the cylindrical hole, but the fan-shaped hole caused a 23.9% increase in aerodynamic loss, and the STPA had few additional aerodynamic losses. Subsequently, the instantaneous film cooling flows were analyzed, the combined design suppressed the evolution processes of the vortex rings in the near-hole region, and the coherent structures in the far downstream region were decreased in size, affecting the mixing process of coolant and gases. The CRVPs were noticeably elongated along the pressure side and moved downstream periodically over time. The present study highlighted the superiority of the combined design to improve the turbine vane cooling performance.

A study on the wall effect of the Spherical Proportional Counter for long-range particle detection

A study on the wall effect of the Spherical Proportional Counter for long-range particle detection

Soil conditions modify species diversity effects on tree functional trait expression

Examples of positive effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functions have kept accumulating in the last two decades, and functional traits are considered suitable tools to explain their underlying mechanisms. However, traits are rarely studied at the scale where these mechanisms (e.g., complementarity) are likely to originate, that is, between two interacting individuals. In an 18-month greenhouse experiment, we investigated how species diversity (i.e., monospecific or heterospecific tree pairs) affects within-individual leaf traits expression and variation and how this effect is modified by soil conditions. While resource addition through phosphorus fertilization partly strengthened the diversity effects, inoculation of soil microbiota (potentially leading to increased resource accessibility) resulted in counter effects. Hence, in contrast to our expectations, we did not find synergistic effects of the two soil treatments, but we found distinct effects on species following an acquisitive or conservative growth strategy. Overall, our study showed that the effect of species diversity on young trees’ adaptability and resource-use strategy needs to be considered alongside soil biotic and abiotic aspects. The influence of soil conditions on species diversity effects is essential to understand mechanisms behind complementarity at the individual level, which ultimately translate to the community scale.

Shifting wood between material and energy use: Modeling the effects of substitution

AbstractWood as a renewable material is relevant for climate change mitigation: Carbon sequestration in forests and carbon storage in harvested wood products (HWPs) contribute to carbon reduction in the atmosphere, and the substitution of carbon‐intensive products with wood products can reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Since wood is a limited resource, it must be used efficiently and sustainably. Shifting wood from one application to another might result in decreased GHG emissions due to substitution effects. However, which wood application will lead to a GHG emission reduction is currently unknown. This study investigates the effects of shifting wood between applications and the resulting substitution effects from a system perspective. A system dynamics model describes the wood utilization system of Austria, including the value chains from the forest to wood‐processing industries and the substitution that takes place in these industries. These value chains are associated with the global warming potential. Seven wood utilization scenarios shifting between material use and use for energy are simulated. The results show that wood shifts lead to both a substitution effect (emission reduction) in industries where wood utilization is increased and a counter effect (emission increase) where wood is replaced. The two effects potentially outweigh each other partly, leading to comparatively small net effects. However, carbon sequestration in HWPs and future changes in substitution effects might lead to additional effects. To substantially contribute to climate change mitigation, alternatives other than shifting wood between material and energy value chains need to be found within the wood utilization system.

Seasonal variability in the otolith and somatic size relationship of Japanese anchovy larvae: Counter effects of somatic growth and temperature

Otolith microstructure analysis has played an essential role in understanding the recruitment mechanisms of fish. Despite the fundamental assumption of a close correlation between otolith size and somatic size in growth back-calculations, numerous studies have shown that somatic growth and temperature have negative and positive effects on otolith size at the same somatic size, respectively. However, few studies have investigated the effects of somatic growth and temperature on otolith and somatic size relationships at intra- and inter-cohort levels in the same study framework. The present study investigated the effects of somatic growth and temperature on the seasonal variability in the otolith and somatic size relationship in Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus larvae collected from multiple seasonal cohorts throughout the year in the Kii Channel, Japan. The otolith and somatic size relationships were strong within each seasonal cohort sample (R2 = 0.771–0.949), but the relationship became weaker when all the seasonal data were pooled (R2 = 0.571). Relative otolith size at a given somatic size (ROS) was negatively related to somatic growth rates within each seasonal cohort sample (i.e., at the intra-cohort level), but the relationship became weak when all the data were pooled. On the contrary, sea temperature had positive effects on ROS, which would explain the seasonal variability in the otolith and somatic size relationship. The multiple regression analysis showed that temperature influenced ROS almost six times more than somatic growth. Overall, the present study demonstrated that an uncoupling in the otolith size–somatic size relationship was generated by the counter effects of somatic growth and temperature. The observed counter effects should be taken into account in estimating past larval growth for larvae obtained from different environmental conditions.

Experimental and numerical comparisons among various skewed blades of low speed axial fan rotors

Literature indicates that there is lack of study related to the effects of axially skewed blades on the aerodynamic performance of axial flow fans. In this study rotors of various blade skews, namely, axial, circumferential and axial-circumferential types, are studied and their aerodynamic performances are compared to those of the baseline radial rotors of two types, namely, constant chord and varying chord. The skew in a blade can be considered as combination of sweep and dihedral. The skew change from the circumferential to axial type causes reversal of dihedral induced radial blade force and hence a reversal of meridional streamline curvature which in turn reverses the modulation of the end-wall loads. The inherent forward sweep in the forward skewed blades also modulates hub and tip loads. Thus, in a forward axial skew blade the forward sweep and positive dihedral combine favorably to unload the tip and to upload the hub. In the forward circumferentially skewed blades, forward sweep and the negative dihedral have mutually countering effects on end-wall load modulation. The highlight of this study is that it has demonstrated experimentally the unloading of the tip in the forward axially skewed blades which resulted in reduced losses and better performance including increased stall margin. Reduced tip loading was also verified from the casing pressure sensor measurements which showed weakening of tip vortex. The relative influence of sweep and dihedral on performance was additionally demonstrated in the axially-circumferentially skewed rotor of the constant chord type, with improvements attributable to higher sweep.

Calculation of solar ultraviolet influx in the eye considering the field of view and pupillary dilation due to sunglasses

The media and even the specialized literature report that the ultraviolet (UV) protection for sunglasses is critical, on the grounds that sunglasses can have a counter effect if the lenses do not provide adequate UV protection. They reason that the primary and natural mechanism is that the pupil of the eye contracts to attenuate radiation and protect the inner eye under sun exposure. Therefore, if dark lenses do not provide appropriate UV protection, there is an increased UV incidence in the inner eye due to pupil dilation, which enhances the adverse effects and impacts the ocular tissues more severely than in situations without UV protection. However, no existing literature properly quantified or supported this argument. In this work, the influx of solar UV throughout the pupil of the eye was calculated in two situations: when a person wear sunglasses and when he/she does not. In both situations, the pupil dilation and the field of view (squint) were considered with their dependence on the brightness of the ambient, calculated by modeling the solar irradiation. Finally, it was assessed whether sunglasses with poor UV protection actually increase the UV influx throughout the dilated pupil compared to the non-dilated pupil. A set of 214 sunglasses lenses were tested and the results show that pupil dilation does not play an important role in the UV influx throughout the pupil. It was observed that the FOV is the main player, surpassing the pupil size contribution by up to 314.3%, disproving the common explanation. Because of the major role of the FOV, our results show that sunglasses with UV-A protection below 86% may have a slight potential to increase hazards to the eye compared to not wearing sunglasses at all. These results can have direct impact on sunglasses standards regarding the UV protection linked to the category of the lenses.

The Counter Effect of Exercise on Cisplatin-Induced Cognitive and Proliferation Impairments.

Background Cisplatin, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, offers therapeutic benefits for cancer treatment but often leads to adverse effects on neurogenesis and oxidative stress, causing cognitive impairment. Concurrent physical activity has been proposed as a potential strategy to counteract these side effects. This study aimed to investigate the impact of physical exercise on cisplatin-induced cognitive impairment in a mouse model. Methods Adult male mice (n=45) were divided into three groups: control, cisplatin-treated (2.3 mg/kg), and exercise/cisplatin. Cisplatin was administered intraperitoneally over one month, while the exercise/cisplatin group underwent moderate-intensity exercise alongside cisplatin treatment. Spatial memory was evaluated using the novel object recognition (NOR) task, and hippocampal proliferation and oxidative stress were examined using Ki-67 and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using the GraphPad Prism 4.0 software (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA). Results The cisplatin-treated mice exhibited significantly lower preference index (PI) scores in the NOR task compared to the control (p<0.001) and exercise/cisplatin (p<0.001) groups. IHC staining revealed impaired hippocampal proliferation and increased oxidative stress in the cisplatin-treated group relative to the control and exercise/cisplatin groups. The introduction of a moderate-intensity exercise protocol appeared to mitigate the decline in hippocampal proliferation and oxidative damage induced by cisplatin. Additionally, cisplatin-treated mice experienced weight loss, while exercise attenuated this effect. Conclusion Cisplatin treatment resulted in decreased memory, hippocampal proliferation, and weight loss in mice. Concurrent moderate-intensity exercise seemed to alleviate these effects, suggesting a potential role for physical activity in ameliorating cisplatin-induced cognitive decline. This study underscores the importance of incorporating exercise as a complementary strategy to enhance cognitive outcomes in cancer patients undergoing cisplatin treatment.

Numerical Inspection of location, density ratio and turbulent kinetic energy of vortex generator in gas turbine blade film cooling application

Abstract Present numerical investigation proposes to mitigate the effects of Counter rotating vortex pair by employing vortex generator. The common-flow-down arrangement of delta winglet pair is preferred for this investigation. The investigation of suitable turbulence model has been studied. Numerical simulation has been carried out to investigate the effect of placement of vortex generator on the characteristics of film cooling effectiveness. Vortex generator located at upstream, downstream and both before, after and both before, after film cooling hole respectively. Result indicates that Vortex generator, located at up-stream of circular film cooling hole will yield better effectiveness. Reynolds number based on free stream velocity and film cooling-hole dimension is kept at 17000. Moreover consequence, in variation of blowing ratio (M = 0.5, 1, 1.5), density ratio (DR = 0.5, 1, 2), secondary flow velocity or jet velocity (uj) and T.K.E on cooling effectiveness has been investigated. Result shows that increment in M, uj and T.K.E responsible for decrement in cooling effectiveness. The results are compared with baseline case. It has been observed that numerical investigation implementing FLUENT commercial code adopting the k-omega SST turbulence model perform better.

A mechanistic study of the synergistic and counter effects of ultrasonic and solvent treatment on the rheology and asphaltene structure of heavy crude oil

Production from heavy oil reservoirs faces challenges, such as accumulating heavy hydrocarbon materials like asphaltenes near the wellbore, resulting in low recovery rates. To enhance recovery and prevent formation damage, methods often focus on reducing oil viscosity. Solvents and ultrasonic waves have proven effective in this regard, though challenges related to asphaltene aggregation and structural changes persist. This study explores the impact of simultaneously applying ultrasonic radiation and solvents on crude oil's viscosity and asphaltene structure. Toluene and n-heptane, representing aromatic and paraffinic solvents, were employed. Viscosity measurements and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy tests were conducted on sonicated crude oil diluted with solvents and solvent-diluted crude oil subjected to sonication. Results were compared to untreated and separately treated crude oil samples. The study found that the most effective viscosity reduction method involved blending sonicated oil with toluene under optimal radiation time and concentration conditions. Two primary mechanisms for viscosity reduction were identified. Firstly, there was the dissolution and aggregation of asphaltene clusters. Secondly, chemical changes in asphaltene molecular structure were observed, altering the ratio of aromatic rings to aliphatic chains. This research offers potential insights into how ultrasonication and solvation interact to modify crude oil structure.

Effects of vehicle dynamics on small UAS-gust encounters

This study investigates the relative impacts of different gusts on representative small Uncrewed Air Systems through the use of a simple analytical model. The model uses basic vehicle characteristics, including planform area and mass, to account for the altitude gained during gust interactions. This is a missing component from most current fundamental gust studies, both experimental and numerical. The results show that the induced negative effective angle of attack created by the vertical motion of the vehicle has a significant countering effect on the gust and suggests that this effective angle of attack should be accounted for in future gust studies. Efforts are undertaken to determine the relative importance of accounting for this motion. This is done by investigating the impact of the induced negative angle of attack on the altitude trajectory. An equation is found using gust and vehicle characteristics to determine the critical gust ratio at a given gust development rate, which is the minimum gust ratio which will lead to vehicle stall. Lastly, an empirical relationship is derived to allow for the effective gust ratio conversion between fixed-model experiments and flying-vehicle gust interactions.

The Effect of an Intraoperative Real-Time Counter on Radiation Exposure Events During Operative Treatment of Distal Radius Fractures

Occupational radiation exposure can have adverse health consequences for surgeons. The purpose of this study was to determine if utilization of an intraoperative, real-time radiograph counter results in decreased radiation exposure events (REEs) during open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of distal radius fractures (DRFs). We reviewed all cases of isolated ORIF DRFs performed at a single center from January 2021 to February 2023. All cases performed on or after January 1, 2022 used an intraoperative radiograph counter, referred to as a "shot-clock" (SC) group. Cases prior to this date were performed without a SC and served as a control group (NoSC group). Baseline demographics, fracture, and surgical characteristics were recorded. Final intraoperative radiographs were reviewed to record reduction parameters (radial inclination, volar tilt, and ulnar variance). REEs, fluoroscopy exposure times, and total radiation doses milligray (mGy) were compared between groups. A total of 160 ORIF DRF cases were included in the NoSC group, and 135 were included in the SC group. The NoSC group had significantly more extra-articular fractures compared with the SC group. Reduction parameters after ORIF were similar between groups. The mean number of REEs decreased by 48% in the SC group. Cases performed with the SC group had significantly lower total radiation doses (0.8 vs 0.5 mGy) and radiation exposure times (41.9 vs 24.2 seconds). Mean operative times also decreased for the SC group (70 minutes) compared with that for the NoSC group (81 minutes). A real-time intraoperative radiograph counter was associated with decreased REEs, exposure times, and total radiation doses during ORIF DRFs. Cases performed with a SC had significantly shorter operative times without compromising reduction quality. Using an intraoperative SC counter during cases requiring fluoroscopy may aid in decreasing radiation exposure, which serves as an occupational hazard for hand and upper-extremity surgeons. Therapeutic II.

Neither an offender nor a ‘free’ person: Drug supervision and desistance in Singapore

AbstractIn 2019, the Misuse of Dugs Act, the main legislative instrument in combatting drug offences in Singapore, underwent a landmark amendment where it strove to strike a balance between subjecting persistent drug offenders to long‐term imprisonment and enhancing the reintegration potential of those offenders whom the state considered as ‘pure abusers’ without a penal charge. While this risk‐differentiated approach could be seen as progressive and moving away from the harsh response that has had traditionally characterised the Singapore state's treatment of persistent drug abusers, this article contends that extending the maximum period of drug supervision from two to 5 years, which the amendments called for, of even pure abusers upon their completion of the detention order, hinder efforts at desistance. This article focuses specifically on the contradictions of the urine testing regime post‐release and seeks to contextualise its counter effects on the various dimensions of desistance among recovering drug abusers.

The impacts of reforming agricultural policy support on cereal prices: a CGE modeling approach

PurposeThis paper investigates the effects of the total abolition of all forms of agricultural subsidies to producers and border tariffs on the prices of staple cereals.Design/methodology/approachThe authors use the GTAP global economy-wide model and focus on 27 countries and 8 regions. The GTAP database that is used contains information on budgetary transfers to producers and market price support such as domestic price support, tariffs, export subsidies, quotas on exports or imports and other border measures.FindingsThe removal of subsidies is estimated to significantly increase the prices of wheat and other cereal grains in Japan, paddy rice in Malaysia and Indonesia, processed rice in Malaysia and Indonesia and wheat in Brazil and India. When border tariffs are removed, cereal prices are projected to fall in several countries, but the decline is more pronounced for wheat in Kenya and Japan, other cereal grains in South Korea and all staples in Nepal.Research limitations/implicationsThe alternative scenarios on the removal of agricultural subsidies in all agricultural sectors and the elimination of border tariffs are purely speculative as the analysis ignores important political economy considerations of agricultural and food policy reforms.Practical implicationsThe findings from this study point to the importance of implementing additional policy measures to mitigate the possible negative effect of repurposing the support to agriculture and ensure the food security and welfare of those categories of buyers who heavily depend on the price of staple food for their livelihoods.Social implicationsThis study’s findings confirm that the elimination of agricultural subsidies would impact global food security directly by making staple food less affordable to the poorest and indirectly by decreasing the available household budget for other presumably more nutritious food groups. Consequently, it is expected that these price increases could make segments of the world population poorer, particularly the net-food buyers due to a decline in their real income.Originality/valueThe authors assess the impact of removing the subsidies on the economy in a comprehensive way, particularly given the recent policy focus on net zero emissions and Sustainable Development Goals that include healthy foods. The authors also consider the counter effects of tariff reduction on this, which is price-reducing.

Attendance characteristics of the breast and colorectal cancer screening programmes in a highly urbanised region of the Netherlands: a retrospective observational study

ObjectivesThroughout Europe, many countries offer population-based cancer screening programmes (CSPs). In the Netherlands, two implemented CSPs are targeting people of 50 years and older, aiming at breast cancer (BC) and...

Evaluating the Techno-Economic Effect of Pricing and Consumption Parameters on the Power-to-Energy Ratio for Sizing Photovoltaic-Battery Systems: An Assessment of Prosumers in the Mediterranean Area

The momentous deployment of photovoltaic (PV) installations in modern times converted schemes utilised to support behind-the-meter systems to compensation mechanisms promoting self-consumption for all prosumer types. Moreover, their incorporation with battery storage systems (BSS) is expected to remove technical counter effects and assist in more self-sufficient prosumer sites. As electricity prices are continuously rising, negatively impacting consumers, we intend for this study to serve as a guideline for residential PV-BSS sizing. Additionally, its objective is to provide an operational and economic evaluation of PV-BSS by considering relevant schemes and concentrating on the most effective parameters. This study contributes to the literature with a holistic methodology for sizing and techno-economically evaluating residential systems in the Mediterranean area that is replicable for any state or consumption class. Simulations addressing PV-BSS performance were exploited with the use of real (high-resolution) data, estimating particular sizing, operational, and techno-economic indicators during the entire system lifetime within the framework of a techno-economic analysis. The simulations calculated the initial expenditure, the yearly revenues from the PV-BSS operation, and the corresponding expenses, contrasting them on a year-to-year basis. The results demonstrate that for the five countries addressed as case studies, PV-BSS sizing is significantly impacted by the supporting scheme regarding maximum financial gains. A likeness amid the ideal power-to-energy ratio (PER) indicator of every addressed state for the examined parameters (electricity price and consumption class) was demonstrated for the full self-consumption scheme, whereas for net billing, intercountry discrepancies and generally higher optimal PER values were observed. Finally, an increase in electricity prices or consumption generally decreases optimal PER; therefore, a recommendation is provided for the avoidance of inessential expenditures in surplus system component sizes.