Clockwise Research Articles

Movement pattern and upper extremity muscle activation during fast and slow continuous steering movement

Continuous steering movement (CSM) is an essential component of the upper extremity (UE) task during vehicle driving, and could be a suitable candidate for multi-joint rehabilitation programs for patients with UE disabilities. This study aims to evaluate the UE muscle activation during CSM and how the rotating speed and direction affect CSM's kinematic and kinetic performance. Surface electromyography (EMG), hand contact information, and steering torque were measured under fast (180°/s) and slow (60°/s) constant-velocity CSM to reveal the activation of shoulder and elbow muscles, temporal characteristics, and force exertion during the stance and swing phases of a CSM cycle. Data from 24 normal young adults showed that shorter contact duration but higher force exertion occurred in the hand moving in an outward steering direction during only fast CSM in either the clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW) direction. During a steering cycle (either fast or slow speed), the triceps brachii, sternal part of the pectoralis major (PS), and posterior deltoid play major roles in generating steering torque in the CW direction of the CSM. In contrast, the PS, clavicular part of the pectoralis major (PC), and anterior deltoid (AD) largely contribute to torque generation during the CCW CSM. During the swing phase of CSM, AD, PC, and PS are the major muscles that move the hand for the next grasping of the steering wheel in all four conditions. Using the mean activation profiles of the major contributing muscles, the functional roles of these elbow and shoulder muscles were analyzed and are discussed herein. These findings help us to further understand the activation patterns of UE muscles and the kinematic and kinetic changes during two rotating directions and two speeds of CSM, and suggest important implications for future practice in clinical training.

Unravelling Structural Dynamics, Supramolecular Behavior, and Chiroptical Properties of Enantiomerically Pure Macrocyclic Tertiary Ureas and Thioureas.

The introduction of urea or thiourea functionality to the macrocycle skeleton represents an alternative way to control conformational dynamics of chiral, polyamines of a figure-shaped periodical structure. Formally highly symmetrical, these macrocycles may adapt diverse conformations, depending on the nature of an amide linker and on a substitution pattern within the aromatic units. The type of heteroatom X in the N-C(═X)-N units present in each vertex of the macrocycle core constitutes the main factor determining the chiroptical properties. In contrast to the urea-containing derivatives, the electronic circular dichroism of thioureas is controlled by the chiral neighborhood closest to the chromophore. The dynamically induced exciton couplet is observed when the biphenyl chromophores are present in the macrocycle core. In the solid state, the seemingly disordered molecules may create ordered networks stabilized by intermolecular S···halogen, H···halogen, and S···H interactions. The presence of two bromine substituents in each aromatic unit in thiourea-derived trianglamine gives rise to a self-sorting phenomenon in the crystal. In solution, this particular macrocycle exists as a dynamic equimolar mixture of two conformational diastereoisomers, differing in the spatial (clockwise and counter clockwise) arrangement of the C-Br bonds. In the crystal lattice, macrocycles of a given handedness assemble into homohelical layers.

Use of a Posterior Bite Block Modified with TPA and Palatal Crib for Treating Open Bite in Growing Individual: A Case Report

Background: The aim of this paper is to illustrate the use of a Posterior bite block modified with TPA and Palatal crib to obtain the vertical control of maxillary molars, restrict tongue pressure as well as Intruding posterior molars thereby auto rotating mandible. Case Report: Use of posterior bite block modified with TPA and Palatal crib for correcting Anterior Open bite in growing individual is illustrated. Patient was successfully treated, and the open bite was fully corrected thanks to molar intrusion, following counter clockwise rotation of the mandible and tongue correction. Finishing of alignment was performed in phase II of the treatment with conventional appliances. Conclusion: Posterior bite block modified with TPA and Palatal crib proved to be effective in controlling the vertical position of maxillary molars promoting the counter-clockwise rotation of the mandible and stimulating a different tongue posture.

Reciprocating Kinematics of X-Smart Plus, VDW Silver and, iRoot Endodontic Motors: A Comparison Between Real and Set Values.

This study assessed 3 endodontic motors, X-Smart Plus (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), VDW.Silver Reciproc (VDW GmbH, München, Germany) and, iRoot (Bassi Endodontics, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) in 2 different reciprocating settings. The movements evaluated were 170° in counter-clockwise (CCW) and 50° in clockwise (CW) at 350 RPM, and 150° CCW and 30° CW at 300 RPM. For the X-Smart Plus and VDW Silver the settings used were the ones in the motor library. For the iRoot, the motor was adjusted to the angles of the study. A customized optic target was attached to the contra-angle of the motor and the movements were recorded with a high-resolution camera (K2 DistaMaxTM Long-Distance Microscope System, Infinity Photo-Optical Company, Colorado, EUA) at 2,400 frames per second (FPS). The images were analyzed with the Vision Research software (Inc. Headquarters, Wayne, New Jersey, EUA). The following kinematic parameters were assessed: CCW angle, CW angle, speed (RPM) at both directions, and, standstill time at each change of directions. The Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Kruskal-Wallis (method of Dunn) were used at a significant level of 5%. There was no statistically significant difference among the motors at the 150°/30° setting (P > .05); the iRoot was the least reliable at the 170°/50° setting for CCW angle, speed, and net angle parameters (P < 0.05). The standstill time of all motors in both directions was identical. None of the motors were able to reproduce faithfully the set movements. The iRoot motor presented a higher discrepancy when compared to X-Smart and VDW Silver.

Laparoscopic management in an adult patient with intestinal obstruction secondary to congenital midgut malrotation: a case report and review of the literature

Intestinal malrotation is the failure of the fetal intestine to complete a 270-degree counter clockwise rotation around the superior mesenteric artery, resulting in positional and fixation abnormalities of the small and large intestine. Adult presentation is uncommon with an estimated incidence of 0.2 to 0.5%. There is no consensus on treatment in patients with asymptomatic intestinal malrotation in adults. The aim of this document was to report and review a case of intestinal malrotation conditioning intestinal obstruction in an adult patient with successful laparoscopic management. We conclude that laparoscopic resolution is feasible, reproducible and may ensure a faster recovery in a selected group of patients.

Measurement of wave propagation through a tube using dual transducers for elastography in arteries

Objective. Measuring waves induced with acoustic radiation force (ARF) in arteries has been studied over the last decade. To date, it remains a challenge to quantitatively assess the local arterial biomechanical properties. The cylindrical shape and waveguide behavior of waves propagating in the arterial wall pose complexities to determining the mechanical properties of the artery. Approach. In this paper, an artery-mimicking tube in water is examined utilizing three-dimensional measurements. The cross-section of the tube is measured while a transducer is translated over 41 different positions along the length of the tube. Motion in the radial direction is calculated using two components of motion which are measured from the two orthogonal views of the cross-section. This enables more accurate estimation of motion along the circumference of tube. Main results. The results provide more information to categorize the motion in tube wall into two types of responses: a transient response and a steady state response. The transient response is caused by ARF application and the waves travel along the length of the tube for a relatively short period of time. This corresponds to the axial and circumferential propagating waves. The two circumferential waves travel along the circumference of tube in CW (clockwise) and CCW (counter-clockwise) direction and result in a standing wave. By using a directional filter, the two waves were successfully separated, and their propagation was more clearly visualized. As a steady state response, a circumferential mode is generated showing a symmetric motion (i.e. the proximal and distal walls move in the opposite direction) following the transient response. Significance. This study provides a more comprehensive understanding of the waves produced in an artery-mimicking tube with ARF application, which will provide opportunities for improving measurement of arterial mechanical properties.

Tomographic reconstruction of an azimuthally forced flame in an annular chamber

Azimuthally forced spinning modes on a single ethylene-air swirl flame in an annular combustor were investigated using phase-averaged three-dimensional (3D) Computed Tomography of Chemiluminescence. Strongly spinning azimuthal modes in the clockwise (CW) and anticlockwise (ACW) directions were introduced by means of carefully controlled acoustic forcing. Tomographic reconstructions were calculated based on 25 independent views for an unforced, and CW and ACW forced cases. Using only a single flame in an annular enclosure resulted in a flame shape that differed from previous multi-flame investigations. The flame experiences significantly less flame-wall and no flame-flame interactions. Results at high and low equivalence ratio indicate that in the absence of significant enclosure effects, the global heat release rate (HRR) response is the same for both forcing directions. The 3D HRR oscillation distributions were investigated in detail, and the local flame response to modes with opposite spin direction was shown to feature 180∘ rotational symmetry. High magnitude HRR oscillations are formed close to the flame base, but due to the combined azimuthal and axial excitation the response on one side of the flame is significantly higher in magnitude, and concentrations of HRR oscillations are seen close to the inner or outer annular walls during CW or ACW excitation respectively. Swirl also causes these high magnitude structures to rotate slowly with downstream distance, although the spatial redistribution of HRR oscillations through this effect is subtle. This improves our physical understanding of previous observations of differing global flame responses to CW and ACW azimuthal excitation.

Hybrid nanofluid convection and phase change process in an expanded channel under the combined effects of double rotating cylinders and magnetic field

Convective heat transfer and phase changing process are analyzed for flow over facing step in a channel equipped with double rotating circular cylinders and phase change- packed bed (PCM-PB) under magnetic field. The favorable and opposing effects of using magnetic field with rotations on phase change and thermal performance for separated flow in PCM-PB installed system are numerically explored by using the finite element method. Base fluid with hybrid particle loading of 2% solid volume fraction is used. The analysis is performed for various values of rotational Reynolds number (Rew: −1000 and 1000), cylinder sizes (R:0.01 and 0.3), size ratio (SR:0.5 and 2) and Hartmann number (Ha: 0 and 20). When rotations are active, phase change becomes inefficient due to the establishment of the vortices near the PCM-PB zone. Complete phase transition time (tC) depends upon the rotational direction of the cylinders and fluid type. As compared to case at Rew = 0, tC rises up to 175% at Rew = 1000 by using pure fluid while using nanofluid reduces the tC value. The size and size ratio of the cylinders are highly influential on the vortex size behind the step which affects the phase transition dynamics. There are 185% and 172% variations in the tC values are observed when size and size rations are varied. The case with the PCM + nanofluid gives the highest Nusselt number (Nu) while lowest Nu is obtained when pure fluid without PCM is used. The average Nu rises with larger cylinders for counter clockwise rotations at the highest speed. Magnetic field suppresses the vortices and contributes positively to the phase change process and thermal performance while reduction of tC is up to 74% is obtained at Rew=-1000 by using magnetic field at the highest strength. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is used for fluid and solid temperature reconstruction in the whole computational domain. The model captures the dynamic behavior of phase change and heat transfer under combined effects of double rotations and magnetic field with PCM-PB embedded channel with area expansion.

Counterclockwise and clockwise typical flutter and the transverse conduction barrier—Mirror-image circuits?

Counterclockwise (CCW) and clockwise (CW) forms of typical atrial flutter are regarded as mirror-image reentrant circuits,1 although they rarely are observed in the same patient. Transverse conduction block in the right atrium is considered the conduction barrier necessary for circuit stability for both circuits, but its basis and location have been controversial.2 This barrier has not been high-density mapped in humans.

Effects of Occlusal Plane Inclination on the Temporomandibular Joint Stress Distribution: A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis.

Background Sudden changes in masticatory loads and occlusal conditions contribute to temporomandibular disorders. Clockwise (CW) or counterclockwise (CCW) rotation of the occlusal plane is one of the factors that alter the direction of the occlusal forces transmitted to the temporomandibular joint structures. Finite element analysis was used to identify possible regions of high stress in the temporomandibular joint. Materials and Methods A computer-aided design model of a symmetrical edentulous maxillomandibular bony complex with a temporomandibular joint was manually generated using Rhinoceros 4.0 freeform modeling software. Three-dimensional discrete mesh generation was performed using VRMesh Studio. The reference occlusal plane angle was accepted as 8° in the sagittal plane, and by modifying 4° in the CW and CCW directions, CW and CCW models were obtained, respectively. The present study aimed to evaluate the changes in stress distribution in the condylar cartilage and temporomandibular disc using the von Mises and maximum-minimum principal stress evaluations of three different occlusal plane inclinations. The null hypothesis of this three-dimensional finite element analysis was that “occlusal plane inclination does not change the stress distribution on the temporomandibular joint structures.” Results The compressive stress on the condyle increased with CW rotation of the occlusal plane. The von Mises equivalent stress of the temporomandibular disc shifted to the medial, posterior, and superior directions after CW and CCW rotations of the occlusal plane. The CW rotation of the occlusal plane increased the von Mises equivalent.

All-fiber bidirectional mode-locked laser to generate cylindrical vector beam asynchronous noise-like pulses.

We proposed and demonstrated a bidirectional mode-locked fiber laser to generate cylindrical vector beam (CVB) asynchronous pulses based on a graded index multimode fiber. A homemade fused taper two-mode fiber optical coupler (TMF-OC) is employed as a mode converter. The central wavelength for clockwise (CW) pulses can be tuned from 1030.32 nm to 1041.04 nm due to the filtering effect based on multimode interference, that of counterclockwise (CCW) pulses is from 1030.81 nm to 1039.28 nm. When the central wavelengths are 1033.22 nm and 1032.71 nm for CW direction and CCW direction respectively, CVB asynchronous noise-like pulses with a repetition rate difference of ∼436.9 Hz can be obtained. The purity of CVB in CW direction and CCW direction is 95.7% and 93.4% respectively. This bidirectional mode-locked fiber laser with CVB output can be better applied to laser gyroscopes, asynchronous sampling, and dual-comb technique, and impel the interdisciplinary studies in the future.

Unclosed fiber optic current sensor based on helically wound spun highly birefringent fiber half waveplate

• An unclosed fiber optic current sensor based on the helically wound spun highly birefringent fiber half waveplate on the tunnel boring machine is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. • The unclosed fiber optic current sensor is designed to coil the spun highly birefringent fiber around the measured current clockwise and counter clockwise alternately in order to be mounted on the measured object with large diameter easily. • The helically wound spun highly birefringent fiber half waveplate is proposed to accumulate the Faraday effect. • The good performance of the unclosed fiber optic current sensor is confirmed by the laboratory experiment. In the application of the fiber optic current sensor that is mounted on tunnel boring machine (TBM) for measuring the probe current in tunnel geological prediction, the field installation and the influence of the linear birefringence caused by external perturbations are problems needing to be solved. In this paper, an unclosed fiber optic current sensor (UFOCS) based on the helically wound spun highly birefringent (SHB) fiber half waveplate is proposed and demonstrated. The UFOCS is designed to coil the fiber around the measured current clockwise and counter clockwise alternately in order to be mounted on the measured object with large diameter easily. The all-fiber half waveplate made by the helically wound SHB fiber is used to accumulate the Faraday effect. The simulation is carried out based on the polarization model and a linear response is obtained. The laboratory experiment is conducted and the results confirm the good performance of the UFOCS.

Class I treatment with severe dental crowding and mandibular protrusion: a case report

The use of Corrective Orthodontics to modifying dental aesthetics, has been increasingly effective in modifying and improving the profile of patients. Objective: Review the literature on the treatment of Cl I malocclusions with severe dental crowding and to report a clinical case performed in the dental clinic of a private educational institution. Methodology: After dental extraction and fixed orthodontic appliance treatment, the facial and dental aesthetics patient evolution with the diastema presence between dental elements 11 and 21 and supernumerary elements. The case was treated in two phases, with the aim of correcting the dental crowding. In the first phase, the first premolars and a supernumerary tooth were extracted, to initiate the isolated canine retraction and, later, the space closures by means of the retraction of the incisors. In the second phase, after the closure of spaces, the intrusion and molarization verticalization phase was started. For the subject review in case, articles were searched in the Pubmed databases, Lilacs and Scielo and selected 8 articles between the years 2010 and 2019.Results and Conclusions: It was observed that the exodontia provided the necessary spaces for the alignment and leveling of the teeth and the intrusion and mandibular rotation of the molars allowed the mandible to rotate counter clockwise, reducing the convex profile of the patient. At the end of the treatment, a facial response was observed according to the mechanics employed and significant improvement in the dental, facial aesthetics and, consequently, social improvement of the patient.

Deviation from the planned axis of three toric intraocular lenses

In this study, we retrospectively evaluated the deviation from the planned axis of 3 Toric intraocular lenses (TIOL). Included in the study 190 eyes, operated by two surgeons using two different manual marking techniques. The patients were implanted with either AcrySof IQ Toric SN6AT (Alcon) (n = 90), POD FT (PhysIOL) (n = 50), or TECNIS Symfony Toric (J&J) (n = 50). At least 1 month postoperatively, the IOL was photographed, and the axis was measured using a designed software. The difference between the planned and actual axis was defined as axis deviation. The effect of IOL type, astigmatism direction, and marking techniques on the average degree and direction of the IOL deviation were evaluated and compared. There was no significant difference in the average deviation between the IOLs (TECNIS Symfony: 4.03° ± 4.34, POD FT: 3.52° ± 3.38, and SN6AT: 4.24° ± 4.10), and its direction (55.8%, 39.0%, and 56.6% clockwise (CW) deviation, respectively). With the rule, astigmatism had significantly more CW deviation compared with against the rule and oblique astigmatism (64.3%, 43.8%, and 41.7%, respectively, P = 0.027), but the average deviation was similar. The marking techniques did not influence the degree or direction of the deviation.

Gallbladder volvulus with gangrenous cholecystitis - A case report.

Introduction and importanceGallbladder torsion (volvulus) is a very rare pathology that occurs when the gallbladder rotates on the cystic duct/cystic artery axis, resulting in blockage of bile drainage and blood flow.Case presentationWe present the case of an elderly 87-year-old female who experienced acute gallbladder torsion. The patient presented with acute left chest pain that radiated to the patient's back and nausea but no emesis. A thorough physical examination, serologic studies, abdominal ultrasound, and computed tomography scan revealed gallbladder dilation, a thickened wall, enlarged common bile duct (approximately 1 cm), and the presence of pericholecystic fluid, all of which were consistent with acute cholecystitis. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy led to an intraoperative diagnosis of completely gangrenous gallbladder volvulus (GBV) with a 360-degree counter clockwise rotation. The pathology led to a final diagnosis of acute necrotizing cholecystitis without evidence of malignancy.Clinical discussionGBV (gallbladder torsion) is typically observed in elderly patients at a female-to-male ratio of 4:1 and a median age at presentation of 77 years. Few advancements have been made in accurate diagnosis of GBV using clinical findings or the results of radiographic imaging, leading to accurate preoperative diagnoses in only 25 % of patients.ConclusionThough GBV usually presents with right upper quadrant pain, our patient had the rare presentation of left sided chest pain mimicking acute coronary syndrome. GBV is an uncommon condition that occurs frequently in the elderly, particularly in women. Accurate preoperative diagnosis remains daunting, since clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings often lead to an incorrect diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Prompt diagnosis necessitates a high level of suspicion, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the recommended treatment/management.

Abdominal massage alleviates functional diarrhea in immature rats via modulation of intestinal microbiota and tight junction protein.

Functional diarrhea (FD) is a common type of chronic diarrhea in children. Recurrent diarrhea can negatively impact children's quality of life and raise healthcare costs significantly. However, conventional treatments are ineffective and limited. Moreover, children with chronic conditions have poor medication compliance. Therefore, non-pharmacological and complementary treatments are urgently needed. In China, abdominal massage is widely used to treat diarrhea in children. Numerous clinical studies have verified its usefulness in treating gastrointestinal disorders as well. Nevertheless, its intrinsic mechanisms are still unclear, and the impact of massage direction on treatment effects has received less attention. In our study, we found that FD was not associated with pathogen infection. A dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota and disruption of the intestinal barrier are most likely to cause FD. Moreover, this study also substantiates that abdominal massage can mitigate functional diarrhea by altering the intestinal microbiota structure and decreasing the number of bacteria that damage intestinal mucosal barriers. The reduction of Ruminococcus_torques_group and Clostridium_innocuum_group at the genus level potentially mediated the beneficial effects of abdominal massage on alleviating diarrhea. Furthermore, massaging from two different directions, clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW) massage, would not significantly influence the effect of the massage on intestinal microbiota or tight junction proteins. In summary, abdominal massage is an effective complementary therapy for children suffering from functional diarrhea.

Performance Analysis of Automated Air Pollution Removable System with Fire Indicator

Air pollution and aging populations are one of the most important issues facing in the development of all countries around the world. In this project work and effort has been made to develop a air pollution removable and fire indicated for fire work industry to safety purpose. The aim of this work is to develop a fire indicated and pollution removable that will use a collect fire work chemical powder around the working area. This model implies a conversion of rotary motion to the overall system. This motion is uses for chemical dust arrest by viscous liquid to all direction in the industry. In this model we can operate two pin switches for the clock wise and antilock wise direction. the gear motor is using to rotary motion. The rotary disk is mounted on the motor spindle. The tank is resting on the rotary disk. The exhaust fan is fitted in the top position of the tank. They are two way in the tank. One is inlet for suck the pollution air another one is outlet. Bottom of the tank dust despatch valve attached. The fire indicates system is mounted on the rotary disk plate vertically. After this work performance test to the working area. This research provides a new perspective and the health effect of air pollution.

Sky Cultivation Using Remote and Solar Power Source

Abstract— How to grow more food in less space with less water is the main concept involved in this project work. The former who doesn’t have more land can adopt this system by which more land can be created to produce more food than existing land. Rolling type of sky container garden concept is presented here which can be exposed to the sun with water and fertilizer feeding accessibility.A mini module of giant wheel structure is constructed with 8 compartments for cultivating the crops, the idea of choosing this kind of mechanism is to grow more crops in less ground place/area. This rotary type of multi soil containers attached to the main structure of wheel mechanism operates on a simple wheel mechanism that can minimize the ground area or volume required for cultivating the food items like vegetables, grains, etc. The wheel mechanism is attached to the shaft of high torque DC motor at its centre point at certain height, now this motor is controlled through a remote control unit designed with RF modules and mini embedded systems. The control circuit built with 89C2051 chip &amp; relays is designed to rotate the wheel either in clock wise or in anti-clock wise such that hanging containers attached to this mechanism can be positioned to the ground level accessible point for watering and other maintenance activities. Hanging containers filled with soil are constructed with acrylic sheets. Since it is a prototype module, the basic concept of 8 hanging type of small soil containers are used and are attached to the moving wheel for demo purpose. But for real time applications giant wheels can be constructed with less expenditure. The structure of mechanism occupies very less ground place such that the vacant place also can be used for cultivation. Solar energy is used to drive the wheel, for this purpose, 10W panel is used and its output is used to charge the battery such that in absence of Sun also the mechanism can be activated.

An Anomaly of Pecten in Mesobuthus turcicus Kovařík et al., 2022 (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

An anomaly was recorded in the pecten shape of the scorpion species Mesobuthus turcicus Kovařík et al., 2022 that was recently described from Turkey. In this case, it is observed that marginal and median lamellae and fulcrae are fused in the right pecten. For this reason, the pecten is bent counter clockwise. Different from other pectinal anomalies, the size of teeth is developed normally but teeth number is fewer. This teratological anomaly on pecten is described and illustrated. This is the first report of pecten anomaly based on marginal and median lamellae.

Thulium-doped fiber laser with bidirectional output in a ring laser cavity

A thulium-doped fiber laser (TDFL) with bidirectional output was proposed and demonstrated herein. Clockwise (CW) and counter-clockwise (CCW) lasing output with different lasing wavelengths was realized by two uniform fiber Bragg gratings (UFBGs) and two optical circulators. The UFBGs located at 1941.238 and 2049.325 nm were incorporated in the laser cavity to act as the wavelength-selective element. Switchable operation was realized through tuning the gain and loss of the circulating light by applying curvature on a section of the single-mode fiber. When the TDFL was operated in the CW direction, single-wavelength output with a center wavelength, optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR), and maximal output power of 2049.335 nm, 33.175 dB, and 280.6 mW was obtained, and the fluctuation of the center wavelength and the output power were less than 0.041 nm and 1.400 dB within an observation time of 60 min. When the TDFL was operated in the CCW direction, single-wavelength output with a center wavelength, OSNR, and maximal output power of 1941.312 nm, 37.108 dB, and 486 mW could be obtained, and the maximal fluctuation of the center wavelength and the output power were 0.128 nm and 0.832 dB within an observation period of 60 min. In addition, the proposed TDFL can operate in both CC and CCW directions simultaneously with different output wavelengths. The potential application of a TDFL strain sensor with sensitivities of 1.33 and 1.22 pm/με in the CW and CCW directions was also demonstrated and the proposed TDFL may also well suited for use in medical and free-space optical communication systems.