Report Of Council Research Articles

A Comparison of Frequentist and Bayesian Model Based Approaches for Missing Data Analysis: Case Study with a Schizophrenia Clinical Trial

Missing data are common in clinical trials and could lead to biased estimation of treatment effects. The National Research Council (NRC) report suggests that sensitivity analysis on missing data mechanism should be a mandatory component of the primary reporting of findings from clinical trials, and regulatory agencies are requesting more thorough sensitivity analyses from sponsors. However, recent literature research showed that missing data were almost always inadequately handled. This is partially due to the lack of standard software packages and straightforward implementation platform. With recent availability of flexible Bayesian software packages such as WinBUGS, SAS Proc MCMC, and Stan, it is relatively simple to develop Bayesian methods to address complex missing data problems while incorporating the uncertainty. In this article, we present a case study from the DIA Bayesian Scientific Working Group (BSWG) on Bayesian approaches for missing data analysis. We illustrate how to use Bayesian approaches to fit a few commonly used frequentist missing data models. The properties, advantage, and flexibility of the Bayesian analysis methods will be discussed using a case study based on a schizophrenia clinical trial. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

How to Read the Report of 31st Local Government Research Council.

How to Read the Report of 31st Local Government Research Council.

Report of the Council

Report of the Council

Addressing Three Common Myths About the Next Generation Science Standards

[ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] Although the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS Lead States 2013) were released over two years ago, misconceptions about what they are--and are not--persist. The NGSS provide for consistent science education opportunities for all students--regardless of demographics--with a level of rigor expected in every location and community. All students can study and achieve in science. The NGSS are based upon the National Research Council's consensus report A Framework for K-12 Science Education (NRC 2012). The NGSS passed a fidelity review by the NRC in which reviewers analyzed the congruency of the standards with the vision and content of the Framework. As a New York science teacher active in local, state, and national discussions about sciene standards, and a member of the NGSS writing team, I have encountered common misconceptions about the NGSS in these discussions with fellow teachers. In this article, I address the misconceptions most relevant in the science classroom. Myth 1: Science in elementary school is already contained in the Common Core State Standards, English Language Arts The Common Core State Standards, English Language Arts (CCSS, ELA) (NGAC and CCSSO 2010) being used in many states do not replace meaningful science instruction that integrates three-dimensional learning outlined in the Framework. The CCSS, ELA standards on technical literacy are not intended to supplant science learning as called for in the NGSS. And yet many teachers at the elementary level are being told by administrators that the science in the CCSS, ELA should be the extent of a student's science instruction. The major concern is that the explicit call to read about science in the CCSS, ELA may be implemented in a way that would limit the engagement of students with disciplinary core ideas, crosscutting concepts, and science and engineering practices (NRC 2014). Students being taught using only the CCSS, ELA approach miss the opportunity to develop and use models, plan and carry out investigations, and engage in argument from evidence. They cannot come close to experiencing the vision for science and engineering education articulated in the Framework and NGSS. The shift should be from teaching about science to engaging students in science and engineering practices. In this vision, core ideas are used as evidence in scientific arguments and to support explanations. The focus moves from the memorization of content to the understanding and application of ideas. Being literate in science and engineering requires one to possess skills in reading, understanding, obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information. But this is only one of the eight practices specified in the Framework and NGSS. The Framework points out that even if a student has developed grade-appropriate reading skills, just reading about science is often challenging to students. Three reasons are: * Science texts make extensive use of complex sentence structure and passive voice. They contain special words that are essentially unfamiliar. Often, these special words are ambiguous to students. * Reading a science text is quite different from reading a novel or newspaper. The precise meaning of each word or clause may be important. Therefore, science texts must be read to extract information accurately. * Science texts are multimodal, using a mix of words, graphs, diagrams, tables, and mathematics to communicate information. Understanding science requires more than simply knowing the meanings of technical terms (NRC 2012). Stage et al. (2013) assert that concurrent development in CCSS, ELA and CCSS, Mathematics has provided an opportunity to enhance literacy and math processes and proficiencies from a science education perspective. Goals for literacy, math, and science education may build students' capacity to engage in argument from evidence. The shift from doing more than just reading science texts should not be interpreted to mean that reading is not important in science. …

Notes on a Scandal: Transregional Networks of Violence, Gossip, and Imperial Sovereignty in the Late Eighteenth-Century Ottoman Empire

AbstractThis essay reconstructs a scandal in the fall of 1797 involving Ottoman governors, leaders of a notorious network of irregular soldiers cum bandits, and residents of the city of Filibe (Plovdiv in Bulgaria). It erupted over whether or not state officials should pacify successful bandit enterprises by co-opting their leaders. The scandal escalated into a crisis in which the large armies of the governors of Anatolia and Rumeli (the Ottoman Balkans) verged on clashing because each wanted to lead the state's lucrative war against Rumeli bandit networks. Imperial administrators issued dispatches regarding this scandal that were based on gossip and rumor circulating within the general population as well as among bandits. I draw on understandings of gossip as a social and cultural resource from linguistic anthropology to make sense of Ottoman political culture. I analyze these dispatches to uncover how the performance of these informal scripts featured prominently in correspondence with the Imperial Council and related surveillance reports, and thereby mediated resources, power, and authority among different agents of imperial violence. I show that gossip, rumor, and related forms of seemingly informal “talk” played a fundamental role in sovereign decision making. I also transpose methodologies and approaches of “history from below,” conceived by earlier generations of cultural anthropologists and historians, onto elite letters to ask new questions about information brokerage, the negotiation of power among different agents of imperial violence and their interlocutors, and the contested nature of imperial intelligence gathering and sovereignty.

Assesment of Disabled Geriatric Health Council Reports

Assesment of Disabled Geriatric Health Council Reports

Map of Scientific Publication in the field of Educational Sciences and Teacher Education in Turkey: A Bibliometric Study

Many countries make policies to achieve and support sustainable economic growth. The existence of countries on international platforms depends whether they can transform the scientific knowledge into technological developments. In addition, as the developed countries and economies become the source knowledge export, less developed countries depend more on them. It is necessary for both less developed and developing countries to systematically analyses their science policies, and guided by these policies they should make future plans, set goal and attain their goals. Bibliometric indicators first took place in Science Indicator Report of National Science Foundation in 1973 and since then they are being used in countries' science policies reports. These reports form the starting point of analyzing structure of science policies quantitatively (Karasozen, 2009). Quantitative analysis of science policies by bibliometric methods makes it possible to compare developments in areas of expertise in accordance with the world standards or to compare national institutions with each other (Zan, 2013).Turkey, as a slowly progressing country in terms of science and technology, needs bibliometric research in order to direct her main goals such as following changes in the knowledge, setting aims in accordance with the economy of developed countries and improving the quality of lab our force. The use of bibliometric in reviewing scientific articles in Turkey is at its early stage. Bibliometric is a method that uses mathematical and statistical methods to assess and analyses scientific publications and plays an important role in guiding science and technology policies (Zan, 2013).BibliometricThe qualitative and quantitative analysis of scientific publications, particularly articles, is important for revealing the change in scientific fields. Bibliometric can be defined as the 'mathematical and statistical methods employed in the analysis of scientific communication tools such as journals and books'. It aims to reveal the change, development and characteristic features of a field (Diodato, 1994). The first studies in the bibliometric started before 1920s and but the term was first employed by Pritchard (1969) who defined it as application of statistical and mathematical methods to publications. Thus the term is replaced with statistical bibliography (Forsman, 2008).The statistical analysis of different aspects of scientific publications (for instance; such as author, theme, and citations) forms the basis of bibliometric studies. Bibliometric analysis can be in the form of citation analysis in order to describe and define the number of publications in a given year or to find out how a publication affected the subsequent studies (McBurney & Novak, 2002).Reports prepared by institutes or scientific institutions are frequently seen in the literatures and these reports are based on bibliometric research with the aim of determining the scientific development of countries. The first report using the bibliometric is the US National Scientific Council report (Aksnes, 2006). Such reports show the status of science in a country, its existing scientific systems, research approaches, and the scientific performances of researchers (Van der Meulen, 1997). These findings play an important role in determining the scientific development of the country/field and in academic promotions. For instance, today's universities place importance not only on publications in academic promotion but also pay particular attention to the bibliometric data such as citations. Bibliometric studies basically include statistical analysis of publications and make it possible to present the general structure of a field (Egghe & Rousseau, 1990; Wallace, 1989).As the importance scientific studies, which form the basis of economic development and competition in the global world, increases, and the area of use of bibliometric studies are also expanding rapidly. …

Determinants of Unintended Pregnancy among Women of Reproductive Age in Developing Countries: A Narrative Review

Background: Thecurrent population of the world is seven billion, and developing countries account for its 97%. Approximately 210 million pregnancies annually occur worldwide and 75-80 million of them are reported to be unintended. Multiple factors can contribute to unintended pregnancy, which need to be assessed to design interventions reducing the incidence of unintended pregnancies.This study aimed to identify the determinants of unintended pregnancy among women of reproductive age in developing countries. Methods:This review of the literature was carried out by retrieving articles from various databases such as PubMed, Google scholar, and Science Direct and using mesh terms and phrases including ‘unintended pregnancy’, ‘contraception’, and ‘determinants of unintended pregnancy’. The reviewed studies included descriptive studies, population council reports, demographic and health survey reports, the United Nations Children's Fund statistics, and the World Health Organization reports. Results: The most common determinants of unintended pregnancy in the literature were reported under the headings of sociodemographic, socioeconomic, sociocultural, fertility related, contraceptive methods, and access related factors. Conclusion: Multiple factors can predict unintended pregnancy, and these findings have significant policy implications. Policymakers and healthcare providers can benefit from the evidence on determinants of unwanted pregnancy to design and implement policies and programs that can support couples to have their desired number of children, without facing unnecessary threats to their health. Furthermore, more studies are needed to be done in future to assess the available cost-effective interventions for reducing unintended pregnancy and ultimately, to improve women’s and children’s health.

Отчет о работе Совета экспертов «Актуальность применения этиловых эфиров омега-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот (ω-3 ПНЖК, 90 %, 1 г) у постинфарктных пациентов с сопутствующей кардиологической патологией»

Отчет о работе Совета экспертов «Актуальность применения этиловых эфиров омега-3 полиненасыщенных жирных кислот (ω-3 ПНЖК, 90 %, 1 г) у постинфарктных пациентов с сопутствующей кардиологической патологией»

Current situation and issues of Japanese Language education through Central Education Council Reports

Current situation and issues of Japanese Language education through Central Education Council Reports

История: стихия и заговор

<p>Год 2015-й, когда Россия торжественно праздновала 70-летие Великой Победы СССР над гитлеровской Германией, был знаменателен также 30-летием со дня начала так называемой перестройки. Публикуется введение к книге И. М. Ильинского «Перестройка как Заговор», которая готовится к изданию. Автор на основе изучения документов и материалов, относящихся к периоду «перестройки», отмечает, что хотя ее называют заговором многие, но еще не показаны истоки этого заговора, не раскрыты идеи и связи, соединившие маленькую группу людей в неформальное тайное сообщество. Не названы информационные источники, которые только и позволяют считать их совместную деятельность антигосударственной, антипартийной, а значит — преступной. Эту задачу ставит перед собой И. М. Ильинский.</p><p>В публикации также представлено авторское понимание роли тайных механизмов истории, существенно влияющих на ее ход. Показано, в частности, существо секретных военных планов У. Черчилля против СССР под кодовым названием «Немыслимое» (май 1945 г.), секретных документов внешней политики и стратегии США первых послевоенных лет — «Цели США в отношении России» (НСБ 20/1 от 18 августа 1948 г.), «Задачи программы национальной безопасности США» (НСБ 68 от 14 апреля 1950 г.) и др.</p>

AMA Council Report Calls for End to Nonmedical Vaccination Exemptions

AMA Council Report Calls for End to Nonmedical Vaccination Exemptions

A taxonomy of estimands for regulatory clinical trials with discontinuations

The National Research Council Panel on Handling Missing Data in Clinical Trials recommended that protocols for clinical trials 'explicitly define... causal estimands of primary interest'. In discussions with sponsors of clinical trials since the publication of the National Research Council report, the expression causal estimands has been the subject of confusion. It may not be entirely clear what the National Research Council panel meant, and in any case, it has not been clear how this recommendation might be put in practice. This paper's purpose is to say how the working group understands it and how we think it should be put in practice. We classify possible choices of estimand according to their usefulness for regulatory purposes in various clinical settings. Published 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Taxation of Partnerships - Economic general report for the Nordic Tax Research Council′s annual meeting on 22 May 2015 in Aarhus

Abstract From an economic perspective a partnership is an odd construction. Generally, an economist will distinguish between physical persons and companies. However, partnerships are a combination of a person and a company. This report will attempt to give an overview of how the taxation of partnerships affects the organization of businesses and the role played by partnerships in the business structure in the Nordic countries. The Economic General Report is based on the Economic National Reports from Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Iceland. This report will include relevant information from the four reports. It is not an exhaustive study of the effects of the tax treatment of partnerships. However, it will examine how taxation of partnerships changes the incentive to choose a certain form of organization and it will give an illustration on how the different tax rules in the Nordic countries work. Particularly, it seeks to identify asymmetries in the taxation of different types of company structures, and the role of partnerships in the business structure.

Taxation of Partnerships - Legal general report for the Nordic Tax Research Council′s annual meeting on 22 May 2015 in Aarhus

Taxation of Partnerships - Legal general report for the Nordic Tax Research Council′s annual meeting on 22 May 2015 in Aarhus

Men's Objectifying Media Consumption, Objectification of Women, and Attitudes Supportive of Violence Against Women.

A recent White House Council Report on Women and Girls called attention to sexual assault on college campuses and encouraged continued research on this important public health problem. Media that sexually objectify women have been identified by feminist scholars as encouraging of sexual assault, but some researchers question why portrayals that do not feature sexual assault should affect men's attitudes supportive of violence against women. Guided by the concepts of specific and abstract sexual scripting in Wright's (Communication Yearbook 35:343-386, 2011) sexual script acquisition, activation, application model of sexual media socialization, this study proposed that the more men are exposed to objectifying depictions, the more they will think of women as entities that exist for men's sexual gratification (specific sexual scripting), and that this dehumanized perspective on women may then be used to inform attitudes regarding sexual violence against women (abstract sexual scripting). Data were gathered from collegiate men sexually attracted to women (N=187). Consistent with expectations, associations between men's exposure to objectifying media and attitudes supportive of violence against women were mediated by their notions of women as sex objects. Specifically, frequency of exposure to men's lifestyle magazines that objectify women, reality TV programs that objectify women, and pornography predicted more objectified cognitions about women, which, in turn, predicted stronger attitudes supportive of violence against women.

Crossing the Line – “Science” and “Decisions” Facing Emerging Technologies

The discussion in this special section has been stimulated by the National Research Council report: “Science and Decisions. Advancing Risk Assessment” [1]. In this title, two different domains are simultaneously linked and held apart by the word “and”. This word reveals the problem addressed in this special section. Science is comfortable in its own self-referential domain of theory-driven observation, methodical data generation, and hypothetical, i.e. provisional, knowledge production. Science’s world cannot be sustained without proper alimentation; hence, there is a lot of pressure to deliver “useful knowledge,” which is defined as the kind of knowledge that stimulates economic growth. Natural sciences and engineering sciences claim their advantage by providing results with practical functions, or at least results that may lead to functioning technological realities in the near future. Nowadays, even philosophical research is expected to prove its societal impact and usefulness by contributing to more customer-oriented, sustainable, and ethically defendable technological systems [2]. The crossing from “science” to “decisions” is unavoidable and mandatory, so it appears, but the interaction between science and decision-making is not straightforward. The regulator faces a “dilemma” [3]: On the one hand, decision-makers seem to be asking questions that science cannot give clear answers to (e.g., what are the environmental implications of nanotechnology?) under increasing public pressure. On the other hand, scientists provide answers, in ever greater detail, to questions that decision-makers did not ask or are not interested in (e.g., by what mechanisms do carbon nanotubes cause asbestos-like pathogenicity). Science does not deliver certainty, as the discussions about ignorance or non-knowledge illustrate: “Sometimes, to learn more is to discover hidden complexities that make us realize that the mastery we thought we had over phenomena was in part illusory” [4]. The realization of indeterminacies as a universal fact is like an unmovable object which collides with the irresistible force, i.e. the postulate to make decisions: “Only those questions that are in principle undecidable, we can decide” [5]. While we must decide on matters Nanoethics (2015) 9:255–260 DOI 10.1007/s11569-015-0244-z

APA Council Reports.

At the fall component meetings of the American Psychiatric Association in Crystal City, Va., September 9-12, 2015, the APA councils heard reports from their components. Following are summaries of the activities of the councils and their components.

ASSESSMENT OF INTERNET AND VIRTUAL SPACE CAPABILITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM AND TOURISM ATTRACTION IN THE CITY OF RASHT IN GUILAN PROVINCE, IRAN

The role and impact of ICT and tourism industry isn't secret to any one. By taking advantage of the Internet and the advent of electrical tourism, ICT is one of the essential elements of tourism industry and it has increased the efficiency of it. Estimates indicate that global industry of tourism has increased approximately 6.5 billion dollar in this current year (2013). With the growing trend of world tourism in 2013, World Travel and Tourism Council Report on projected earnings about 6 billion and $500 million from tourism industry. According to the World Tourism in this current year tourism industry, provides 260 million new jobs around the world. This trend also continued in 2012 with the Asian countries which are top countries with the highest growth in the tourism industry. The global tourism industry in 2012 was host to one billion and 35 million visitors this year the figure is expected to grow dramatically1. In this regard, the present study explores the role of information technology in all aspects of the tourism city of Rasht. For the study of field studies and questionnaire techniques are used. Hence according to the statistical community which are tourists of Rasht and according to the sample size, Which 200 were randomly selected to produce and distribute 200 questionnaires to both tourists and the tourism department personnel that among those who filled out 123 questionnaires, 101 were tourists and 22 were tourism department manager and staff. The results of this study show that due to poor infrastructure in terms of offering this technology, the contribution of tourism activities in the field of information technology, the contribution of tourism activities in the field of information technology of Rasht, is not justified. For example, the results of this questionnaire suggest that the amount of tourist' use of this technology in learning information and booking residential units are minimal. So that 8.9% of the research subjects had very little skill, 33.7% had lack of skill, 38.6% were average and 17.8% were skillful in using computer. Among were the managers of tourism, 45.5% of the research subjects had very little skill, 27.3% were average, 18.2% were skillful and 9.1% were very skillful in using computer.

Identifying the Culprit: An International Perspective on the National Academy of Sciences Report on Eyewitness Identification Evidence

SummaryThe recent National Research Council report on eyewitness identification evidence includes fifteen recommendations intended to improve the procedures used to obtain eyewitness identification evidence, strengthen its value in court, and improve the scientific basis of research. The report includes some important insights on the applied research and makes some novels proposals, which are critically reviewed. It is argued that the report is limited by a lack of international comparison and by its focus exclusively on lineups rather than a wider range of methods available to identify perpetrators from their face.