Council Decision Research Articles

A clinical case of the triple targeted therapy in a patient with cystic fibrosis complicated with liver cirrhosis

Cystic fibrosis is a systemic autosomal recessive disease manifested by damage to the exocrine glands due to dysfunction of the CFTR gen. The primary defect leads to insufficiency of all exocrine glands with multiple organ manifestations, among which the respiratory system, digestive tract and exocrine parts of the pancreas, as well as the liver, are especially severely affected. Classical basic therapy for cystic fibrosis is symptomatic. Currently, the most modern is pathogenetic targeted therapy using CFTR modulators. The presence of the F508del mutation in a heterozygous or homozygous state is critical for the use of this therapy. CFTR modulators are metabolized in the liver, which makes it necessary to take drugs with caution if it is affected. The article presents a clinical case of the use of fixed targeted therapy with Ivacaftor (75 mg) + Tezacaftor (25 mg) + Elexacaftor (100 mg) and Ivacaftorin (150 mg) a patient with cystic fibrosis complicated by cirrhosis of the liver. The patient’s clinical picture showed progressive multi-organ lesions with a leading clinical problem in the form of liver cirrhosis with signs of portal hypertension and hepatic failure. The presence of the F508del mutation in a heterozygous state made it possible to use fixed targeted combination, but the potential hepatotoxicity of this drug raised concerns. On the other hand, pre-existing liver damage is one of the manifestations of cystic fibrosis, so we can expect at least a slowdown in the progression of liver damage against the background of targeted therapy. By the council decision in June 2022, it was decided to start targeted therapy for vital indications. This case illustrates the success of this triple targeted combination in a child with cystic fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver, which is a unique observation. Experience in the use of this combination for treatment of cystic fibrosis complicated by cirrhosis of the liver is extremely scarce, therefore, long-term follow-up of the patient is required to assess its efficacy and safety in the long term.

Fraternity in French Republic: nature and application

Among the number of constitutional principles on which the French Republic is based, one can single out a special one that cannot be found in other European countries - fraternity. The question of the essence of this principle became relevant after one of the decisions of the Constitutional Council of France, namely the decision of 2018. It was with this decision that the Council gave constitutional value to the above-mentioned principle. The evolution of the fraternity dates back to the French Revolution of 1789, a series of Constitutions, particularly those of 1791 and 1793, to the Fourth and Fifth Republics. Being related to the principle of the welfare state, the principle of fraternity means a bond between society without elements of discrimination. It is noted that the essence of the principle of fraternity, on the one hand, is that fraternity can exist only between free and equal people, on the other hand, freedom and equality cannot exist in a society where fraternity is ignored. That is, the republican motto is a component of sovereignty, that is, an element specific to the national regulatory system, a condition for the legitimacy of power; it is the ideal which the French ascribe to constitutional powers; a kind of higher constitutionalism, not to mention supra­constitutionality. The modern understanding of this principle, formulated and explained in the decision of the Constitutional Council, should be equated with the values of tolerance, respect for human dignity, etc. More precisely, it is the freedom to help others, for humanitarian purposes, regardless of the regularity of his stay on the national territory. At the same time, the legislator must ensure coordination between the principle of fraternity and the protection of public law and order. It was concluded that the principle of fraternity is universal, because it applies to all citizens and foreigners, even with illegal status. It is indicated that among the fundamental constitutional principles contained in the texts of the Constitutions of most democratic states, in France, in addition to the principles of democracy, the rule of law, the social state, etc., the principle of fraternity applies. This is a unique principle that has been mentioned since the revolution of 1789, is characteristic of the identity of the legal system of the French Republic and will be the object of this study. Thus, along with the principles of equality and freedom, Article 2 of the French Constitution of 1958 contains the principle of fraternity. This is the so-called trilogic motto, each of its components complementing each other.

Reformulation of Decision Execution and Honorary Council Position of Constitutional Court After Decision Number 604/G/2023/PTUN.JKT

Abstract: This research analyzes the strength of the Decision of the Honorary Council of the Constitutional Court Number 2/MKMK/L/11/2023 and its execution after Decision Number 604/2023/PTUN.JKT questioning the Appointment of Constitutional Judge Suhartoyo in the object of a state administrative dispute in the form of Constitutional Court Decree Number 17 of 2013. This type of research is a doctrinal research that examines literature sources and statutory studies. Furthermore, this paper uses a conceptual approach and comparative approach that combines the concept of legal certainty and comparisons of several countries in terms of seeing a broader prototype of Ethics Institute arrangements comprehensively. After conducting an analysis, it can be concluded that the Decision of the Honorary Council of the Constitutional Court Number 17 of 2013 which contains ethical sanctions for violations of Constitutional Judge Anwar Usman is constrained by legal uncertainty in its execution. This is because there is no mechanism for the dismissal of the Chief Justice of the Constitutional Court after the imposition of ethical sanctions and there is a potential dualism in the ethical enforcement system that can be convoluted. The uncertainty of the execution of the Constitutional Court Honor Council Decision which has the potential to be convoluted with the involvement of the State Administrative Court in adjudicating the Decision a quo should be a reflection to distinguish the authority of law enforcement and ethical enforcement and their scope. This can be encouraged by strengthening the status of the Honorary Council of the Constitutional Court in its position as a Supervisory body as well as the arrangement of the Supreme Advisory Council in the Armenian Constitution. Keywords: Honorary Council of the Constitutional Court, Decision ethics, execution

Toowoomba Healthy Towns: A Citizen Science Initiative on Active Transport in Regional South East Queensland, Australia.

Engaging in active transport will enable individuals across the life course to increase their habitual levels of physical activity. The aim of this study was to engage citizen scientists (CS) to identify factors that influence active transport in their community. The Our Voice citizen science methodology developed at Stanford University was employed. CS completed a "discovery walk," taking photos of things that help or hinder active transport. Three groups were recruited: children aged 10-12years (n = 11), adults (n = 12), and older adults >65years (n = 10). CS rated each photo and provided a narrative explaining their reason for taking the photo. Once all CS in a specific age group had completed the walk, they met for a group discussion. The CS worked together to analyze the data, arranging them into themes and identifying priority actions. Two CS representatives from each age group presented their findings to the local council decision makers. Children highlighted the need for safer crossings, especially from their school to the local park, and suggested zebra crossings as a solution. The adults highlighted that road signs prioritized vehicles, not pedestrians, and requested that this be reversed. Older adults noted that the poor condition of the pavements made it harder for people in wheelchairs to navigate. The CS recommendations have informed the council's walking and cycling network program. Engaging with citizen science provided the community with an opportunity to advocate for meaningful yet realistic improvements in the built environment that could promote neighborhood active transport and physical activity across the lifespan.

The Impact of Major Powers on Security Council Decisions

The research examines the impact of major powers on the work of the Security Council and its impact on international politics. The research emphasizes that the five permanent members of the Council (the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom) have veto power, which allows them to prevent any decision even if it has the support of the majority. Major Powers utilize this power strategically to direct international policies according to their interests, which leads to influencing decisions related to international peace and security. The research also identifies how geopolitical balances and strategic interests can sometimes explain the lack of consensus in the Council’s decisions. In addition, the research discusses criticisms of the present structure of the Security Council. It shows reform calls aimed at improving international representation and reducing the influence of major powers to ensure greater effectiveness and justice in dealing with global crises.

Adaptive and Scalable Database Management with Machine Learning Integration: A PostgreSQL Case Study

The increasing complexity of managing modern database systems, particularly in terms of optimizing query performance for large datasets, presents significant challenges that traditional methods often fail to address. This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for integrating advanced machine learning (ML) models within the architecture of a database management system (DBMS), with a specific focus on PostgreSQL. Our approach leverages a combination of supervised and unsupervised learning techniques to predict query execution times, optimize performance, and dynamically manage workloads. Unlike existing solutions that address specific optimization tasks in isolation, our framework provides a unified platform that supports real-time model inference and automatic database configuration adjustments based on workload patterns. A key contribution of our work is the integration of ML capabilities directly into the DBMS engine, enabling seamless interaction between the ML models and the query optimization process. This integration allows for the automatic retraining of models and dynamic workload management, resulting in substantial improvements in both query response times and overall system throughput. Our evaluations using the Transaction Processing Performance Council Decision Support (TPC-DS) benchmark dataset at scale factors of 100 GB, 1 TB, and 10 TB demonstrate a reduction of up to 42% in query execution times and a 74% improvement in throughput compared with traditional approaches. Additionally, we address challenges such as potential conflicts in tuning recommendations and the performance overhead associated with ML integration, providing insights for future research directions. This study is motivated by the need for autonomous tuning mechanisms to manage large-scale, heterogeneous workloads while answering key research questions, such as the following: (1) How can machine learning models be integrated into a DBMS to improve query optimization and workload management? (2) What performance improvements can be achieved through dynamic configuration tuning based on real-time workload patterns? Our results suggest that the proposed framework significantly reduces the need for manual database administration while effectively adapting to evolving workloads, offering a robust solution for modern large-scale data environments.

Single-Center Experience in Patients with Mixed Gonadal Dysgenesis.

Mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD) is an uncommon chromosomal Disorder of Sexual Development (DSD). There is insufficient information regarding clinical findings and growth patterns. This study aimed to provide more information about mixed gonadal dysgenesis, which has not yet been sufficiently defined. Data from 10 patients diagnosed with mixed gonadal dysgenesis were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical presentations, complaints at admission, imaging, genetic results, and treatments received by the patients were examined. Gonadal status and the gender of the patients were reared and evaluated by a multidisciplinary council decision. If received, growth hormone treatment doses and height gains were examined. The patients' ages at admission range from 6 months to 17.5 years. The median height SDS of the patients was -0.75 (2.73), the mean body weight SDS was -0.49 (±1.46), and the mean body mass index (BMI) SDS was 0.26 (±0.97). The complaints at admission varied, including ambiguous genitalia, short stature, and absence of menstruation. Some patients are completely in the female phenotype, while some are inadequately virilized male phenotype. External Masculinization Score (EMS) ranges from 1 to 6.5. The decision to raise 6 patients as female and 4 patients as male was made by a multidisciplinary council. Growth hormone treatment was administered to patients raised as female and diagnosed with short stature. The height SDS gain in treated patients was 0.42 (±0.49). Due to its rarity and varied clinical presentation, our knowledge about mixed gonadal dysgenesis is limited. Therefore, early diagnosis and individualized treatment plans are crucial for this patient group.

Reforms of the Financial System in the European Union –Towards a New Legal-Institutional Order

The combination of the legal documents including the 2021-2027 EU long-term budget, NextGenerationEU, andthe Own Resources Decision (3) (Decision of 14 December 2020 on the system of own resources of the EuropeanUnion, repealing Council Decision 2014/335/EU, Euratom of 26 May 2014 on the system of own resources of theEuropean Union) has been praised as a groundbreaking achievement and political success of the EU authorities,one whose importance is no lesser than that of the establishment of the EU’s common market. The package hasmarked a powerful turn in EU’s politics, in that it helps move the debts of the countries receiving funds fromNextGenerationEU as well as within National Recovery and Resilience Plans (NRRPs) outside their national budgetarysystems. As is emphasised in a number of EU documents, the increases in EU Member States’ deficits anddebts have been due to the financial and health crisis. However, how or in what ways the new own resources andnew outside-Treaty financial engineering might contribute to the funding and eventual repayment of NextGenerationEUdebt, has not been explained.In parallel, the aforementioned success has given the basis for further action in view of in-EU integration, as expressedin the project to amend EU Treaties. Work on the amendment will continue during the present EuropeanParliament’s term. Analysis of the directions of change in the Treaty provisions covering EU fiscal and monetarypolicies and the gradually remoulded model of EU funding form t he core of this present paper.

The significance and role of the Local Council of 1917–1918 for the development of the Institute of Higher Church Administration

This article is devoted to the Local Council held in Russia in 1917–1918. The article describes the results of the Council's work that influenced the subsequent development of the Church and remain relevant today. Special attention is paid to the administrative management of the Church and the powers of its authorities. In general, the system of balancing the powers of church administrative institutions, which was adopted at the Council, is still in force today. In the context of socio-political instability in the country (in the context of two revolutions in 1917), the adoption of a course for the development of Russia as a secular state, the decisions of this Local Council are timely and constructive. The restoration of the patriarchate is of particular importance, and the authority of the Patriarch is not absolute, moreover, if necessary, the Bishops' Council has the right to judge the Patriarch. The main authority in the Russian Orthodox Church is the Local Council.

Submission of Documents on the Pharmacovigilance System as Part of the Registration Dossier within the Framework of the EAEU Procedures: Analysis of Requirements and Typical Errors

INTRODUCTION. Documents on the pharmacovigilance system of the marketing authorisation holder (MAH), including the Pharmacovigilance System Master File (PSMF) and the PSMF-based summary of the pharmacovigilance system (SPS), are a mandatory component of the registration dossier for a medicinal product. Applicants must submit and update these documents in strict accordance with the legislation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Systematisation of the requirements for drafting and submitting documents on the pharmacovigilance system will help applicants streamline the documentation process.AIM. This study aimed to analyse the requirements for submitting either the PSMF or the SPS, depending on the EAEU marketing authorisation procedure, and to describe typical errors made by applicants when submitting these documents.DISCUSSION. The content of dossier documents on the pharmacovigilance system is regulated by the Rules of Good Pharmacovigilance Practice of the Eurasian Economic Union (Decision No. 87 of the Council of the Eurasian Economic Commission (EEC) dated 3 November 2016), and their submission is governed by the Rules of Marketing Authorisation and Assessment of Medicinal Products for Human Use (EEC Council Decision No. 78 dated 3 November 2016). MAHs are required to keep documents on the pharmacovigilance system and the corresponding registration dossiers up to date. This article summarises the specific requirements for submitting either the PSMF or the SPS, depending on the EAEU marketing authorisation procedure. Additionally, this article highlights typical errors made by MAHs when preparing documents on the pharmacovigilance system. According to the EAEU Rules of Good Pharmacovigilance Practice, the first application submitted for marketing authorisation of a medicinal product in the EAEU should include the PSMF, and subsequent applications should include the SPS as part of the registration dossier. Changes to the pharmacovigilance documents should be made in accordance with the classifier (EEC Council Decision No. 78 dated 3 November 2016).CONCLUSIONS. This analysis of the requirements for the PSMF or the SPS as part of various marketing authorisation procedures will facilitate compliance with the requirements of the EAEU legislative acts and ensure correct submission of necessary documents on the pharmacovigilance system by applicants. In addition, regulatory authorities will make fewer requests to submit missing information and grant more marketing authorisations.

Risk-adapted early detection program for prostate cancer2.0-position paper of the German Society of Urology 2024

Despite the proven effectiveness of organized PSA-based screening in reducing prostate cancer-related mortality, there is currently no program in Germany covered by statutory health insurance. In accordance with the EU Council Decision (2022/0290(NLE)), the German Society of Urology (DGU) has developed aconcept for risk-adapted prostate cancer early detection. Based on aliterature review of current screening studies, an algorithm for PSA-based prostate cancer early detection was developed. Risk-adapted prostate cancer screening involves PSA testing in the age group of 45-70years, followed by PSA-based individual risk stratification and stepwise expansion of diagnostics through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to biopsy. While initially up to 2.6million men will undergo PSA testing, areduction in these initial examinations to fewer than 200,000 men per year will occur from year four onwards. The presented algorithm provides clear recommendations for risk-adapted PSA-based early detection for prostate cancer for urologists and patients. The goal is to improve diagnosis of clinically significant prostate cancer, while reducing overdiagnosis and overtreatment.

LEGAL REGULATION OF STUDENT SELF-GOVERNMENT UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF THE MARITAL STATE

The scientific article is devoted to the peculiarities of the legal regulation of student self-government in higher education institutions of Ukraine under martial law. The relevance of the selected issues is related to the need to take into account the new operating conditions of higher education institutions under martial law during the development of legislative and by-laws that will regulate educational activities. The legislative and by-laws, which establish the conditions of activity of student self-government bodies, have been studied. The scientific novelty of the study consists of determining recommendations for improving the legal regulation of the work of student self-government bodies under martial law.Peculiarities of the legal regulation of the activity of student parliaments in the conditions of martial law are the remote holding of elections to student self-government bodies and remote meetings of elected student councils. Interaction between the administration of the institution of higher education and the leadership of the student council should also take place remotely.To improve the legal regulation of the activities of student self-government bodies, it is proposed to provide the following norms in the local provisions on student self-government of each institution of higher education. Establish that elections of student self-government bodies and meetings of student parliaments in martial law conditions are conducted using remote communication. To establish that the activity of student councils of individual dormitories is suspended until the time of resumption of full-time education. Provide for the publication of decisions of student councils on the website of the institution of higher education on a specially created electronic page. Among the tasks of student self-government, assistance to higher education seekers from internally displaced persons or involvement of students in volunteer activities may be introduced.

Judges, Out-Of-Court Rewards, and In-Court Behavior: Evidence From an Italian Legal Reform

We empirically assess how out-of-court monetary rewards influence related in-court judicial behavior. In Italy, before a legal reform, Council of State judges were chosen by big law firms to serve as arbitrators in out-of-court arbitrations involving big law firm clients. Drawing on case-level data on Council decisions and using a difference-in-differences approach, we establish three central findings. First, before the legal reform, and consistent with the argument that judges strove to compensate big law firms for afforded out-of-court earning opportunities, big law firms were more likely to win Council cases when those cases were presided over by judges with prior arbitration experience. Second, as a result of a 2010 announcement of an anticorruption law reform that banned judicial participation in arbitrations, big law firms’ winning prospects in Council cases presided by judges with prior arbitration experience decreased by 33.4 percentage points. Third, following the law’s enactment, the success rate of big law firms in these cases converged to the success rate of big law firms in analogous court cases presided by judges without prior arbitration experience. Our analysis provides evidence of the importance of extrinsic motives for judicial behavior.

The Impact of Disinformation on the Functioning of the Rule of Law and Democratic Processes in the Eu

Disinformation and propaganda are based on the fact that the information: i) is designed to be totally or partially false, manipulated or misleading or uses unethical persuasion techniques; ii) concern a matter of public interest; (iii) is intended to generate insecurity, hostility or polarization or attempt to undermine democratic processes; iv) is disseminated and/or amplified using automatic and aggressive tools, such as social bots, artificial intelligence, micro-targeting or paid human trolls, often with the aim of increasing the public visibility of the content. Especially the systematic dissemination of disinformation by active politicians, parties or authorities is a clear and immediate threat to democracy and is disrespectful of the values of the European Union according to Article 2 TEU, because the trust in such authoritative persons is a value choice which cannot be changed by rational arguments. Moreover, deepfakes (algorithmically generated messages flooding recipients to give a false impression of political consensus) present a significant challenge for democracy, because they may sow uncertainty which may, in turn, reduce trust in news on social media and hinder civic participation in online debates. Finally, a study commissioned by the European External Antion Service, published in 2021, has focused on two more categories of disinformation: 'influence operations' by third countries, aimed at influencing a target audience using a range of illegitimate and deceptive means, and 'foreign interference', aimed at disrupting the free formation and expression of political will. Therefore, among the many issues dealt with by the EP resolution of 1 June 2023 on foreign interference in all democratic processes in the European Union, it must be mentioned the fact that foreign interference, including disinformation, is a national and cross-border security threat. Consequently, the EP has stressed the need for solidarity between the Member States so that such activities can be effectively combated, also amending Article 222 TFEU (the solidarity clause) by including foreign interference. In fact, with respect to disinformation a process of securitization is being promoted, consisting of applying security tools and discourses upon an object that was previously not identified as such. An example of this trend is represented by the specific task force set up within the European External Action Service in order to address Russia's ongoing disinformation campaigns. Another example, showing that disinformation has become a CFSP issue, is the Council regulation (EU) 2022/350 of 1 March 2022, based on Council decision (CFSP) 2022/351, concerning restrictive measures in view of Russia's actions destabilizing the situation in Ukraine. However, when determining the focus and political actions of the EU against disinformation, two opposing logics – securitization and self-regulation – coexist and compete. As a result, the EU is promoting a discourse linking disinformation to security, exceptionality and geopolitical strategies, but being lax at the same time with the obligations and responsibilities of the digital platform companies. Received: 25 December 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2024 / Published: 23 April 2024

“Stay tuned!"

“Stay tuned!"

Median pelisäännöt. Sananvapauden toteutuminen oikeustapausten ja toimitustyön eettisyyttä arvioivien Julkisen sanan neuvoston ratkaisujen pohjalta

The online publication examines the implementation of freedom of speech and the requirements set for editorial work based on selected legal cases and the decisions of Council for Mass Media in Finland, which evaluates the ethics of journalism. The presentation aims to identify and illustrate" the problem areas of journalistic work by connecting the discussed case examples as part of the chronological editorial work process. Presentation starts from the external starting points of journalism (Journalism's operating environment), the general rights related to freedom of speech and access to information (The public's relationship with the media) and the journalistic decision-making power and independence of newsrooms, where we also look at possible abuses of media power (Journalism's credibility). The chapters following these parts deal with the time-sequenced practices of editorial work (Information acquisition, Story implementation, Publishing, and Follow-up journalistic activities). "Efforts have been made to follow selected legal cases until their final, legally binding decisions" Some of the cases have been resolved in the national district court, court of appeal or supreme court proceedings, but some of these have progressed to the decision of the European Court of Human Rights, which interprets freedom of speech. The examples also include non-accusation settlements regarding the use of freedom of speech. In the cases decided by the Council for Mass Media in Finland, features assessed as both unethical and meeting ethical requirements have been dealt with. In the examples, ethical interpretation of the considered part of the solution has been described, but the exempt-condemnatory marking that characterizes the conclusion as a whole has been removed. The publication is based on the author's lecture courses on legal standards and ethics of journalism at the University of Jyväskylä and its partner institutions.

Median pelisäännöt

The online publication examines the implementation of freedom of speech and the requirements set for editorial work based on selected legal cases and the decisions of Council for Mass Media in Finland, which evaluates the ethics of journalism. The presentation aims to identify and illustrate" the problem areas of journalistic work by connecting the discussed case examples as part of the chronological editorial work process. Presentation starts from the external starting points of journalism (Journalism's operating environment), the general rights related to freedom of speech and access to information (The public's relationship with the media) and the journalistic decision-making power and independence of newsrooms, where we also look at possible abuses of media power (Journalism's credibility). The chapters following these parts deal with the time-sequenced practices of editorial work (Information acquisition, Story implementation, Publishing, and Follow-up journalistic activities). "Efforts have been made to follow selected legal cases until their final, legally binding decisions" Some of the cases have been resolved in the national district court, court of appeal or supreme court proceedings, but some of these have progressed to the decision of the European Court of Human Rights, which interprets freedom of speech. The examples also include non-accusation settlements regarding the use of freedom of speech. In the cases decided by the Council for Mass Media in Finland, features assessed as both unethical and meeting ethical requirements have been dealt with. In the examples, ethical interpretation of the considered part of the solution has been described, but the exempt-condemnatory marking that characterizes the conclusion as a whole has been removed. The publication is based on the author's lecture courses on legal standards and ethics of journalism at the University of Jyväskylä and its partner institutions.

ALLEGIANCE BLINDNESS, EXTRA-TERRITORIAL EXUBERANCE, AND SECURITY AMBIVALENCE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RULING OF THE EUROPEAN COURT OF JUSTICE ON PRODUCTS ORIGINATING FROM WESTERN SAHARA

Background: The European Court of Justice recently annulled Council Decision (EU) No. 2019/217, which had authorised the conclusion of an agreement—in the form of an exchange of letters—between the European Union and the Kingdom of Morocco. This agreement initially extended coverage of preferential trade treatment between the two parties to products originating in Western Sahara and subject to the control of Moroccan customs authorities. The ECJ’s ruling has removed those trade preferences and imposed a de facto EU embargo on the region. This article critically discusses the ECJ’s ruling on both legal and policy grounds. From a legal standpoint, the ECJ’s decision foregoes consideration of notions of sovereignty applicable to Western Sahara in virtue of Islamic law, which would have led to recognition of its enduring ‘allegiance’ to Morocco. Moreover, the same decision amounts to an instance of extra-territorial application of EU law and infringes the principle of indivisibility of agreements. From a policy standpoint, by acknowledging standing in virtue of mere non-State armed military presence, the ECJ’s ruling has offered to terrorist groups and rebel militias— in a context of profound instability in the Sahel region—a blackmail strategy vis-à-vis regional governments. Methods: This critical review uses the descriptive approach to outline, analyse, interpret, and criticise the 2021 ECJ ruling, which denies preferential trade treatment to products from the Western Sahara region, even when under the control of Moroccan customs authorities, while Moroccan products continue to receive such treatment. Results and Conclusions: The European Court of Justice partially used the concepts of international law as it paid no regard to the concept of sovereignty in the Islamic world, which is connected to tribe, allegiance and loyalty. Further, extending the application of the European Law to a third state, which has several agreements with the European Union, must be devoid of any political dimension affected by regional conflicts and international balances. The enforcement of the referred ruling is tantamount to the economic embargo on the Western Sahara Region, which will inevitably affect the security situation thereof and thus bring it closer to the influence of terrorist groups.

Forester: Approximate Processing of an Imperative Procedure for Query-Time Exploratory Data Analysis in a Relational Database

Query-time Exploratory Data Analysis (qEDA) is an increasingly demanding aspect of the data analysis process that entails visually and quantitatively summarizing, comprehending, and interpreting the primary characteristics of a dataset. Nowadays, an imperative procedure is popular in relational databases for EDA because it enables us to write multiple dependent declarative queries with imperative logic. As online analytical processing (OLAP) systems contain extremely large datasets, data scientists often need quick visualizations of data, using approximate processing of imperative procedures, before analyzing them in their entirety. We identify gaps in the existing techniques, in that they are unable to sample both declarative-dependent statements and control logic at the same time and perform multi-dependent sampling-based approximate processing within the permitted time in qEDA. Traditional approximate query processing (AQP) involves tuple sampling for a single query approximation and enables queries to be executed over arbitrary random samples of tables. However, available AQP methods cannot produce a further representative sample of the data distribution for the dependent statements to estimate accurately and quickly for multiple dependent statements. On the other hand, sampling control structures, like loops and conditional statements, are discussed separately, without regard to the imperative structure of statements in a procedure. In this study, we propose Forester, a novel agile approximate processing method for imperative procedures that performs imperative program-aware sampling, which includes both statements with control regions (i.e., branch and loop) and processes them approximately within the permitted time in qEDA. Our method produces more targeted samples for each relation, while maintaining the data and control flow of dependent queries and imperative logic and determining all the conditions for a relation across all the statements in the sample that guarantee the existence of relevant data for dependent data distribution. Utilizing a workload of multi-statement imperative procedures from the Transaction Processing Performance Council Decision Support (TPC-DS) database, our experiment demonstrates that Forester outperforms the existing system in sampling, producing minimum error, and improving response time.

Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Dokter Dalam Melakukan Praktik Kedokteran Terkait Dengan Dugaan Pelanggaran Disiplin Yang Berdampak Terhadap Malpraktik

Malpractice can be interpreted as an act of negligence, error or a doctor's lack of ability to treat a patient so that it causes a bad outcome for the patient. Several malpractice cases that ended in decisions that did not blame the doctor and sanctions that were considered light were one of the things that made some people think that this law was not at all in favor of malpractice cases. Several doctors questioned how legal certainty would be for them if the Indonesian Medical Discipline Honorary Council (MKDKI) had decided that no disciplinary violations had been committed but the district court said otherwise. So, according to the author, it is necessary to carry out an analysis regarding the severity of the sanctions imposed by the Indonesian Medical Discipline Honorary Council and what the legal protection is for doctors who are suspected of practicing medicine related to disciplinary violations. This research uses the juridical-normative method, namely research conducted by examining the laws and regulations that apply or are applied to a particular legal issue. Indonesian Medical Discipline Honorary Council has the authority to handle violations of doctor's discipline. If there is a doctor's action that is classified as malpractice, Indonesian Medical Discipline Honorary Council can only be guided by a doctor's disciplinary violation. Disciplinary sanctions for doctors by the MKDKI include giving a written warning, recommending revocation of the STR or SIP and the obligation to take part in education or training at a medical/dental educational institution. The Indonesian Medical Discipline Honorary Council decision does not preclude the possibility for the doctor concerned to be examined, processed or sued criminally or civilly, because the Indonesian Medical Discipline Honorary Council decision has nothing to do with the application of law and criminal or civil legal sanctions and is basically a complaint, examination, up to the the Indonesian Medical Discipline Honorary Council decision or a public report. against doctors suspected of committing ethical violations is only limited to the ethics of the medical profession itself, which cannot be confused with the investigation process at the police, the prosecution process at the Prosecutor's Office until the court, or the lawsuit process at court.